Elma, Ontario (1861 census)
Elma was a census subdivision in Perth County, Ontario, recorded in the 1861 Census of Canada with a population of 2,392. The community is grounded to Wikidata Q115261391. The administrative centroid was at approximately 43.656°N, 81.010°W.
Population
In 1861, Elma had a population of 2,392: 1,272 male and 1,120 female residents. Population density was 21.0 people per square mile.
Population trajectory across census years
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1851 | — |
| 1861 | 2,392 |
| 1871 | 3,616 |
| 1881 | 4,421 |
| 1891 | 4,231 |
| 1901 | 4,159 |
| 1911 | 3,789 |
| 1921 | 3,374 |
Cross-year identity established by spatial polygon overlap (SAME_AS chains across the Canadian Census Subdivision boundary files).
Boundary continuity (non-identical overlaps)
Spatial polygon overlaps with adjacent census years where the boundary shifted enough that the SAME_AS chain didn't merge them. These show where the territory came from and went to even when it isn't tracked as the same persistent place.
Later boundary forms
- In a later year, this CSD contained Listowel, Town—Ville, 1871 (0.9% of this CSD's polygon).
Neighbouring Census Subdivisions in 1861
In the 1861 census, Elma shared boundaries with:
Full census record, 1861
The 1861 census recorded 340 measurements for this Census Subdivision across 7 categories. Tables below are collapsible.
Population & families (25 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Female members of the family who are present | 1,088 |
| Females present who are not members of the family | 32 |
| Male members of the family who are present | 1,219 |
| Males present who are not members of the family | 53 |
| Number of adult females unable to read or write | 17 |
| Number of adult males unable to read or write | 20 |
| Number of female births in the past year | 60 |
| Number of females | 1,120 |
| Number of females attending school | 171 |
| Number of lunatic females | 1 |
| Number of male births in the past year | 69 |
| Number of males | 1,272 |
| Number of males attending school | 168 |
| Number of married females | 373 |
| Number of married males | 400 |
| Number of persons at sea | 3 |
| Number of single females | 730 |
| Number of single males | 862 |
| Number of widowed females | 17 |
| Number of widowed males | 10 |
| POP FX N.1 | 1,120 |
| POP MX N.1 | 1,272 |
| POP TOT | 2,392 |
| POP XX N.1 | 2,392 |
| Total population | 2,392 |
Age structure (54 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of females age 3 to 4 | 46 |
| Number of females aged 1 to 2 | 47 |
| Number of females aged 2 to 3 | 48 |
| Number of females aged 4 to 5 | 66 |
| Number of females aged 5 to 10 | 138 |
| Number of females of unknown age | 1 |
| Number of males aged 1 to 2 | 46 |
| Number of males aged 2 to 3 | 53 |
| Number of males aged 3 to 4 | 44 |
| Number of males aged 4 to 5 | 42 |
| Number of males aged 5 to 10 | 143 |
| Number of males of unknown age | 5 |
| Number of married females aged 10 to 15 | 1 |
| Number of married females aged 15 to 20 | 9 |
| Number of married females aged 20 to 30 | 149 |
| Number of married females aged 30 to 40 | 98 |
| Number of married females aged 40 to 50 | 70 |
| Number of married females aged 50 to 60 | 25 |
| Number of married females aged 60 to 70 | 17 |
| Number of married females aged 70 to 80 | 4 |
| Number of married males aged 15 to 20 | 4 |
| Number of married males aged 20 to 30 | 101 |
| Number of married males aged 30 to 40 | 130 |
| Number of married males aged 40 to 50 | 91 |
| Number of married males aged 50 to 60 | 45 |
| Number of married males aged 60 to 70 | 26 |
| Number of married males aged 70 to 80 | 3 |
| Number of single females aged 10 to 15 | 148 |
| Number of single females aged 15 to 20 | 117 |
| Number of single females aged 20 to 30 | 47 |
| Number of single females aged 30 to 40 | 8 |
| Number of single females aged 40 to 50 | 2 |
| Number of single females aged 50 to 60 | 2 |
| Number of single males aged 10 to 15 | 138 |
| Number of single males aged 15 to 20 | 124 |
| Number of single males aged 20 to 30 | 150 |
| Number of single males aged 30 to 40 | 32 |
| Number of single males aged 40 to 50 | 7 |
| Number of single males aged 50 to 60 | 5 |
| Number of single males aged 60 to 70 | 4 |
| Number of widowed females aged 20 to 30 | 1 |
| Number of widowed females aged 40 to 50 | 2 |
| Number of widowed females aged 50 to 60 | 5 |
| Number of widowed females aged 60 to 70 | 3 |
| Number of widowed females aged 70 to 80 | 4 |
| Number of widowed females aged 80 to 90 | 1 |
| Number of widowed females aged 90 to 100 | 1 |
| Number of widowed males aged 20 to 30 | 1 |
| Number of widowed males aged 30 to 40 | 1 |
| Number of widowed males aged 40 to 50 | 2 |
| Number of widowed males aged 50 to 60 | 1 |
| Number of widowed males aged 60 to 70 | 1 |
| Number of widowed males aged 70 to 80 | 2 |
| Number of widowed males aged 80 to 90 | 2 |
Ethnic origin (12 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of female negroes or coloured persons | 1 |
| Number of male negroes or coloured persons | 6 |
| Number of negroes or coloured persons | 7 |
| Number of persons native to Canada, not of French origin | 1,404 |
| Number of persons originating in England or Wales | 243 |
| Number of persons originating in France | 7 |
| Number of persons originating in Germany or Holland | 61 |
| Number of persons originating in Ireland | 358 |
| Number of persons originating in New Brunswick | 6 |
| Number of persons originating in Nova Scotia or Prince Edward Island | 10 |
| Number of persons originating in Scotland | 276 |
| Number of persons originating in the United States | 24 |
Agriculture (72 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Acres of barley | 32 |
| Acres of corn | 3 |
| Acres of farmland held by townspeople who are not farmers | 87 |
| Acres of farmland in gardens | 46 |
| Acres of farmland in pasture | 859 |
| Acres of farmland in woodland or forest | 33,671 |
| Acres of farmland under crops | 6,540 |
| Acres of farmland under cultivation | 7,445 |
| Acres of land in farms | 41,116 |
| Acres of mangel wurtzel | 2 |
| Acres of oats | 697 |
| Acres of peas | 564 |
| Acres of potatoes | 264 |
| Acres of spring wheat | 2,992 |
| Acres of turnips | 816 |
| Acres of winter wheat | 2 |
| Barrels of beef produced in the past year | 139 |
| Barrels of pork produced in the past year | 499 |
| Bushels of barley produced in the past year | 709 |
| Bushels of beans produced in the past year | 3 |
| Bushels of carrots produced in the past year | 29 |
| Bushels of clover, timothy, or other grass seed produced in the past year | 214 |
| Bushels of corn produced in the past year | 20 |
| Bushels of mangel wurtzel produced in the past year | 50 |
| Bushels of oats produced in the past year | 18,091 |
| Bushels of peas produced in the past year | 8,694 |
| Bushels of potatoes produced in the past year | 15,689 |
| Bushels of spring wheat produced in the past year | 48,162 |
| Bushels of turnips produced in the past year | 64,944 |
| Bushels of winter wheat produced in the past year | 40 |
| C18 WHT FALL AC | 2 |
| C19 WHT FALL BU | 40 |
| C20 WHT SP AC | 2,992 |
| C21 WHT SP BU | 48,162 |
| C22 BAR AC | 32 |
| C23 BAR BU | 709 |
| C26 PEA AC | 564 |
| C27 PEA BU | 8,694 |
| C28 OAT AC | 697 |
| C29 OAT BU | 18,091 |
| C34 POT AC | 264 |
| C35 POT BU | 15,689 |
| C43 HAY TONS | 947 |
| C47 WOOL LBS | 1,416 |
| C63 BEEF BAR | 139 |
| C64 PORK BAR | 499 |
| Gallons of cider produced in the past year | 1,831 |
| HRS ov03 V | 21,502 |
| Number of bulls, oxen, or steers | 610 |
| Number of calves and heifers | 810 |
| Number of horses aged 3 years and under | 1,172 |
| Number of horses aged over 3 years | 248 |
| Number of milk cows | 748 |
| Number of occupants of farms | 390 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 10 and 20 acres | 2 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 100 and 200 acres | 97 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 20 and 50 acres | 66 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 50 and 100 acres | 206 |
| Number of persons living on farms over 200 acres | 14 |
| Number of persons living on farms under 10 acres | 5 |
| Number of sheep | 696 |
| Number of swine | 1,430 |
| Pounds of cheese produced on farms in the past year | 5,603 |
| Pounds of homemade butter | 33,513 |
| Pounds of hops produced in the past year | 74 |
| Pounds of maple sugar produced in the past year | 19,010 |
| Pounds of wool produced on farms in the past year | 1,416 |
| Tons of hay produced in the past year | 947 |
| Value of all livestock | 34,846 |
| Value of farm implements in dollars | 13,179 |
| Value of farms (dollars) | 441,878 |
| Value of garden and orchard crops produced in the past year | 75 |
Manufacturing & industry (7 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of carriages for hire | 2 |
| Number of carriages for pleasure | 10 |
| Value of carriages for hire (dollars) | 41 |
| Value of carriages for pleasure (dollars) | 453 |
| Yards of flannel produced in the past year | 1,334 |
| Yards of fulled cloth produced in the past year | 144 |
| Yards of linen produced in the past year | 17 |
Deaths & mortality (16 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 1 to 2 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 10 to 15 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 15 to 20 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 2 to 3 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 20 to 30 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 5 to 10 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 70 to 80 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females of all ages | 17 |
| Deaths in the past year among females under age 1 | 7 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 20 to 30 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 30 to 40 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 5 to 10 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 60 to 70 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males of all ages | 7 |
| Deaths in the past year among males under age 1 | 2 |
| Total number of deaths in the past year | 24 |
Other recorded variables (154 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| At Sea | 3 |
| C01 TOTAL | 390 |
| C02 OCC UNDR 10 | 5 |
| C03 OCC 10 TO 20 | 2 |
| C04 OCC 20 TO 50 | 66 |
| C05 OCC 50 TO 100 | 206 |
| C06 OCC 100 TO 200 | 97 |
| C07 OCC OVR 200 | 14 |
| C08 HELD | 41,116 |
| C09 UNDR CULT | 7,445 |
| C1 Males | 1,272 |
| C10 Deaths under 1 year M | 2 |
| C10 UNDR CROP | 6,540 |
| C105 Between 90 and 100 years Widows F | 1 |
| C11 Deaths under 1 year F | 7 |
| C11 UNDR PAST | 859 |
| C116 Ages not given M | 5 |
| C117 Ages not given F | 1 |
| C12 GARDENS | 46 |
| C12 Under 2 Years M | 46 |
| C120 Married M | 400 |
| C121 Single M | 862 |
| C122 Widowed M | 10 |
| C123 Total M | 1,272 |
| C124 Married F | 373 |
| C125 Single F | 730 |
| C126 Widows F | 17 |
| C127 Total F | 1,120 |
| C128 Grand Total | 2,392 |
| C129 Deaths M | 7 |
| C13 Under 2 Years F | 47 |
| C13 WOOD WILD | 33,671 |
| C130 Deaths F | 17 |
| C131 Deaths Total | 24 |
| C134 Negroes M | 6 |
| C135 Negreos F | 1 |
| C136 Attending School M | 168 |
| C137 Attending School F | 171 |
| C138 Adults unable to read or write M | 20 |
| C139 Adults unable to read or write F | 17 |
| C14 CASH FARM | 441,878 |
| C145 Lunatics F | 1 |
| C15 CASH IMP | 13,179 |
| C15 Deaths under 2 years F | 1 |
| C16 GARDN VALUE | 75 |
| C16 Under 3 years M | 53 |
| C17 LAND HELD | 87 |
| C17 Under 3 years F | 48 |
| C19 Deaths under 3 years F | 2 |
| C2 Females | 1,120 |
| C20 Under 4 years M | 44 |
| C21 Under 4 years F | 46 |
| C24 Under 5 years M | 42 |
| C25 Under 5 years F | 66 |
| C28 Between 5 and 10 Years M | 143 |
| C29 Between 5 and 10 years F | 138 |
| C3 Total | 2,392 |
| C30 Deaths between 5 and 10 years M | 2 |
| C31 Deaths between 5 and 10 years F | 1 |
| C32 INDN CRN AC | 3 |
| C33 Between 10 and 15 years Single M | 138 |
| C33 INDN CRN BU | 20 |
| C34 Between 10 and 15 years Married F | 1 |
| C35 Between 10 and 15 years Single F | 148 |
| C36 TUR AC | 816 |
| C37 Between 10 and 15 years Deaths F | 2 |
| C37 TUR BU | 64,944 |
| C38 Between 15 and 20 years Married M | 4 |
| C38 CAR BU | 29 |
| C39 Between 15 and 20 years Single M | 124 |
| C39 MAN WURT AC | 2 |
| C4 Members of Family M | 1,219 |
| C40 Between 15 and 20 years Married F | 9 |
| C40 MAN WURT BU | 50 |
| C41 BEN BU | 3 |
| C41 Between 15 and 20 years Single F | 117 |
| C42 CLV TIM GRA | 214 |
| C43 Between 15 and 20 years Deaths F | 1 |
| C44 Between 20 and 30 years Married M | 101 |
| C44 HOP LBS | 74 |
| C45 Between 20 and 30 years Single M | 150 |
| C45 MPL SGR LBS | 19,010 |
| C46 Between 20 and 30 years Widowers M | 1 |
| C46 CID GAL | 1,831 |
| C47 Between 20 and 30 years Married F | 149 |
| C48 Between 20 and 30 years Single F | 47 |
| C48 FLLD CLOTH YRDS | 144 |
| C49 Between 20 and 30 years Widows F | 1 |
| C49 FLAN YRDS | 1,334 |
| C5 Members of Family F | 1,088 |
| C50 Between 20 and 30 years Deaths M | 1 |
| C51 Between 20 and 30 years Deaths F | 2 |
| C51 LIN YRDS | 17 |
| C52 Between 30 and 40 years Married M | 130 |
| C52 BULLS OX STEERS | 610 |
| C53 Between 30 and 40 years Single M | 32 |
| C53 MILK COWS | 748 |
| C54 Between 30 and 40 years Widowers M | 1 |
| C54 CALVES HEIFERS | 810 |
| C55 Between 30 and 40 years Married F | 98 |
| C55 HORSES | 248 |
| C56 Between 30 and 40 years Single F | 8 |
| C56 HORSES VAL | 21,502 |
| C57 COLTS FILLIES | 1,172 |
| C58 Between 30 and 40 years Deaths M | 1 |
| C58 SHEEP | 696 |
| C59 SWINE | 1,430 |
| C6 Not Members of Family M | 53 |
| C60 Between 40 and 50 years Married M | 91 |
| C60 TOT VALUE | 34,846 |
| C61 Between 40 and 50 years Single M | 7 |
| C61 BUTTER LB | 33,513 |
| C62 Between 40 and 50 years Widowers M | 2 |
| C62 CHEESE LB | 5,603 |
| C63 Between 40 and 50 years Married F | 70 |
| C64 Between 40 and 50 years Single F | 2 |
| C65 Between 40 and 50 years Widows F | 2 |
| C68 Between 50 and 60 years Married M | 45 |
| C68 CAR PLEASURE | 10 |
| C69 Between 50 and 60 years Single M | 5 |
| C69 VALUE DOL P | 453 |
| C7 Not Members of Family F | 32 |
| C70 Between 50 and 60 years Widowers M | 1 |
| C70 CAR HIRE | 2 |
| C71 Between 50 and 60 years Married F | 25 |
| C71 VALUE DOL H | 41 |
| C72 Between 50 and 60 years Single F | 2 |
| C73 Between 50 and 60 years Widows F | 5 |
| C76 Between 60 and 70 years Married M | 26 |
| C77 Between 60 and 70 years Single M | 4 |
| C78 Between 60 and 70 years Widowers M | 1 |
| C79 Between 60 and 70 years Married F | 17 |
| C8 Births in 1860 M | 69 |
| C81 Between 60 and 70 years Widows F | 3 |
| C82 Between 60 and 70 years Deaths M | 1 |
| C84 Between 70 and 80 years Married M | 3 |
| C86 Between 70 and 80 years Widowers M | 2 |
| C87 Between 70 and 80 years Married F | 4 |
| C89 Between 70 and 80 years Widows F | 4 |
| C9 Births in 1860 F | 60 |
| C91 Between 70 and 80 years Deaths F | 1 |
| C94 Between 80 and 90 years Widowers M | 2 |
| C97 Between 80 and 90 years Widows F | 1 |
| CD NAME | Perth |
| Colored Persons | 7 |
| England and Wales | 243 |
| France | 7 |
| Ireland | 358 |
| Natives of Canada Not of French Origin | 1,404 |
| New Brunswick | 6 |
| Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island | 10 |
| Prussia German States and Holland | 61 |
| Scotland | 276 |
| United States | 24 |
Identifiers
- TCP UID:
ON092006— year-scoped identifier from the Canadian Census Subdivision boundary file - Persistent place ID:
PLACE_ON137006— computed from spatial-overlap chains across census years - Wikidata: Q115261391
Sources
Census tabulations from the 1861 Census of Canada, transcribed and georeferenced by the Canadian Peoples / TCP project, hosted at the HGIS Lab, University of Saskatchewan. Persistent place identity computed from spatial-overlap chains across all available census years (1851–1921). Identity grounding to Wikidata performed via the HGIS Canada Knowledge Graph project's MCP-assisted disambiguation pipeline. See the About / Methodology page for the full data pipeline.
Cite this page
Clifford, J. (2026). "Elma, Ontario (1861 census)" in HGIS Canada Knowledge Graph. Retrieved from https://jimclifford.ca/hgiscanada/places/on/elma-on092006-1861/.