the capital of the above government, on the left bank of the Klazma, 120 miles E.N.E. of Moscow. It is one of the oldest towns of Russia, having been founded in 1154; and it was until 1328 the residence of the grand dukes and the capital of Russia. Few traces remain of its ancient splendour: it is a large but ill built town, entered by six gates, and having six principal streets. It has a fine cathedral, numerous other churches, an episcopal palace, court-house, clerical seminary, gymnasium, and other schools. Linen and leather are manufactured, and a considerable trade in fruit is carried on. Pop. (1856) 12,606.