EUROPE, Southern Parts.

ITALY.

A Quatrini = - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
6 Quatrini = a Bayoc 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
10 Bayocs = ‡a Julio 0 0 6
20 Bayocs = a Lire 0 1 0
3 Julios = a Testoon 0 1 6
80 Bayocs = a Scudi of Ex. 0 4 3
105 Bayocs = a Ducatoon 0 5 3
100 Bayocs = a Crown 0 5 0
31 Julios = a Pistole 0 15 6
A Picoli = - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
12 Picoli = a Soldi 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
6 \frac{1}{2} Soldi = ‡a Gros 0 0 2 \frac{1}{2}
18 Soldi = a Jule 0 0 6
20 Soldi = ‡a Lire 0 0 6 \frac{1}{2}
3 Jules = a Testoon 0 1 6
124 Soldi = a Ducat current 0 3 5 \frac{1}{2}
24 Gros = ‡a Ducat of Ex. 0 4 4
17 Lires = a Chequin 0 9 2
A Mangar = - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
4 Mangars = ‡an Asper 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
3 Aspers = a Parac 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
5 Aspers = a Bekic 0 0 3
10 Aspers = an Oltic 0 0 6
20 Aspers = a Solota 0 1 0
80 Aspers = ‡a Pistole 0 4 0
100 Aspers = a Caragrouch 0 5 0
10 Solotas = a Xeriff 0 10 0
A Carret = - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
5 \frac{1}{2} Carrets = a Caveer 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
7 Carrets = a Comashee 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
80 Carrets = a Larin 0 0 10
18 Comashees = an Abyla 0 1 4
60 Comashees = ‡a Pistole 0 4 6
80 Caveers = a Dollar 0 4 6
100 Comashees = a Sequin 0 7 6
80 Larins = ‡a Tomond 3 7 6
A Coz = - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{10}
4 Coz = a Bidi 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
10 Coz = a Shahee 0 0 4
20 Coz = a Mamooda 0 0 8
25 Coz = a Larin 0 0 10
4 Shahees = an Abashee 0 1 4
5 Abashees

ASIA.

£. s. d.
5 Abashees = an Or 0 8 6
12 Abashees a Bovello 0 16 0
50 Abashees †a Tomond 3 6 8
A Pecka - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
2 Peckas = a Pice 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
4 Pices a Fanam 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
5 Pices a Viz 0 0 2 \frac{1}{2}
10 Pices an Ana 0 0 7 \frac{1}{2}
4 Anas a Rupee 0 2 6
2 Rupees an English Crown 0 5 0
14 Anas a Pagoda 0 8 9
† Pagodas a Gold Rupee 1 15 0
†A Budgroot - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
2 Budgrooks = †a Re 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
5 Rez a Pice 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
16 Pices a Laree 0 0 5 \frac{1}{2}
20 Pices a Quarter 0 0 6 \frac{1}{2}
240 Rez a Xeraphim 0 1 4 \frac{1}{2}
4 Quarters a Rupee 0 2 3
14 Quarters a Pagoda 0 8 0
60 Quarters a Gold Rupee 1 15 0
†A Re - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
2 Rez = a Bazaraco 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
2 Bazaracos a Pecka 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
20 Rez a Vintin 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
4 Vintins a Laree 0 0 5 \frac{1}{2}
3 Larees a Xeraphim 0 1 4 \frac{1}{2}
42 Vintins a Tangu 0 4 6
4 Tangus a Paru 0 18 0
8 Tangus a Gold Rupee 1 15 0
A cash - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
5 Cash = a Viz 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
2 Viz a Pice 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
6 Pices a Pical 0 0 2 \frac{1}{2}
8 Pices a Fanam 0 0 3
10 Fanams a Rupee 0 2 6
2 Rupees an English Crown 0 5 0
36 Fanams a Pagoda 0 8 9
4 Pagodas a Gold Rupee 1 15 0
A Pice - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
4 Pices = a Fanam 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
6 Pices a Viz 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
12 Pices an Ana 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
10 Anas a Fiano 0 1 6 \frac{1}{2}
16 Anas a Rupee 0 2 6
2 Rupees a French Ecu 0 5 0
2 Rupees an English Crown 0 5 0
56 Anas a Pagoda 0 8 9
£. s. d.
A Cori - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
800 Cori = a Fettee 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
125 Fettees a Sataleer 0 0 7 \frac{1}{2}
250 Fettees a Sooco 0 1 3
500 Fettees a Tutal 0 2 6
900 Fettees a Dollar 0 4 6
2 Ticals a Rial 0 5 0
4 Soocos an Ecu 0 5 0
8 Sataleers a Crown 0 5 0
A Caxa - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
10 Caxa = a Candereen 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
10 Candereens a Mace 0 0 8
35 Candereens a Rupee 0 2 6
2 Rupees a Dollar 0 4 6
70 Candereens a Rix-dollar 0 4 4 \frac{1}{2}
7 Maces an Ecu 0 5 0
2 Rupees a Crown 0 5 0
10 Maces †a Tale 0 6 8
A Piti - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
20 Pittis = a Mace 0 0 4
15 Maces an Ounce Silver 0 4 10 \frac{1}{2}
20 Maces a Tale 0 6 8
30 Maces an Ingot 0 9 8 \frac{1}{2}
13 Ounces Silver an Ounce Gold 3 3 0
2 Ounces Gold a Japanese 6 6 0
2 Japanese a Double 12 12 0
21 Ounces Gold †a Cattee 66 3 0
An Asper - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
3 Aspers = a Medin 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
24 Medins an Italian Ducat 0 3 4
80 Aspers †a Piastre 0 4 0
30 Medins a Dollar 0 4 6
96 Aspers an Ecu 0 5 0
32 Medins a Crown 0 5 0
200 Aspers a Sultanin 0 10 0
70 Medins a Pargo Dollar 0 10 6
An Asper - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
3 Aspers = a Medin 0 0 1 \frac{1}{2}
10 Aspers a Rial old Plate 0 0 6 \frac{1}{2}
2 Rials a Double 0 1 1 \frac{1}{2}
4 Doubles a Dollar 0 4 6
24 Medins a Silver Chequin 0 3 4
30 Medins a Dollar 0 4 6
180 Aspers a Zequin 0 8 10
15 Doubles a Pistole 0 16 9
A Fluce - 0 0 0 \frac{1}{2}
24 Fluces = a Blanquil 0 0 2

[ 5181 ]

£. s. d.
0 0 8
0 1 2
0 2 4
0 4 8
0 4 6
0 9 0
0 16 9

† Halfpenny = † a Penny 0 0 0 1/2
2 Halfpence = † a Penny 0 0 0 1/2
7 1/2 Pence = a Bit 0 0 0 1/4
12 Pence = † a Shilling 0 0 0 1/8
7 5 Pence = a Dollar 0 4 6
7 Shillings = a Crown 0 5 0
20 Shillings = † a Pound 0 14 3
24 Shillings = a Pistole 0 16 9
30 Shillings = a Guinea 1 1 0

† a Half Sol = † a Sol 0 0 0 1/2
2 Half Sols = † a Sol 0 0 0 1/2
7 1/2 Sols = a Half Scalin 0 0 2 1/2
15 Sols = a Scalin 0 0 5 1/2
20 Sols = † a Livre 0 0 7 1/2
7 Livres = a Dollar 0 4 6
8 Livres = an Ecu 0 4 10
26 Livres = a Pistole 0 16 9
32 Livres = a Louis d'Or 1 0 0

AMERICA.

CONTINENT.

£. s. d.
† a Penny = 0 0 1
12 Pence = † a Shilling 0 1 0
20 Shillings = † a Pound 1 0 0
2 Pounds
3 Pounds
4 Pounds
5 Pounds
6 Pounds
7 Pounds
8 Pounds
9 Pounds
10 Pounds

The value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or Scarcity of Gold and Silver Coins that are imported.

† a Denier = † a Sol
12 Deniers = † a Sol
20 Sols = † a Livre
2 Livres
3 Livres
4 Livres
5 Livres
6 Livres
7 Livres
8 Livres
9 Livres
10 Livres

The Value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or Scarcity of Gold and Silver Coins that are imported.

Note. For all the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and Danish Dominions, either on the Continent or in the West Indies, see the Moneys of the respective nations.

Monk. MONK, a person who wholly dedicates himself to the service of religion, in some monastery, under the direction of particular statutes and rules.

The most probable account of the original of the monks is, that in the Decian persecution, in the middle of the third century, many persons in Egypt, to avoid the fury of the storm, fled to the neighbouring deserts and mountains, where they not only found a safe retreat, but also more time and liberty to exercise themselves in acts of piety and divine contemplations; which sort of life became so agreeable, that, when the persecution was over, they refused to return to their habitations again, choosing rather to continue in those cottages and cells which they had made for themselves in the wilderness. From that time to the reign of Constantine, monachism was confined to the hermits or anchorets, who lived in private cells in the wilderness: but when Pachomius had erected MONASTERIES, other countries presently followed the example.

The manner of admission to the monastic life was usually by some change of habit; not to signify any religious mystery, but only to express their gravity and contempt of the world. Long hair was always thought an indecency in men, and favouring of secular vanity; and therefore they polled every monk at his admission, to distinguish him from seculars; but they never shaved them, lest they should look like the priests of Isis. St Jerom, speaking of the habits of the monks, intimates that it differed from that of others only in this, that it was cheaper, coarser, and meaner raiment. We read of no solemn vow, or profession, required at

their admission; but they underwent a triennial probation, during which time they were inured to the exercises of the monastic life. If, after that time was expired, they chose to continue the same exercises, they were then admitted, without any farther ceremony, into the community. As the monasteries had no standing revenues, all the monks were obliged to maintain themselves by their daily labour: they had no idle mendicants among them; but looked upon a monk who did not work, as a covetous defrauder. Every ten monks were subject to one, who was called the decanus, or dean, from his presiding over ten; and every hundred had another officer called centenarius, from his presiding over an hundred; and above these were the fathers of the monasteries, also called abbots. The business of the deans was to exact every man's daily task, and carry it to the steward, who gave a monthly account of it to the abbot. See ABBOT.

For a particular account of the present monastic orders, see AUGUSTINES, BENEDICTINES, CARMELITES, DOMINICANS, FRANCISCANS, &c.