{ "id": "3f0aaaaef4f4acc52858c3268c51a32b394aede8", "text": "XLV. Observation of the Transit of Venus, and other Astronomical Observations, made at Gibraltar; contained in a Letter to the Astronomer Royal from Lieutenant Jardine.\n\nTo regulate the clock.\n\nRead Dec. 7, 1769.\n\nA unequal altitude instrument was fixed (nearly such as is described in Smith's Optics, vol. II. p. 328), on which was mounted a small telescope with cross hairs.\n\n| Sun's upper limb touched the horizontal hair at | Sun's lower limb touched the horizontal hair at |\n|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|\n| June 1 | |\n| Morning | 8 32 43 |\n| Afternoon | 3 24 33 |\n| Morning | 8 32 20 |\n| Afternoon | 3 25 4 |\n| Morning | 8 32 27 |\n| Afternoon | 3 25 27 |\n| Morning | 8 32 35 |\n| Afternoon | 3 25 53 |\n\nTRANSIT OF VENUS.\n\nBy three observers, with two 7½ feet refractors, and one 2 feet reflecting telescope.\n\nJune 3, Venus's 1st external contact with the Sun, at 6 49 58\n1st internal contact with the Sun, at 7 7 11\nSun set behind a hill 7 8 3\nClock before mean time 9 1 8\n\nY y 2 For\nFor the Latitude of the place.\n\nObserved by a Hadley's quadrant, divided into minutes, the double meridian altitudes of Jupiter and Cor Scorpii, reflected from water.\n\nDouble meridian altitude of Jupiter.\n\n| Date | Altitude |\n|--------|----------|\n| May 30 | 77° 6' |\n| June 14| 77° 50' |\n| | 77° 55' 30\" |\n| | 78° 3' 30\" |\n| By another observer | 78° 3' 0\" |\n| June 22| 78° 4' 0\" |\n| | 78° 10' 45\" |\n| July 4 | 78° 14' 0\" |\n\nDouble meridian altitude of Cor Scorpii.\n\n| Date | Altitude |\n|--------|----------|\n| June 28| 56° 7' |\n| | 56° 5' |\n| July 7 | 56° 6' 30\" |\n| | 56° 5' 0\" |\n\nClear weather, in general, during these observations; and Fahrenheit's thermometer, in the middle of the day, between 75 and 80 in the night, between 68 and 71.\n\nFor the Longitude of the place.\n\nMay 30 Emersion of Jupiter's first satellite 12° 59' 56\"\nClock before mean time 0° 1' 2\"\n\nMay 31 Emersion of Jupiter's 2d satellite 10° 51' 51\"\nClock before mean time 0° 1' 32\"\n\nJune 8 Emersion of Jupiter's first satellite 9° 22' 34\"\nClock before mean time 0° 1' 16½\"\n\nJune 15 Emersion of Jupiter's first satellite 11° 15' 54½\"\nClock before mean time 0° 1' 28\"\n\nThese two are most to be depended upon.\n\nJune 25 Immersion of Jupiter's 3d satellite 11° 59' 56\"\nClock before mean time 0° 1' 44\"\n\nJuly 8 Emersion of Jupiter's first satellite 11° 30' 57\"\nClock before mean time 0° 2' 4\"\n\nECLIPSE\nECLIPSE OF THE SUN.\n\nJune 4 First contact at $6^h\\ 6^m\\ 54^s$ seen perhaps a little too late.\nLast contact at $7^h\\ 19^m\\ 28^s$ exact.\nClock before mean time $0^h\\ 1^m\\ 9^s$\n\nElev. of $\\odot$'s l. limb by Hadley's quad. at $\\{ \\text{1st contact } 14^m\\ 41^s \\}$ both ex-\n$\\{ \\text{2d contact } 28^m\\ 55^s \\}$ act.\nDip of the horizon, for 160 feet above the level of the sea, is to be allowed.\n\nSIR,\n\nI have been disappointed in the pleasure I promised myself, when I saw you, of observing some occultations of fixt stars, by the Moon, &c. We shall be glad, if these observations can be of any service. We have endeavoured to discover to you the degree of dependance to be placed thereon.\n\nWith regard to the clock, we conclude from these equal altitudes (correcting for difference of declination, &c.), that, on the 3d of June, it was before mean time $1'8''$,8. You will easily discover if there is any error. We afterwards regulated by frequent equal altitudes, by a meridian line on the bottom of a window, and by the setting of stars behind some solid buildings.\n\nThe latitude appears, from these double altitudes, to be somewhere between $36^\\circ\\ 3'$, and $36^\\circ\\ 4'$; but from more correct declinations, &c. you will be able to determine it more precisely.\n\nFor the eclipse, we had no micrometer, nor any other method of determining the quantity of it.\nTo the eye, between $\\frac{1}{4}$th or $\\frac{1}{5}$th of the Sun's diameter seemed to be eclipsed. Though the beginning be rather incorrect, the end may be depended on.\n\nWe shall be glad if you can determine, from hence, the latitude and longitude of the place, and to know the result of the discoveries made in our system, by the observations of the late transit, if you will favour us.\n\nI am,\n\nSIR,\n\nYour most obedient,\n\nhumble servant,\n\nGibraltar, July 14,\n1769.\n\nAlexander Jardine.\n\nBy re-computing these observations, I find, that the external contact of Venus happened at $6^h\\ 5\\ 1'\\ 8''$, the internal contact at $7^h\\ 8'\\ 21''$, the beginning of the eclipse of the Sun at $18^h\\ 8'\\ 0''$, and the end at $19^h\\ 20'\\ 33''$, all apparent time; and that the latitude of the place, by the mean of the 4 altitudes of Cor Scorpii, is $36^\\circ\\ 4'\\ 44''$, N. The dip of the horizon of the sea, for an elevation of 160 feet, may be reckoned $12'\\ 5''$.\n\nNevil Maskelyne.\n\nXLVI. 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