a Patriarch of Constantinople, one of the most remarkable men of his time, was born in the early part of the ninth century, and raised himself by his merit to the patriarchate. When Bardas had driven Ignatius from the see, Photius was consecrated by Athanasius in 859 A.D. He condemned Ignatius in a synod, upon which the Pope excommunicated him, and, to balance the account, Photius anathematized the Pope. Basilus of Macedonia, whom Photius had reproved for the murder of the Emperor Michael, expelled him, and restored Ignatius; but afterwards, upon the death of Ignatius, Photius was re-established, in the year 878 A.D. At last, being wrongfully accused of a conspiracy against the person of Leo the Philosopher, son and successor of Basilus, he was expelled in 886, and is supposed to have died soon afterwards. He wrote a Bibliotheca, an extraordinary monument of literary energy and immense erudition, which contains an examination of 280 authors; and we have also 233 Epistles of his, the Nomocanon under 14 Tituli, an abridgment of the acts of several councils; besides several other works, many of which are still in manuscript. There was no branch of literature, whether sacred or profane, and scarcely any art or science, in which he was not deeply versed. His rise to the patriarchate was very rapid; for when he was chosen to that office he was only a layman; but he was made monk the first day, reader the next, and the following days sub-deacon, deacon, and priest; so that in the space of six days he attained to the highest offices in the church. On the whole, however, his ardent love of glory and unbounded ambition led him to commit excesses which rendered him a scourge to those around him. It was brought to light by Andreas Scottus, and communicated by him to David Hoeschelius, who caused it to be printed in 1601. The Greek text, together with Scottus's Latin translation, was afterwards printed at Geneva in 1611. A revised edition of this work was published by Bekker, in 2 vols., Berlin, 1824-25; but there has been hitherto no collected edition of this great scholar's writings.

PHOTO-GALVANOGRAPHY is a new art, invented by Mr Paul Pretsch) of Vienna, and introduced by him into England. After securing his right by patent, he has published, in a series of folio plates, magnificent specimens of the art.

Solutions of glue and solutions of nitrate of silver, iodide of potassium, and bichromate of potash, are mixed according to a rule, and spread, as is done in the albumen process, over the glass plate. A photograph or engraving is placed on the prepared surface, and a negative taken in sunlight or daylight. The glass plate is then placed in water with a little alcohol, and the darkened parts are rendered soluble, while the other parts are insoluble; so that in a few minutes we have a picture represented by the unequal thickness of the gelatin upon the glass. When the plate is dry, soft gutta percha is pressed upon the picture till it hardens. The gelatin therefore has consequently an image the reverse of the first, after metallizing it,—that is, rubbing it over with bronze powder or black lead—it is placed in a solution of sulphate of copper, and an electrolyte plate taken from it in the usual way with the volatile battery. From this plate others can be readily taken, and, as in ordinary copper-plate printings, hundreds of copies exactly similar to the photograph can be thrown off. "By this process," says Mr Hunt, "pictures, which the most delicate details are now faithfully preserved, and the nice gradations in light and shadow maintained in all their beauty, are now printed from the electrotype plate obtained from the photographs." The process of photo-galvanography is evidently destined to take a very high position as a means of preserving the beauties of nature and art."