(Saint's Mountain), a mountain range of India, stretching from N.W. to S.E., between Cashmere and the Punjab. Its length is about 40 miles, from the Baramula pass on the N.W. to the Pir Panjal pass on the S.E.; and its highest point, which is in N. Lat. 33° 40', is about 15,000 feet above the sea. Its structure on the Cashmere side consists of primary rocks, while the summit is basaltic, and transition formations also appear in some places. The pass of Pir Panjal, though 12,000 feet high, is below the snow-line, and remains passable for a great part of the year.

PIREUS, in Ancient Geography, a celebrated port to the W. of Athens, consisting naturally of three harbours or basins, which lay neglected till Themistocles put the Athenians on making it a commodious port; the Phalerus, a small port, and not far from the city, being what they used before that time. The Piraeus, as Athens flourished, became the common emporium of all Greece. Hippodamus, an architect, celebrated as the inventor of many improvements in house-building, besides other monuments of his genius, was employed to lay out the ground. Five porticoes, which, communicating with one another, formed the Long Portico, were erected by the ports. Here was an agora or market-place, and, farther from the sea, another called hippodamia. Beside the vessels were dwellings for the mariners. A theatre was opened, temples were raised, and the Piraeus, which surpassed the city in utility, began to equal it in dignity. The cavities and windings of Munychia, natural and artificial, were filled with houses; and the whole settlement, comprehending Phalerus and the ports of the Piraeus, with the arsenals, the store-houses, the famous armory of which Philo was the architect, and the sheds for 300, and afterwards 400 triremes, resembled the city of Rhodes, which had been planned by the same Hippodamus. The ports, on the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, were secured with chains. Sentinels were stationed, and the Piraeus was carefully guarded.

The Piraeus was reduced with great difficulty by Sylla, who demolished the walls, and set fire to the armory and the arsenals. In the civil war it was in a defenceless condition. Cælius, lieutenant of Caesar, seized it, invested Athens, and ravaged the territory of the state. Strabo, who lived under the emperors Augustus and Tiberius, observes that the many wars had destroyed the long walls, with the fortress of Munychia, and had contracted the Piraeus into a small settlement by the ports and the temple of Jupiter the Saviour. (See ATHENS.)

Piraeus, the seaport of Athens, stands on an isthmus joining to the mainland a rocky promontory overlooking the gulf of Salamis, 5 miles S.W. of Athens. The modern town has been entirely built since 1834, and contains many fine houses, four churches, six schools, a custom-house, and a lazaretto. The harbour is deep and good, though rather difficult of entrance; and a quay has recently been constructed capable of accommodating numerous vessels. The number of vessels belonging to the port in 1855 was 496, tonnage 18,331; in the same year there entered, exclusive of the coasting trade, 814 ships, tonnage 229,412; and there cleared 595, tonnage 173,736. The commerce of Piraeus is great, and rapidly increasing in importance. The value of the imports was in 1854, L.155,840; and in 1855, L.270,280. The chief articles imported are corn from Turkey and Egypt, sugar, coffee, and all kinds of manufactured articles. The export trade is not so great; it amounted in value in 1854 to L.12,520, and in 1855 to L.28,080. Raw silk, wool, and leeches are sent to France; wine, cheese, honey, &c., to Turkey; hides, tobacco, &c., to Austria; and silk to Britain. Pop. (1852) 5526.