JOHN HORNE, an ingenious grammarian, and an active politician, born in Westminster, June 1736, was the son of Mr John Horne, a poulterer living in Newport Market. He was the third of seven children; but his father, having acquired considerable influence, first sent him for a short time to Westminster school, and then to Eton, where he remained five or six years without particularly distinguishing himself, and was removed sooner than had been intended, on account of the accidental loss of an eye. He went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of A.B. in 1755. He then became an usher in a school at Blackheath, kept by Mr Jennings; but he was soon after induced by his father to take deacon's orders, and obtained a curacy in Kent. His own preference, however, was so much in favour of the law, that in 1756 he entered as a student of the Middle Temple; but in 1760 he was persuaded to return to the church, and to receive ordination as a priest; and he officiated for three years in the chapelry of New Brentford, which his father had purchased for him; performing his duties with decency, and taking some pains to study the elements of medicine, for the sake of the poorer members of his congregation. He then went as tutor to France with the son of Mr Elwes, a gentleman of Berkshire, well known for his riches and his economy.

In 1765 he commenced his political career by writing an anonymous pamphlet in defence of Wilkes and his party. He returned to the Continent, and made the tour of Italy in company with a Mr Taylor; and at Paris he formed an intimacy with Wilkes himself, who then found it convenient to reside there. He had altogether laid aside his clerical character in these excursions, but he resumed it for a short time after his return. Soon, however, he relapsed into his political amusements; exerting himself, with some success, in various elections, as a partisan of his friend Wilkes, and taking up the cause of Mrs Bigby, in the pursuit of an appeal of blood against the murderers of her husband, who were supposed to have obtained a pardon through corrupt interest with the court; though the widow at last disappointed him by accepting a pecuniary compensation for her right of appeal. He was, however, successful, on his own behalf, in repelling a prosecution for a libel on Mr Onslow; and he gained some credit with a party in the city by suggesting to Beckford, then lord mayor of London, the reply which he made to the king's answer to their remonstrance, and which may still be seen engraved on the pedestal of Beckford's statue in Guildhall. He was soon after very active in establishing the Society for Supporting the Bill of Rights, and in obtaining the liberation of Bingley, the printer, who had been somewhat hastily committed to prison by Lord Mansfield.

In the year 1770, he had reason to be dissatisfied with the conduct of Wilkes, in some pecuniary transactions relating to the Society for the Bill of Rights. Both parties appeared to the public in a light somewhat ridiculous on the occasion, and neither of them gained in respectability, though the society did not appear to value Wilkes the less for the exposures that took place. It was, however, shortly after dissolved, and most of its members, except the particular friends of Wilkes, were incorporated into the Constitutional Society. The next year Mr Horne completed his academical course at Cambridge, by taking the degree of A.M., though not without some opposition. About this time he exerted himself greatly in procuring the publication of the debates of the House of Commons in the daily papers, notwithstanding the well-known standing orders of the house; and so far as he was instrumental in carrying this point, he appears to have rendered at least one very essential service to his country; but Wilkes, and especially Almon the bookseller, are said to have a still stronger claim to the merit of this transaction, whatever may have been its character. He had also a sharp contest with the anonymous Junius, against whose hasty attack he defended himself with great spirit and energy, and with unexampled success. In 1773 he made a formal resignation of his living, and meant at the same time completely to lay aside his clerical character, though no person seems to have felt himself authorised to accept this part of his resignation; and he began to study the law very diligently, intending to make it the occupation of his life. He adopted soon after a singular method of forcing himself upon the notice of the public, and of the House of Commons in particular. An enclosure bill being about to be hurried, as was reported, a little too rapidly through the house, he wrote some paragraphs in a newspaper, which reflected very severely on the conduct of the Speaker, on purpose that he might be summoned to appear before the house; and being placed at the bar, he gave such reasons for his conduct as produced some animated discussions, and in the end was supposed, though probably without foundation, to have caused the bill to be modified in some oppressive clauses. By these means he obtained the favour of Mr Tooke of Purley, who thought himself aggrieved by the bill in its original state, and received from him such assurances of testamentary favours as induced his nephew, Colonel Harwood, to agree upon a partition of their joint interest in the reversion of his estate; though Mr Horne never received, first and last, more than L8000 from the property, notwithstanding the subsequent change of his name [from John Horne to John Horne Tooke] about the year 1782 in acknowledgment of his patron's kindness, and his long-continued intimacy and frequent residence at Purley; the principal legatee, after all, being a Mr Beaseley.

Horne Tooke was, of course, a strenuous opposer of the American war; and in 1777 he published a very offensive advertisement, in which the sufferers in the battle of Lexington were described as having been murdered by the king's troops. For this attack on the government he was tried at Guildhall in July 1777. He conducted his own defence, but was found guilty of the libel, and sentenced to one year's imprisonment in the King's Bench, and a fine of L200. It was on this occasion that he first appeared before the public as a grammarian, in the criticisms which constitute his celebrated Letter to Mr Dunning. The next year he suffered a still severer punishment, in the refusal of the Society of the Inner Temple to admit him to the bar, on account of his having taken orders; so that his prospects of professional advancement were utterly annihilated. This occurrence made him still more bitter against the existing government, and in 1780 he printed some severe remarks upon the measures of Lord North. He attempted to establish himself as a practical farmer in Huntingdonshire; but he caught an ague, and, soon becoming disgusted with an agricultural life, he returned to London, and occupied for some years a house near Soho Square. His ideas of parliamentary reform, contained in a second letter addressed to Mr Dunning, were by no means extravagant, and he continued to adhere, in this respect, rather to the party of Mr Pitt than to that of Mr Fox.

The publication of his grammatical dissertations, under the title of the Diversions of Purley, afforded but a slight and imperfect intermission of his political pursuits, for his etymological works are as replete with the politics of the day as his speeches and his pamphlets. Another of his pamphlets appeared in 1788, under the title of Two Pair of Portraits, being intended to serve the cause of Pitt's party in their elections. But in 1790 he himself became a candidate for the representation of Westminster, in opposition to Mr Fox and to Lord Hood; and he distinguished himself sufficiently as a public orator, though he was not successful in the contest.

In 1794 he was tried for high treason, together with several other members of the corresponding societies, who had been active in attempting to introduce some imitations of the French Revolution in the plans of reform which they brought forward. He exhibited on the trial somewhat more of firmness than of good taste. One of his associates had before been acquitted, and the jury speedily returned a similar verdict with respect to himself. He afterwards dedicated the second volume of his Diversions of Purley to his counsel, Gibbs and Erskine, and to the jury who tried him.

In 1796 he again became a candidate for the representation of Westminster, but again without success; and, notwithstanding his strong opinions respecting a reform in parliament, he afterwards condescended to accept from Lord Camelford, in 1801, a seat for the nominal borough of Old Sarum. It was then to be determined if a clergyman could sit in the House of Commons; but the ministry, instead of contesting the point with respect to his particular case, brought in a bill to decide the question in the negative for the future, and he remained in the house till the dissolution of the parliament in the next year, but without particularly distinguishing himself in its proceedings. His last public effort as a party man was made in espousing for a short time the cause of Mr Paull, as candidate for Westminster; but he abandoned this gentleman in a subsequent contest. The later years of his life were chiefly passed in the society of a select circle of friends, who frequently partook of his hospitality at Wimbledon. He died in March 1812, leaving his property to some natural daughters; for he had never been married. He was buried in Ealing church, and not in his garden, as he had directed; his executors thinking themselves the less bound by these instructions, as a literal compliance with them might have been unfavourable to the sale of the property.

His earliest publication was a pamphlet entitled *The Petition of an Englishman*, 1765. It consisted principally of apologies for the private conduct and immoral writings of Wilkes. He also published a *Sermon* while he continued in the church, that is before the year 1773; but it attracted little notice. *A Letter to Mr Dunning*, 1778. The rudiments of his grammatical system, arising out of remarks on the particles employed by the attorney-general in his indictment, and by the judges in his sentence. It was afterwards incorporated into the *Discourses of Purley*, 1780; consisting of remarks on the administration of Lord North; with some additional remarks relating to slavery by Dr Price. *A Letter on Parliamentary Reform*, 1782; addressed to Mr Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton. *Essay Illustrative or Discourses of Purley*, 1796, 8vo Ed., 2nd Ed., Part I, 1798, Part II, 1802. This is his greatest and celebrated work; rich indeed in etymology and in wit, but meagre in definition and in metaphysics. *A Letter to the Prince of Wales*, 1787; relating to his supposed marriage with a Catholic. *Two Pair of Portraits*, 1788, 8vo. The two portraits contrasted, in opposite columns, with the two Foxes, in colours by no means favourable to the latter. Many of his Letters have been printed in Stephen's *Life of Tooke*.

It now becomes necessary to add some remarks on his literary and moral qualifications; and in both these points of view the subject has been treated in so masterly a manner by the author of an article in the *Quarterly Review*, who is supposed to be a near relation of Tooke's most intimate friend, the late Colonel Bosville, that it would be presumption in any man to go over the same ground, without adopting very nearly the eloquent and energetic expression which that noble and learned person has employed.

"Mr Tooke," says the accomplished reviewer of the Memoirs of his Life (*Quarterly Review*, vol. vii. p. 325), "was possessed of considerable learning, as indeed his writings sufficiently show. To other more casual acquirements, he united a very extensive acquaintance with the Gothic dialects, of which he has so copiously and so judiciously availed himself in his etymological researches." But it must be remembered, that a person more intimately acquainted with the "Gothic dialects" as living languages, will easily discover that his knowledge of them was in truth but superficial, or that he was indebted for it more to grammarians and dictionaries, than to any extensive study of the authors who had written in those languages, or to any habit of speaking them; and such a person will easily find a variety of instances, in which a very different etymon to that which he has assigned, will naturally suggest itself as the true origin of the work in question.

"Though Mr Tooke's philosophical works are the results of no common talent and industry, yet they are neither written in a truly philosophical spirit, nor do they display traces of a mind which, even if it had been wholly dedicated to the study of metaphysics, would have much enlarged the bounds of our knowledge in that nice and intricate branch of science. His object seems to have been rather to retard than to advance the progress of philosophy, by recalling us from those sound conclusions as to the nature and operations of the human mind, which are built upon observation and experience, to vague speculations drawn from the imperfect analogy existing between the moral and the physical world. There can be no doubt that the proposition which he has succeeded in establishing is highly interesting and important; and that in the illustration of it he has shown great learning, ingenuity, and research. But then, on the other hand, he has so monstrously exaggerated its importance, and so wildly mistaken its tendency, and has attempted to raise so vast a superstructure upon such a narrow, slippery, and inadequate foundation, that we are quite lost in amazement when we recollect how completely the sagacity which guided him so well in the investigation of his principal fact, appears to desert him when he comes to apply that fact to the purposes of a theory. The distance between what he has supposed, and what he wishes us to believe that he has proved, is enormous. What he has proved is, that all words, even those that are expressive of the nicest operations of our minds, were originally borrowed from the objects of external perception; a circumstance highly curious in the history of language, consequently in the history of the human mind itself; and the complete demonstration of which, of course, reflects great credit upon its author. What he thinks he has proved is, that this etymological history of words is our true guide, both as to the present import of the words themselves, and as to the nature of those things which they are intended to signify; a proposition so monstrous that he has nowhere ventured to enunciate it in its general form, but has rather left it to be collected from the tenor of his remarks upon particular instances. In truth, the differences at which Mr Tooke arrived, far from being warranted by his facts, are directly the contrary of those to which he ought naturally to have been led by the result of his own studies, when they were most successful. In tracing upwards, through all the mazes of etymology, the origin of words, he ought to have seen more clearly, if possible, than anybody else, that their real present sense is to be sought for in their primitive signification, or in the elements of which they were originally composed, but that, on the contrary, their actual import, with which alone in reasoning we have to do, hardly ever corresponds with their etymological meaning, although the one always bears to the other a certain resemblance, more or less accurate, according to the greater or less effect of time and accident. One could without difficulty understand how a person, unacquainted with such considerations, and misled by a few instances partially chosen, should adopt a theory like that which Mr Tooke was desirous to establish; but how a philosopher, minutely acquainted with the whole subject, and proceeding upon a most copious induction of particulars, should not have perceived that, in ninety-nine instances out of a hundred, such a doctrine would lead to absolute absurdity, is, to us at least, inconceivable."

The reviewer then follows Mr Dugald Stewart in some very just criticisms which this distinguished philosopher had already made on several of Mr Tooke's examples, fully proving the complete fallacy of the system which so completely confounds the definition of a term with its etymology. Mr Tooke has indeed the merit of having demonstrated pretty clearly that all the parts of speech, including those which grammarians had often considered as expletives and meaningless particles, may be resolved more or less completely into nouns and verbs; but, on the one hand, it has been observed, that the very same doctrine may be clearly traced back to the works of Aristotle; and, on the other, it may be asserted with equal truth, if we wish to carry the theory to its utmost extent, that language consists only of nouns and one verb; since all verbs may in fact be resolved into participles or adjectives, compounded with auxiliary verbs, as well as those which exhibit this complication in their exterior form.

"In the ordinary intercourse of life, Mr Tooke was kind, friendly, and hospitable." We doubt whether his temper was naturally good; but if it was not, he had a merit the more; for he had so completely subdued it by care and self-control, as never to betray, under any provocation, the slightest mark of that irritability which often accompanies talent, and which gains so rapidly upon those who know not how to guard against its approaches. Indeed, the aspect under which he appeared in private was by no means such as the stern cynicism and ferocious turbulence of his public conduct would have led one to expect; and those whose opinion of him has been formed exclusively upon his political character and his writings, will have some difficulty in believing that the curate of Brentford was one of the best-bred gentlemen of that age. In this respect he was a sort of phenomenon. He was born in a low station; at no period did he appear to have possessed any remarkable advantages for the study of good breeding; on the contrary, the greater part of his life was passed in the closest intercourse with coarse, vulgar, and uneducated men; yet his natural taste was so good, and he had professed so judiciously by whatever means his position might be enjoyed, that courts and high stations have seldom produced a better example of polite and elegant behaviour, than was exhibited by the ancestors of Messrs Hardy and Thelwall. Indeed his manner had almost every excellence that manner can display; grace, vivacity, frankness, dignity. Perhaps, indeed, in its outward forms, and in that which is purely conventional, his courtesy wore the air of the *villea cura*, and was rather more elaborate than is consistent with the practice of this lounging unceremonious age; but it was never forced or constrained, and it sat not ungracefully upon an old man. It may, however, deserve to be remarked, in contemplating this paradox, though rather as a collateral coincidence than as a satisfactory explanation, that even from his infancy Tooke had actually seen something of the very highest society, having been admitted once or twice a week at Leicester House as a playfellow to George the Third; and though he may have learned but little from imitation of the manners of the young prince, yet the early habit of self-restraint imposed by such a presence, may easily have imprinted some covertly traces on his character, which were not easily effaced, and which, in combination with the habits of the great families of the kingdom, throughout his boyhood, at Westminster and at Eton, must naturally have made still more distinct and permanent.

"He never appeared to greater advantage than in conversation. He possessed an inexhaustible fund of anecdotes, which he introduced with great skill, and related with neatness, grace, rapidity, and pleasantry: he had a quick sense of the ridiculous, and was a great master of the whole art of raillery, a dangerous talent, though..." Tooke, Thomas, a political economist, was the son of the Rev. William Tooke, preacher at the English chapel in Cronstadt, and author of a History of Russia, a Life of Catherine II., and other works; and brother to William Tooke, the editor of Churchill, was born at St Petersburg in 1774. Having early embarked in business as a merchant engaged in the Russian trade, he became acquainted almost from his youth with those details of ordinary business which in his maturer years he was to grasp with so firm a hand, and strain out of them the profound economic secrets which were to guide future thinkers and legislators. He published in 1823 his Thoughts and Details on High and Low Prices, which was followed up by his great work, the History of Prices, in 6 vols., 1838–1857. In the last two volumes of this work, Tooke had the assistance of his friend and pupil Mr Newmarch. Tooke is known to have written in 1820 the famous Merchants' Petition, and to have brought it before the Legislature solely by his own exertions. In 1831 he founded the Political Economy Club, which is now vigorous and flourishing. He died on the borders of his eighty-fifth year, on the 26th of February 1858.

Tooke had an eminently solid head—patient, observant, and sagacious; and he worked his way with slow and sure steps to the generalisation of those economic laws, the details of which had always been common property, but the eye to see which had only been given to this patient inquirer.

Topiary Work was the name formerly given to trees and shrubs which had been trained or cut so as to resemble some object of nature or art. The Romans applied the word topia to such figures, and the term toparius to the artist. The origin of these words may perhaps be found in the Greek word τοπια, a rope, for it was by means of ropes and strings that the branches were twisted and trained into the desired shape. It is said that one Matius, a friend of Augustus, was the person who brought into fashion the custom of clipping and trimming plants into imitations of other objects. However that may be, there are numerous passages in ancient authors which show how much attached the Romans became to this mode of ornamenting their gardens. Cicero, writing to his brother on the subject of a villa belonging to him, says, "I have praised your gardener, for he has clothed everything with ivy, both the base of the villa and the pillars of the walk, so that the statues themselves seem to be constructing topiary work, and to be offering ivy for sale." From the minute account of Pliny's Tuscan villa given us by the owner, we learn that his lawn was decorated with numerous figures of animals cut in box, and was surrounded by a walk inclosed by evergreens shorn into a great variety of forms. Beyond this was a place for taking exercise, the middle ornamented with box-trees cropped into a great diversity of figures. The whole garden was fenced in by a wall covered with box rising in several stages to the top. In another part of the estate were many branching paths divided from each other by box-hedges cut into letters, some of which expressed the name of the owner, others that of the artificer. In another place he mentions that the cypress was trained into representations of various objects (N. H. l. 6, c. 33). Vitruvius (l. 7, c. 5) tells us of some work of this kind which represented images of the gods, the Trojan war, and the wanderings of Ulysses. This style of ornament was not, it seems, to the taste of Martial, who praised a Baian villa because it partook of a certain degree of wildness, and was destitute of "idle myrtle groves and cut box." The practice, however, descended to the Italians, and to this day many specimens of topiary art maybe seen in the gardens of the Roman nobility. It was also adopted by the French and Dutch, and from them came into England, where many gardens were laid out in this style two hundred years ago. Travellers tell us that the Chinese delight in torturing shrubs into the forms of pagodas, junks, and animals; amongst which they speak of imitations of deer, the antlers and every part so neatly grown that they excited involuntary admiration.

The labour once bestowed upon designing and executing topiary works will hardly now be credited, nor can the effect of a large garden so adorned be easily conceived. Casaubon remembered seeing in his youth, somewhere in the neighbourhood of Paris, a piece of work of this kind which was so extensive that the siege of Troy was represented, with the contending armies and their generals. Laurembergius, a German writer on horticulture (1631), says very gravely, that since the human head becomes like a wild wood unless it be kept trimmed, so do plants require to be treated by gardeners for the removal of their rude ungainly luxuriance. He mentions a garden near Chartres where the seven wise men of Greece, the three Graces, the labours of Hercules, and the heathen gods at a banquet, were excellently represented, with appropriate inscriptions framed out of living box. "When I beheld these things," he exclaims, "I was astonished at the industry of man, which is able to conquer all difficulties!" The same writer speaks of Hampton Court (Hampton Kurtus) with approbation; for there existed then in the gardens the figures of animals, the insignia of the English kings, and many other things, cut in privet. Laurembergius has given students of the art some topiary figures for their consideration, such as a crane, and a man attacking a bear followed by a dog.

Old Leland refers to a garden near Towton, where lived a prebendary of York, "possessed of a goodly orchard with walks operæ topiariorum." He also mentions "the exceedingly fair gardens within and orchards without the mote" of Wressell Castle, an ancient seat of the Percys, where were "mounts operæ topiariorum written about with degrees like turning of cokill shells to cum to the top without pain." In René Rapin's essay on gardening (1672), we are told that the forms into which box could be shaped were past counting, for the topiary art had then arrived at perfection, the gardeners of his time being far superior therein to their predecessors. In a poem by the same writer, entitled Horti, he sings of a chess-board with its pieces represented in box. In Dr Plot's Natural History of Staffordshire (1686) will be found some account of "the pleasant walks and topiary works" then extant in that county. "In the garden at Brecrewood," said he, "is a yew-tree that, from divers branches issuing out of it about a yard from the ground, forms a fair, spacious arbour of a square figure, each side, without measuring, about five yards, but within not exceeding above ten feet, cut on the top with loop and crest, like the battlements of a tower adorned at each corner with a pinnacle, over which is wrought a canopy out of the middle branches about two yards in diameter, which is carried up again to a lesser gradation, and then terminates at the top in a smaller pinnacle. There is also near the pale inclosing the bort-yard a fine yew-tree cut up gradually from greater to lesser rounds to the number of twenty, in which sort of ornament the people of this country seem to take great delight, there being others of twenty-one, twenty-two, and twenty-three stories high." A yew-tree is also described which was trimmed into the shape of a wren's nest, capacious enough to receive a man to sit on a seat made within it. Something of this sort it was, probably, in which Maria, "the youngest wren of nine," hatched her plot against the solemn, overweening Malvolio. "Get ye all three into the box-tree," said she to her confederates, "close, in the name of jesting."

Besides the construction of shapes which have been spoken of, "l'adroit ciseau" was called into play for the purpose of forming those tall evergreen hedges which divided alley from alley in the "curious knotted gardens" of our ancestors.

"They rose by measure, and by rule they grew."

Of "stately arched hedges" Bacon approved, and an old garden was not complete unless it contained a long arcade of foliage to screen from sun or shower the dames and cavaliers of the time. At Sayes Court there was a splendid hedge, the destruction of which Evelyn mourned over when the place was in the possession of Peter the Russian Czar. Butler, in describing "the fringe and tassel" adorning the chin of Sir Hudibras, which he belathered with so much wit, declared that—

"No topiary hedge of quick-set Was e'er more neatly cut or thick set, That made beholders more admire Than china plate that's made of wire."

In process of time, however, topiary work fell out of estimation, and a more natural style of gardening came into fashion. Lord Bacon passed sentence upon tree-sculpture with judicious solemnity in this concise emphatic language:—"I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff; they be for children." At a later period, Addison thus delivered his opinion, "Our British gardeners, instead of humouring nature, love to deviate from it as much as possible. Our trees rise in cones, globes, and pyramids. We see the marks of scissors upon every plant and bush. For my own part, I would rather look upon a tree with all its luxuriancy and diffusion of boughs and branches than when it is thus cut and trimmed into a mathematical figure, and cannot but fancy that an orchard in flower looks infinitely more delightful than all the little labyrinths of the most finished parterre." Pope wrote an essay in the Guardian in which he assailed with keen satire the prevailing affectation: "I know an eminent cook who beautified his country seat with a coronation-dinner in greens, where you see the champion flourishing on horseback at one end of the table, and the queen in perpetual youth at the other." Some of the handiwork of a virtuoso gardener was then described—for instance, St George in box, his arm scarce long enough, but will be in a condition to strike the dragon by next April. A green dragon of the same, with a tail of ground ivy for the present. A pair of giants stunted, to be sold cheap. A quickset hog shot up into a porcupine by being forgot a week in rainy weather.

Few examples of these old-fashioned gardens now re-

main in the land. There is an arcade of beech at Hampton Court which excites the attention of visitors; but the numerous figures in foliage which the gardens once contained have vanished. Indeed, when we have mentioned the grounds of Haddon Hall in Derbyshire, Stonyhurst in Lancashire, and Levens Hall in Westmoreland, we have almost exhausted the list of places where those of the present generation can see instances on a considerable scale of the quaint gardening of a bygone age—a style which agreed so well with the gable-ends and curious irregularities of antique mansions.

"The sidelong walls Of shaven yew; the holly's prickly arms Trimm'd into high arcades; the tonsile box, Wove in mosaic mode of many a curl Around the figured carpet of the lawn."

TÖPLITZ, or Teplitz, a town of the Austrian empire, Bohemia, on the frontiers of Saxony, in a valley of the Erzgebirge, 16 miles N.W. of Leitmeritz. It is celebrated for its hot sulphurous springs; and the name, which is of Slavonian origin, is one applied to baths in general. The town forms an irregular square, more than a mile each way; it contains a large number of inns and lodging-houses, but has nothing very remarkable about it. The principal building is the palace of Prince Clary, the extensive and beautiful grounds of which form a favourite place of resort, and contain a theatre, and a hall used variously as a dining, reading, and ball room. There are also in the town two churches and a town-hall. The baths are numerous, and are of three classes, some open to the public free, others private baths for the higher classes, and some devoted to the use of noble or royal personages. In the neighbouring suburb of Schönau there are some bathing establishments not inferior in size or elegance to those of the town itself. The water varies from 113° to 119° Fahr., and is considered good for gout, rheumatism, and various other complaints. Töplitz is a very fashionable watering-place; and is frequented not only by the nobility but by the crowned heads of Germany. The visitors frequently amount to 10,000; but the permanent population of the town is only 4000.