CONCHOLGY

¹ History. an inconvenient magnitude, the class of Vermes, which will be treated of in its proper place in the course of the work.

² Importance of conchology. The fine polish, splendid colours, and elegant form of shells, have been long admired, and have procured for them a conspicuous place in the cabinets of the curious. Indeed in this respect, mankind have discovered no small degree of folly and extravagance, in the high price which has been given for rare and beautiful shells, and often only on account of their rarity. But the study of conchology acquires a higher degree of importance and utility in another view. In many parts of the world, different kinds of testaceous animals are employed as an excellent and nutritious food; and some tribes supply the table with a delicate luxury. Different shells furnish employment to ingenuity and art, in the manufacture of mother-of-pearl for various purposes; and the pearl itself, so much sought after as an ornament of dress, and often the rival of the richest

³ History. gems, in the estimation of mankind, is the production of testaceous animals. Its nature and mode of formation, therefore, cannot fail to be objects of curious investigation. But testaceous animals and their productions are not only beneficial and ornamental; some are found to be highly pernicious. The snail ravages the garden and the field, and marks its progress with the destruction of some of the fairest of the vegetable tribes; while the ship-worm is justly the dread of the mariner: secure, as it were, in its insignificance, it humbles the glory and pride of man; and labouring in secret, demolishes the noblest efforts of ingenuity. In these views, then, the economy and habits of testaceous animals, which at first sight might appear a barren and useless pursuit, become an important and beneficial subject of investigation. The following chapters, therefore, shall be occupied in the classification and natural history of this tribe of animals.

CHAP. I. HISTORY OF CONCHOLGY.

³ Cultivated by the ancients. THE few scattered fragments concerning the natural history of shells, or testaceous animals, which are to be found in the writings of the ancients, when compared with the more extended and systematic labours of the moderns, are so unimportant and inaccurate, that it would be altogether superfluous to trouble our readers with an account of the information which they contain. It appears, however, from the works of Aristotle and Pliny, the great naturalists of Greece and Rome, that the study of conchology was not entirely neglected in their time. It appears too, that admirers and collectors of shells were not then wanting. Scipio and Lælius, we are informed, found a relaxation from the toils and cares of war and government, by indulging in this elegant amusement (A).

⁴ By the moderns. Nor will it be attended with much advantage, to give a particular account of the works of the earlier writers on this subject, among the moderns. These are Gesner, Johnston, Rondeletius, Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Wormius, and some other authors, who cultivated this department of natural history, and accompanied their descriptions with figures, illustrative of the objects which they described.

The first author who attempted a systematic division of shells, according to their external form and character, was John Daniel Major, professor of medicine in the university of Kiel in Holstein. His method is published at the end of his curious and interesting remarks on the treatise concerning the purpura of Fabius Columna, printed at Kiel in 1675. The system of the German naturalist was followed by that of our countryman Dr Lister, on a more extended and improved plan, which was published ten years after. Succeeding naturalists turned their attention to the study of conchology, and to the improvement of the classification of the numerous objects of this department of natural history.

Such were Buonanni, Rumfius, Langius, Breynius, Tournefort, Gualtieri, D'Argenville, Klein, Linnaeus, Adanson, Geoffroy, and Muller. We shall here exhibit some of the most celebrated systems of conchology which have been proposed by writers on this subject. This, we trust, will not be unacceptable to our readers, and particularly as the works of these authors are in few hands, and therefore become less accessible.

Such were Buonanni, Rumfius, Langius, Breynius, Tournefort, Gualtieri, D'Argenville, Klein, Linnaeus, Adanson, Geoffroy, and Muller.

We shall here exhibit some of the most celebrated systems of conchology which have been proposed by writers on this subject. This, we trust, will not be unacceptable to our readers, and particularly as the works of these authors are in few hands, and therefore become less accessible.

⁵ System of Lister. I. The first general arrangement of shells is that published by Dr Lister in a work with the following title. Maritini Lister, M. D. Historia five Synopsis methodica Conchyliorum libri quatuor, continentibus 1057 figuras ære nitidissime insculptas, a Susanna et Anna Lister depictas. Londini, 1685—1688, folio. A second edition of the same work was published at Oxford in 1770, with additional figures.

SYSTEM OF LISTER.

LIB. I. De Cochleis Terrestribus.

PARS I. De Buccinis et Turbinibus terrestribus.

SECT. 1. De Buccinis terrestribus a sinistra dextrorsum tortilibus, lœvibus, edentulis.
SECT. 2. De Buccinis terrestribus a sinistra dextrorsum tortilibus, edentulis, striatis.
SECT. 3. De Buccinis terrestribus a sinistra dextrorsum tortilibus, apertura dentata.
SECT. 4. De Buccinis terrestribus a dextra sinistrorsum tortilibus, apertura plana.
SECT. 5. De Buccinis terrestribus a dextra sinistrorsum tortilibus, apertura dentata.
SECT. 6. De Turbinibus terrestribus cochleæformibus, id est compactiore figura.

(A) Lælium et Scipionem conchas et umbilicos ad Cajetam et ad Laurentum legere consueffe, et ad omnem animi remissionem ludumque descendere. Cic. de Orat. lib. ii.

History. Sect. 7. Trochilus.
Sect. 8. De Turbinibus terrestribus, compressis edentulis, ipso ambitu acuto.
Sect. 9. De Turbinibus compressis, ambitu obtusiore, apertura edentula.
Sect. 10. De Turbinibus terrestribus compressis, a sinistra dextrorsum tortilibus, apertura dentata.
Sect. 11. De Turbinibus terrestribus compressis, apertura dentata, a dextra sinistrorsum tortilibus apice in verso ex ipsa apertura parte.
PARS II. Cochleæ nudæ terrestres, limaces quibusdam dictæ.

Sect. 1. De Buccinis fluviatilibus.
Sect. 2. De Cochleis fluviatilibus.
Sect. 3. De Cochleis fluviatilibus compressis.

Sect. 1. De Musculis fluviatilibus, cardine dentato.
Sect. 2. De Musculis fluviatilibus, cardine lævi.
Sect. 3. De Pectunculis fluviatilibus.

Sect. 1. Cap. 1. De Pectinibus ex utraque parte æqualiter auritis, striatis. Cap. 2. De Pectinibus æqualiter auritis, lævibus. Cap. 3. De Pectinibus inæqualiter auritis, non dentatis. Cap. 4. De Pectinibus inæqualiter auritis dentatis.
Sect. 2. Cap. 1. De Ostreis apophysi plana longa recurva, angulo acuto definitente. Cap. 2. De Ostreis apophysi brevi, subter et quasi in occulto posita.
Sect. 3. De Spondylis.

Sect. 1. Cap. 1. De Pectinibus margaritifera. Cap. 2. De Pectinibus, binis apophysibus longis conjunctis. Cap. 3. De Pectinibus margaritifera polyginglymis.
Sect. 2. Cap. 1. De Pectunculis polyleptoginglymis, margine ex altera parte productiore. Cap. 2. De Pectunculis polyleptoginglymis, margine rotunda, striatis. Cap. 3. De Pectunculis polyleptoginglymis, margine rotunda, lævibus.
Sect. 3. Cap. 1. De Pectunculis lævibus, triquetris fere, eervice angustiore. Cap. 2. De Pectunculis lævibus, triquetris, cervice latiore. Cap. 3. De Pectunculis lævibus, rostro recurvo.
Sect. 4. Cap. 1. De Pectunculis fasciatis, lunula notatis, margine striata. Cap. 2. De Pectunculis fasciatis, lunula quadam notatis, margine lævi. Cap. 3. De Pectunculis fasciatis, ad rostrum integris.
Sect. 5. Cap. 1. De Pectunculis striatis productioribus, striis a rostro ad medium usque dorsum concurrentibus. Cap. 2. De Pectunculis striatis diversimode exaratus, five dissimilibus. Cap. 3. De Pectunculis striatis, striis similibus, dorso ad alterum latus paululum eminenti. Cap. 4. De Pectunculis striatis, dorso in aciem compresso. Cap. 5. De Pectunculis striatis, muricatis asperisve. Cap. 6. De Pectunculis striatis, striis a rostro tantum deductis lævibus. Cap. 7. De Pectunculis cancellatis.

Cap. 8. De Pectunculis striatis, ex latere multo magis diffusis, latioribus. Cap. 9. De Pectunculis striatis, ex latere diffusis angustioribus. Cap. 10. De Pectunculis striatis imbricatis.
Sect. 6. Cap. 1. De Musculis marinis, cardine lævi minimeque dentato. Cap. 2. De Musculis marinis polyleptoginglymis.
Sect. 7. Cap. 1. De Pinnis, margine velut præcisa obtusave. Cap. 2. De Pinnis, margine producta et auctiore.
Sect. 8. Cap. 1. De Tellinis, id est conchis fere cuneiformibus, ambitu ferrata. Cap. 2. De Tellinis quibus ambitus ex interna parte lævis est.
Sect. 9. De Solenis, id est conchis tenuibus longissimisque ab utraque parte naturaliter hiantibus.
Sect. 10. Cap. 1. De Chamis, ab altero tantum latere fere naturaliter hiantibus. Cap. 2. De Chamis pholadibus.

Sect. 1. Cap. 1. De Pholadibus triumve testarum conchis, cardinibus loculis quibusdam quasi perforatis. Cap. 2. De Pholadibus, cardine integro.
Sect. 2. De Conchis quinque testarum anatiferis plerisque dictis.
Sect. 3. De Balanis, id est, duodecim testarum conchis præter operculum mitratum.
Sect. 4. Sive appendix ad librum tertium de conchitis iisve lapidibus, qui quandum similitudinem cum conchis marinis habeant.

Sect. 1. Cap. 1. De Patellis, vertice perforato. Cap. 2. De Patellis, vertice integro, lævibus. Cap. 3. De Patellis, vertice integro, striatis, margine quasi radiata. Cap. 4. De Patellis, vertice adunco margine æquali. Cap. 5. De Patellis, vertice adunco, margine obliqua. Cap. 6. De Patellis, vertice adunco, quibus ex interna parte cavitas quædam quasi arcuata, longis compressis. Cap. 7. De Patellis, vertice acuto, filo quodam interno donatis.
Sect. 2. De Dentalibus.
Sect. 3. De Vermiculis.
Sect. 4. Cap. 1. De Nautilis caudatis, five e plurimis tabulatis confectis. Cap. 2. De Nautilis vacuis, five non tabulatis.
Sect. 5. Cap. 1. De Cochleis marinis, apice brevi, umbilicatis, sinu aurito. Cap. 2. De Cochleis marinis, apice brevi, umbilico simplici. Cap. 3. De Cochleis marinis, apice brevi, centro minime sinuato. Cap. 4. De Cochleis marinis, basi brevi, apice ad oris initium parum elato. Cap. 5. De Cochleis marinis, apice mediocriter producto, ore dentato. Cap. 6. De Cochleis marinis, apice mediocriter producto, ore edentulo, lævibus. Cap. 7. De Cochleis marinis, apice mediocriter producto, striatis. Cap. 8. De Cochleis marinis, clavicula tenui et longissima, striatis. Cap. 9. De Cochleis marinis, clavicula tenui et longissima, lævibus.
Sect. 6. Cap. 1. De Neritis dentatis, clavicula paululum prominente. Cap. 2. De Neritis dentatis, clavicula compressa, striatis. Cap. 3. De Neritis dentatis, clavicula compressa, lævibus. Cap. 4. De Neritis ad columellam dentatis, labio productiore edentulo.

edentulo. Cap. 5. De Neritis edentulis lœvibus.
Cap. 6. De Neritis edentulis muricatis.

Secl. 7. De Auribus marinis.

Secl. 8. Cap. 1. De Trochis pyramidalibus, apertura five basi leviter tumida. Cap. 2. De Trochis pyramidalibus, basi paululum cava five sinuata. Cap. 3. De Trochis, apertura five basi plana. Cap. 4. De Trochis brevioribus, umbilicatis, dentatis. Cap. 5. De Trochis cochleæformibus, umbilicatis, edentulis. Cap. 6. De Trochis clavicula breviori, columella paulo erectiore integra. Cap. 7. De Trochis, basi media leviter tumida, quasi altera clavicula. Cap. 8. De Trochis, unico dente ad columellam acuto.

Secl. 9. Cap. 1. De Conchis venereis unicoloribus. Cap. 2. De Conchis venereis, lineis nigris secundum longitudinem depictis. Cap. 3. De Conchis undatim depictis. Cap. 4. De Conchis venereis fasciatis, immaculatis; et de conchis venereis fasciatis et maculatis, aut alias cum fasciis variegatis. Cap. 5. De Conchis venereis, punctis nigris distinctis. Cap. 6. De Conchis venereis, maculis albis nigrisque interspersis insignitis; et de conchis venereis maculis albis quasi reticulatim depictis. Cap. 7. De Conchis venereis, striis eminentibus conspicuis. Cap. 8. De Conchis venereis, punctis elatis exasperatis, nodisque inæqualibus. Cap. 9. De Conchis venereis, apertura non dentata, basi integra. Cap. 10. De Conchis venereis, basi umbilicata cochleata.

Secl. 10. Cap. 1. De Rhombis cylindraceis columella dentata, crassis, unius coloris. Cap. 2. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, maculosis. Cap. 3. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, fasciatis. Cap. 4. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, undatis. Cap. 5. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, dorso gibboso. Cap. 6. De Rhombis cylindraceis edentulis, ore striatore. Cap. 7. De Rhombis edentulis tenuibus, ore patulo, clavicula paululum exerta. Cap. 8. De Rhombis edentulis, ore patulo, clavicula compressa.

PARS II. Cap. 1. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, unius coloris. Cap. 2. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, quibus lineæ maculatæ circum iniciuntur. Cap. 3. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, striatis. Cap. 4. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, undatis. Cap. 5. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, fasciatis. Cap. 6. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, reticulatis. Cap. 7. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, dentatis.

Secl. 11. Cap. 1. De Buccinis perfectis dictis. Cap. 2. De Buccinis muscis dictis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis columella dentata, clavicula longissima et tenuissima.

Secl. 12. Cap. 1. De Buccinis bilinguis, lœvibus. Cap. 2. De Buccinis bilinguis, striatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis bilinguis, asperis et muricatis. Cap. 4. De Buccinis bilinguis, digitatis.

Secl. 13. Cap. 1. De Buccinis ampullaceis lœvibus, aut certe minus asperis. Cap. 2. De Buccinis ampullaceis, muricatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis ampullaceis, ad sinistram convolutis.

Secl. 14. Cap. 1. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, lœvibus. Cap. 2. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, striis densis et tenuioribus exasperatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, striis pauciori-

bus donatis, labro simplici. Cap. 4. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, striis paucioribus, labro duplicato donatis. Cap. 5. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, muricatis.

Secl. 15. Cap. 1. De Buccinis brevirostris, nodosis. Cap. 2. De Buccinis brevirostris, striatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis brevirostris, lœvibus, fere clavica producente. Cap. 4. De Buccinis brevirostris, labro repando, tenuibus. Cap. 5. De Buccinis brevirostris, labro repando, crassis. Cap. 6. De Buccinis brevirostris, compressis. Cap. 7. De Buccinis auritis, five rostro recurvo donatis, ventriculosis. Cap. 8. De Buccinis brevirostris, sinu reflexo, lœvibus. Cap. 9. De Buccinis brevirostris, rostro reflexo, clavica producente.

Secl. 16. Seu appendix de buccinitis, iisve lapidibus que buccina omnigena valde referant.

II. In 1722, Langius presented to the world the following work on conchology. Caroli Nicolai Langii Lucernen. Helvet. Phil. et Med. &c. Methodus nova et facilis, testacea marina pleraque, que huc usque nobis nota sunt, in suas debitas et distinctas classes, genera, et species, distribuendi, nominibusque suis propriis, structure potissimum accommodatis nuncupandi, &c. Lucernæ, 1722, 4to, p. 102.

SYSTEM OF LANGIUS.

PARS PRIMA. Testacea marina univalvia non turbinata.

CLASSIS PRIMA. Testacea marina univalvia non turbinata, et in se non contorta.

Secl. 1. Testacea marina univalvia non turbinata, et in se non contorta nullo modo, vel solummodo in summo apice tantillum incurvata. Gen. 1. Patellæ. Gen. 2. Balani.

Secl. 2. Tubuli marini, seu testacea marina univalvia, non turbinata, et in se non contorta, elongata tubuli instar concava. Gen. 1. Penicilla. Gen. 2. Dentales. Gen. 3. Tubuli radiceformes. Gen. 4. Tubuli vermiculares.

CLASSIS SECUNDA. Testacea marina univalvia, non turbinata, sed ita in se contorta, ut eorum spiræ non prominent.

Secl. 1. Testacea marina univalvia ita in se transversim, vel oblique secundum longitudinem contorta, ut eorum circumvolutiones vix apparent. Gen. 1. Nautili. Gen. 2. Nucee marinae.

Secl. 2. Porcellanæ, seu testacea marina univalvia non turbinata. Gen. 1. Porcellanæ vulgares. Gen. 2. Porcellanæ fimbriatæ. Gen. 3. Porcellanæ spirales. Gen. 4. Porcellanæ thoracice. Gen. 5. Porcellanæ minores integræ.

Secl. 3. Divis. 1. Cornua ammonis, quæ sunt testacea marina univalvia non turbinata, et serpentum in modum in se contorta, ut eorum circumvolutiones nulla ex parte prominent, et tamen ex utroque latere omnes appareant. Gen. 1. Cornua ammonis unita. Gen. 2. Cornua ammonis anomala. Divis. 2. Gen. 1. Cornua ammonis simpliciter divisa. Gen. 2. Cornua ammonis integra divisa.

PARS SECUNDA. Cochleæ marinæ, seu testacea marina univalvia turbinata, quæ unica tantum constant valva et figura sua cochlearum in modum intorta sunt, ita ut intima eorum spira aliquo saltem modo promineat et producatur.

CLASSIS PRIMA. Cochleæ marinæ longæ, seu cochleæ marinæ ore admodum elongato et superius aperto.

SECT. I. Cochleæ marinæ longæ ore labiis rectis. Gen. 1. Cochleæ pyramidales. Gen. 2. Cochleæ cylindroides.

SECT. 2. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes, seu cochleæ marinæ longæ ore labiis leviter incurvatis, ideoque etiam leviter ventricosis. Divis. 1. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes minores. Gen. 1. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes minores, vulgares. Gen. 2. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes minores intortæ integræ. Gen. 3. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes minores intortæ et infulcatæ. Divis. 2. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes majores. Gen. 1. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes majores vulgares. Gen. 2. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes majores, intortæ integræ. Gen. 3. Cochleæ longæ pyriformes majores intortæ cylindroides.

CLASSIS SECUNDA. Cochleæ canaliculatæ, seu cochleæ marinæ ore elongato et superius in canaliculum abeunte.

SECT. 1. Cochleæ marinæ canalicula recta. Gen. 1. Cochleæ canaliculatæ rectæ tenuiores. Gen. 2. Cochleæ canaliculatæ rectæ crassiores. Gen. 3. Purpure rectirostræ.

SECT. 2. Cochleæ marinæ canaliculatæ incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Cochleæ canaliculatæ introrsum incurvatæ. Gen. 2. Cochleæ canaliculatæ extrorsum incurvatæ. Gen. 3. Murices. Gen. 4. Cochleæ muriciformes insigniter incrispatæ. Gen. 5. Purpure curvirostræ. Gen. 6. Cochleæ cassidiformes umbilicatæ. Gen. 7. Cassidæ.

CLASSIS TERTIA. Buccina sunt cochleæ marinæ ore et mucrone simul elongatis, primaque spira notabiliter ventricosa.

SECT. 2. Buccina parva mucrone mediocriter elongato et tenuiter acuminato. Gen. 1. Buccina parva pruniformia acuminata. Gen. 2. Buccina parva pruniformia canaliculata. Gen. 3. Buccina parva curvirostra. Gen. 4. Buccina parva sulcata. Gen. 5. Buccina parva sulcata et canaliculata. Gen. 6. Buccina parva integra ore perpendiculari. Gen. 7. Buccina parva integra ore obliquo.

SECT. 2. Buccina majora, quæ sunt Buccina mucrone admodum elongato et acuminato. Gen. 1. Buccina majora canaliculata rostrata ore simplici. Gen. 2. Buccina majora canaliculata, ore labioso. Gen. 3. Buccina majora canaliculata rostrata, ore labioso, fimbriata. Gen. 4. Buccina majora canaliculata et sulcata.

CLASSIS QUARTA. Strombi, qui sunt cochleæ marinæ ore et mucrone simul insigniter elongatis, et prima spira notabiliter angustiore quam in Buccinis.

SECT. 1. Strombi ore superius aperto. Gen. 1. Strombi

canaliculati acuminati. Gen. 2. Strombi canaliculati rostrati, ore simplici. Gen. 3. Strombi canaliculati rostrati, ore anguloso. Gen. 4. Strombi canaliculati rostrati, ore labioso. Gen. 5. Strombi sulcati vulgares. Gen. 6. Strombi sulcati, ore labioso. SECT. 2. Strombi integri, ore superius clauio, seu integro. Gen. 1. Strombi integri vulgares, ore simplici. Gen. 2. Strombi integri, ore labioso. Gen. 3. Strombi integri, ore fimbriato et dentato.

CLASSIS QUINTA. Cochleæ marinæ, ore admodum brevi seu parvo, mucrone vero insigniter elongato.

SECT. 1. Turbines aperti, seu cochleæ marinæ, ore admodum brevi seu parvo superius aperto, mucrone longissimo. Gen. 1. Turbines aperti lati. Gen. 2. Turbines aperti acuminati. Gen. 3. Turbines aperti canaliculati recte rostri. Gen. 4. Turbines aperti canaliculati oblique incurvati. Gen. 5. Turbines aperti sulcati.

SECT. 2. Turbines integri, ore superius clauso seu integro. Gen. 1. Turbines integri vulgares. Gen. 2. Turbines integri acuminati. Gen. 3. Turbines integri fimbriati.

SECT. 3. Trochi seu cochleæ marinæ ore admodum brevi, seu parvo e basi lata et quasi plana in mucronem quasi rectilineam conoideum insigniter elongatum abeuntes. Gen. 1. Trochi ore angusto et horizontaliter compresso. Gen. 2. Trochi ore ampliore et subrotundo.

CLASSIS SEXTA. Cochleæ marinæ breviores, seu cochleæ marinæ ore et mucrone breviores, magisque contractæ.

SECT. 1. Cochleæ breviores proportionatæ. Gen. 1. Cochleæ trochiformes breviores proportionatæ et mucronatæ. Gen. 2. Cochleæ marinæ terrestri-formes breviores proportionatæ. Gen. 3. Cochleæ depressæ.

SECT. 2. Cochleæ marinæ breviores perpendiculariter anomalæ. Gen. 1. Neritæ. Gen. 2. Cochleæ umbilicatæ foramine spirarum femicirculari. Gen. 3. Cochleæ umbilicatæ foramine spirarum rotundo.

SECT. 3. Cochleæ marinæ breviores horizontaliter anomalæ. Gen. 1. Cochleæ planæ. Gen. 2. Aures marinæ.

SECT. 4. Varia hucusque enarratarum cochlearum opercula quæ aut propter usum aut propter singularem structuram, magis nota sunt. Gen. 1. Opercula cochlearum marinarum subrotunda. Gen. 2. Ungues marini, seu opercula cochlearum marinarum oblonga.

PARS TERTIA. Conchæ marinæ, id est testacea marina bivalvia quæ duobus constant valvis in cardine, articulatione quadam inter se conjunctis, ut commode claudi et aperiri queant.

SECT. 1. Conchæ marinæ notabiliter umbonatæ et rectæ incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus æquilateræ. Gen. 2. Conchæ cordiformes umbone cardinum deducto. Gen. 3. Conchæ marinæ cordiformes æquilateræ, umbone cardinum unito.

SECT. 2. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus æquilateræ leviter umbonatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ crassæ. Gen. 2. Peclines.

Pectines tenues. Gen. 3. Pectunculi. Gen. 4. Conchæ pectiniformes æquilateræ subrotundæ. Gen. 5. Conchæ pectiniformes æquilateræ.

Secl. 3. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus æquilateræ, notabiliter umbonatæ et oblique incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinæ incurvatæ subrotundæ vulgares. Gen. 2. Chamaæ æquilateræ.

Secl. 4. Conchæ marinæ, valvis æqualibus æquilateræ leviter umbonatæ et oblique incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus subrotundæ. Gen. 2. Tellinæ æquilateræ.

Secl. 5. Pinnæ, seu conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus æquilateræ, cardine umbone destituta. Gen. 1. Pinnæ rectæ. Gen. 2. Pinnæ incurvatæ.

CLASSIS SECUNDA. Conchæ inæquilateræ, seu conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus ex utroque cardinis latere inæqualiter effusæ.

Secl. 1. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ notabiliter umbonatæ, et rectæ incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ subrotundæ. Gen. 2. Conchæ marinæ cordiformes inæquilateræ, umbone cardine deducto. Gen. 3. Conchæ marinæ cordiformes inæquilateræ, umbone cardinum unito.

Secl. 2. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ, leviter umbonatæ et rectæ incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinæ leviter umbonatæ et rectæ incurvatæ subrotundæ.

Secl. 3. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ, notabiliter umbonatæ et oblique incurvatæ, subrotundæ vulgares. Gen. 1. Chamaæ inæquilateræ. Gen. 2. Conchæ rhomboidales.

Secl. 4. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ leviter umbonatæ et oblique incurvatæ. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinæ, &c. subrotundæ. Gen. 2. Conchæ pectiniformes inæquilateræ triangulares. Gen. 3. Tellinæ inæquilateræ. Gen. 4. Conchæ tellinæformes. Gen. 5. Musculi. Gen. 6. Conchæ longerrugosæ. Gen. 7. Conchæ soleniformes. Gen. 8. Mytili.

Secl. 5. Conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ leviter umbonatæ et oblique incurvatæ, structura et striis peculiaribus. Gen. 1. Conchæ imbricatæ. Gen. 2. Pholades. Gen. 3. Dactyli. Gen. 4. Hysteroconchæ. Gen. 5. Conchæ alæformes. Gen. 6. Conchæ quadratæ.

Secl. 6. Conchæ inæquilateræ non umbonatæ, seu conchæ marinæ valvis æqualibus inæquilateræ, cardine umbone destituto. Gen. 1. Solenes. Gen. 2. Conchæ marinæ, &c. structura peculiari.

CLASSIS TERTIA. Conchæ anomale, seu conchæ marinæ valvis inæqualibus.

Secl. 1. Conchæ marinæ anomale umbonatæ et auritæ. Gen. 1. Pectines anomali. Gen. 2. Spondyli.

Secl. 2. Ostreæ, seu conchæ marinæ anomale omnino non vel irregulariter tantum umbonatæ rugosæ. Gen. 1. Ostrea vulgaris. Gen. 2. Ostrea denticulata. Gen. 3. Ostrea rostrata. Gen. 4. Ostrea peculiaris.

III. A different system was proposed for the classification of testaceous animals by Breynius, in the following work, which was published in the year 1732.

Joannis Philippi Breynii dissertatio physica de polythalamia, nova testaceorum classe, cui quædam præmittuntur de methodo testaceorum in classes et genera distribuendi: huic adjicitur commentatiuncula de belemnitis prussicis, tandemque schediasma de Echinis methodice disponendis; Gedani, 1732, 4to.

In this system the author has divided shells into the eight following classes, viz. 1. Tubulus. 2. Cochlidium. 3. Polythalamium. 4. Lepas. 5. Concha. 6. Conchoidea. 7. Balanus. 8. Echinus.

1. Tubulus, est testa tubulosa monothalamia, vel in lineam rectam extensa, vel incurva, vel contorta, vel aliquando ad spiram, sed irregulariter, accedens. Huic pertinent dentalia, entalia, solenes univalvi, &c.

2. Cochlidium, est testa tubulosa, monothalamia, conica, inspirans constantem regularem, convoluta aliquando opercula prædita, sepius vero eo destituta. Ad hanc classem spectant nautili tenues five vacui vulgo dicti; aures marinæ, neritæ, cochleæ, buccina, mureces, cassides, cylindri, volutæ, porcellanæ, et omnes testæ turbinatæ, exceptis nautilo et anomia, ad classem tertiam referendis.

3. Polythalamium, est testa tubulosa polythalamia, conica, recta, vel in spiram regularem convoluta, cum syphunculo thalamos transeunte: huic reducendi nautili anomia, litui, et orthocera.

4. Lepas, est testa vasculosa simplex, referens vasculum magis minuse cavum, orificio multum patenta, ut patellæ simileque.

5. Concha, est testa vasculosa composita bivalvis, id est quæ ex duabus componitur valvis, five vasculis magis minuse concavis in cardine articulatione quadam inter se junctis ut aperiri et claudi queant; ut chamaæ, mytili, tellinæ, pinnæ, ostreæ, pectines anomie.

6. Conchoidea, est testa vasculosa composita bivalvis, sed quæ præterea et aliquot minoribus partiunculis testaceis componitur, ut pholades anatifere.

7. Balanus, est testa vasculosa composita, quæ præter unam testam majorem alias portiones minores habet ex quibus componitur, ut balanus vulgo dictus.

8. Echinus, est testa vasculosa composita, undique clausa; magis minuse concava, duobus tantum foraminibus seu aperturis pro ore et ano perforata, externe aculeis vel claviculis mobilibus testaceis armata.

IV. The system of Tournefort appeared for the first time, and was published from the author's manuscript, in the treatise on conchology by Gualtieri. In this system shells are divided into three classes, viz. Monotoma, Ditoma, and Polyotoma.

Testacea dicuntur quorundam animalium integumenta, quæ testæ seu lateris duritiem habent, et in quibus tantum, in testa animalia vivant.

Testacea autem omnia quæ hucusque in muscis curioforum adversari et congeri solent, ad tres classes facile revocari possunt. Hæc enim vel monotoma sunt, vel ditoma, vel polyotoma.

Monotoma testacea appellantur ea quorum testa indivisa est; ditoma quæ geminis constant testis ad cardinem

History. dinem connixis; polytoma vero quæ ex pluribus simul adnexis compinguntur.

CLASSIS PRIMA. Quæ testacea monotoma complectitur. Testacea monotoma quorum testa indivisa est, in tres familias abeant: alia enim univalvia sunt, alia spiralia, alia fistulosa.

Familia I. Testaceorum univalvium. Monotoma univalvia dicimus quorum testa simplex est, in os amplius effusa. Gen. 1. Lepas. Gen. 2. Eruca.

Familia II. Testaceorum spiraliium. Monotoma spiralia dicimus testacea quorum pars inferior in spiram contorquetur; horum autem spiræ seu helices exterius patent, et simpliciter spiralia dicuntur, vel eorum spira intus reconditur, et convoluta dicuntur.

Divis. 1. Testacea monotoma simpliciter spiralia, seu quorum spira exterior est. Gen. 1. Murex. Gen. 2. Murex alatus. Gen. 3. Murex aporhais. Gen. 4. Murex venerus. Gen. 5. Murex pyramidalis. Gen. 6. Buccinum. Gen. 7. Buccino-murex. Gen. 8. Purpura. Gen. 9. Buccino-purpura. Gen. 10. Peribolus. Gen. 11. Turbo. Gen. 12. Verticillus. Gen. 13. Cochlea. Gen. 14. Cochlea terrestris. Gen. 15. Ceratitis. Gen. 16. Cochlea marina. Gen. 17. Nerita. Gen. 18. Auris marina.

Divis. 2. Testacea monotoma spiralia convoluta, quæ cochleam interiore habent vix foris conspicuam. Gen. 1. Concha venerea. Gen. 2. Concha perfica. Gen. 3. Nautilus. Gen. 4. Conchilium.

Familia III. Testaceorum fistulorum. Testacea monotoma fistulosa seu tubulosa, ut ex nomine patet, fistule in modum tenuantur. Gen. 1. Dentale. Gen. 2. Entale. Gen. 3. Tubuli marini.

CLASSIS SECUNDA, quæ testacea ditoma continet. Testacea ditoma semper ex duabus testis ad cardinem articulatis compinguntur, et vel arcte undique clauduntur, vel utrinque hiant; unde in duas familias dividi possunt.

Familia I. Testaceorum ditomorum quæ arcte clauduntur. Gen. 1. Concha. Gen. 2. Conchula. Gen. 3. Ostreum. Gen. 4. Mytilus. Gen. 5. Pinna. Gen. 6. Perna. Gen. 7. Pholas. Gen. 8. Pecten. Gen. 9. Pectunculus.

Familia II. Testaceorum ditomorum quæ semper hiant. Gen. 1. Chamae. Gen. 2. Solen.

CLASSIS TERTIA, quæ testacea polytoma continet. Polytoma testacea dicuntur quorum teste ex pluribus partibus vel articulatis, vel per cartilaginem connexis compinguntur; unde in duas familias abeant.

Familia I. Eorum quorum partes articulantur. Gen. 1. Echinus.

Familia II. Eorum quorum partes per cartilaginem connectuntur. Gen. 1. Balanus.

V. M. D'Argenville in 1742, published at Paris a treatise on Conchology with 33 plates. A second edition of the same work appeared at Paris in 1757. In this edition the number of the plates was increased to 41. A more splendid edition was published after the death of the author, by M. M. de Favanne de Montecerville father and son. This edition is extended to 3 volumes, two of which consist of letter presses, and the 3d contains

the engravings, which are 80 in number, and are executed with great accuracy and elegance. But the descriptions of the genera and species only reach the 19th plate; so that the work which was published in 1780 is still unfinished.

SYSTEM OF D'ARGENVILLE.

In this system shells are divided into four parts. I. Sea-shells. II. Fresh-water shells. III. Land-shells. IV. Fossil-shells.

PART I. Sea-shells are divided into 3 Classes. 1. Univalves. 2. Bivalves. 3. Multivalves.

Class I. contains 15 families, viz. 1. Lepas. 2. Oreilles de mer. 3. Tuyaux et Vermilleaux de mer. 4. Nautiles. 5. Limaçons à bouche ronde. 6. Limaçons à bouche demi-ronde. 7. Limaçons à bouche aplatie. 8. Cornets ou Volutes. 9. Olives ou Cylindres. 10. Rochers ou Murex. 11. Tonnes. 12. Porcelaines. 13. Buccins. 14. Pourpres. 15. Vis.

Class II. contains 7 families, viz. 1. Huitres. 2. Cames. 3. Tellines. 4. Moules. 5. Cœurs. 6. Peignes. 7. Manches de couteaux.

Class III. consists of 7 families, viz. 1. Oscabrions, ou lepas à huit pieces. 2. Ourfins. 3. Glands de mer. 4. Pouffe-pieds. 5. Conques anatifères. 6. Pholades. 7. Tuyaux de mer multivalves.

PART II. Fresh-water shells are divided into 2 Classes. 1. Univalves. 2. Bivalves.

Class I. contains 8 families, viz. 1. Lepas. 2. Nautiles ou cornes d'ammon. 3. Limaçons à bouche ronde. 4. Limaçons à bouche demi-ronde. 5. Limaçons à bouche triangulaire. 6. Tonnes. 7. Buccins. 8. Vis.

Class II. is composed of two families. 1. Cames. 2. Tellines.

PART III. Land shells, constituting a single class, viz. Univalves, which contains 6 families; viz. 1. Lepas. 2. Limaçons à bouche ronde. 3. Limaçons à bouche demi-ronde. 4. Limaçons à bouche aplatie. 5. Buccins. 6. Vis.

PART IV. Fossil shells, which consist of 3 classes. 1. Univalves. 2. Bivalves. 3. Multivalves.

Class I. is composed of 15 families having the same names as the first class of sea-shells.

Class II. contains 7 families similar to the 2d class of sea-shells.

Class III. consists of 5 families, viz. 1. Ourfins. 2. Glands de mer. 3. Pouffe-pieds. 4. Pholades. 5. Tuyaux multivalves.

IV. A system of Conchology was published by Klein in 1753, and illustrated with engravings. In the same work the author enters into an investigation concerning the formation, increase, and colours of shells. The following is an abridged view of this arrangement.

SYSTEM

In this system, shells are divided into 6 parts.

PART I. which is entitled Cochlis, is divided into 2 sections, viz. Cochlis simplex, and Cochlis composita.

SECT. I. consists of 8 classes, viz. Cochlis plana, containing 4 genera. 2. Cochlis convexa, 6 genera. 3. Cochlis fornicata, 5 genera. 4. Cochlis elliptica, 6 genera. 5. Cochlis cochlis, 16 genera. 6. Cochlea, 8 genera. 7. Buccinum, 5 genera. 8. Turbo, 14 genera.

SECT. II. consists of five classes, viz. 1. Cochlis rostrata, 7 genera. 2. Voluta longa, 15 genera. 3. Voluta ovata, 8 genera. 4. Alata, 6 genera. 5. Murex, 2 genera.

PART II. Concha, is also divided into two sections, viz. Monoconchæ and Diconchæ æquales.

SECT. I. contains 2 classes, viz. 1. Patella, 2 genera. 2. Anfata, 4 genera.

SECT. II. consists of three subdivisions, viz. 1. Diconchæ conniventes. 2. Diconchæ interruptæ. 3. Diconchæ inæquales.

Subdiv. 1. is composed of 6 classes, viz. 1. Diconchæ figuratæ, 4 genera. 2. Ostrea, 6 genera. 3. Musculus, 3 genera. 4. Cyclas. 5. Diconcha aurita, 9 genera. 6. Diconchæ cordiformes, 3 genera.

Subdiv. 2. consists of 5 classes, viz. 1. Diconcha fulcata. 2. Diconchæ umbilicatæ, 3 genera. 3. Diconchæ finu profundo, seu chamae, 3 genera. 4. Diconchæ finu prominulo, seu tellinæ, 6 genera. 5. Pyloris, 9 genera.

Subdiv. 3. Diconchæ inæquales, 7 genera.

PART III. Polyconcha, consists only of one genus.

PART IV. Niduli Testacei, comprehends one class, viz. Balanus, which includes 4 genera.

PART V. Echinus marinus, seu echinodermata, is divided into 3 sections, viz. 1. Anocyrti. 2. Catocyrti. 3. Pleurocyrti.

SECT. I. contains 2 classes, viz. 1. Cidaris, 9 genera. 2. Clipeus, 1 genus.

SECT. II. is composed of four classes, viz. 1. Fibula, 2 genera. 2. Classis, 2 genera. 3. Scutum, 2 genera. 4. Placenta, 3 genera.

SECT. III. consists of 3 classes, viz. 1. Arachnoides, 1 genus. 2. Cor marinum, 2 genera. 3. Ovum marinum, 2 genera.

PART VI. Tubulus marinus is composed of 11 genera.

In the systems of Conchology which we have now exhibited, the characters are taken from the shells. In the three following, the marks of discrimination are derived from the animal as well as from the shell. The first by M. Adanson was published in 1757.

This system consists of 3 classes, viz. 1. Limaçons. 2. Les conques. 3. Les conques multivalves.

CLASS I. Limaçons. SECT. I. Limaçons univalves. SECT. II. Limaçons operculés.

SECT. I. Famille 1. Les limaçons univalves qui n'ont ni yeux ni cornes. Gen. 1. La gondole, cymbium. Famille 2. Les limaçons univalves qui ont deux cornes, et les yeux places à leur racine et sur leur côte interne. Gen. 2. Le bulin, bulinus. Gen. 3. Le coret, coretus. Gen. 4. Le pietin, pedipes. Famille 3. Les limaçons univalves qui ont quatre cornes, dont les deux extérieures portent les yeux sur leur sommet. Gen. 5. Le limaçon, cochlea. Gen. 6. L'ormier, holotis. Famille 4. Les limaçons univalves qui ont deux cornes, et les yeux placés à leurs racines, et sur la côte externe, ou par derrière. Gen. 7. Le lepas, lepas. Gen. 8. L'yet yetus. Gen. 9. La vis, terebra. Famille 5. Les limaçons univalves qui ont deux cornes et les yeux posés un peu au-dessus de leur racine, et sur leur côte externe. Gen. 10. La porcellaine, porcellana. Gen. 11. Le pucelage, cyprea. Gen. 12. Le manu telet, peribolus.

SECT. II. Famille 1. Limaçons operculés qui ont deux cornes, avec un renflement, et qui portent les yeux ordinairement au-dessus de leur racine, et à leur côté externe. Gen. 1. Le rouleau, strombus. Gen. 2. La pourpre, purpura. Gen. 3. Le buccin, buccinum. Gen. 4. Le cerite, cerithium. Famille 2. Limaçons operculés, qui ont deux cornes sans renflement, et les yeux places à leur racine, et sur leur côte externe. Gen. 5. Le vermet, vermetus. Gen. 6. La toupie, trochus. Gen. 7. La natic, natica. Famille 3. Les limaçons operculés, qui ont quatre cornes, dont les deux extérieures portent les yeux sur leur sommet. Gen. 8. Le fabot, turbo. Gen. 9. La nerite, nerita.

CLASS II. Les conques. SECT. I. Les conques bivalves. Famille 1. Les conques bivalves, qui ont les deux lobes du manteau séparés, dans tout leur contour. Gen. 1. L'huître, ostrea. Famille 2. Les conques bivalves dont les deux lobes du manteau forment trois ouvertures sans aucun tuyau. Gen. 2. Le jataron, jataronus. Gen. 3. Le jambonneau, perna. Famille 3. Les conques bivalves dont les deux lobes du manteau forment trois ouvertures dont deux prennent la figure d'un tuyau assez long. Gen. 4. La came, chama. Gen. 5. La telline, tellina. Gen. 6. Le pectoncle, pectunculus. Gen. 7. Le sole, sole.

CLASS III. Les conques multivalves. Famille 1. Les conques multivalves, dont aucune des pièces de la coquille ne prend la forme d'un tuyau. Gen. 1. La pholade, pholas. Famille 2. Les conques multivalves, dont une des pièces de la coquille prend la forme d'un tuyau qui enveloppe entièrement toutes les autres. Gen. 2. Le taret, teredo.

VIII. The method of Geoffroy, formed on similar principles with the last, was published at Paris in 1767, in a work entitled "A Summary Treatise on the Testaceous Animals found in the vicinity of Paris." The following is a view of this method.

SECT. I. Coquilles univalves.

Gen. 1. Le limax, cochlea. Quatre tentacules, dont deux plus grands portent des yeux à leur extrémité. Coquille univalve en spirale.

History. Gen. 2. Le buccin, buccinum. Deux tentacules plats en formes d'oreilles. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté intérieur. Coquille univalve en spirale et conique.

Gen. 3. Planorbe, planorbis. Deux tentacules filiformes. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté intérieur. Coquille univalve en spirale, et ordinairement aplatie.

Gen. 4. La nerite, nerita. Deux tentacules. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté extérieur. Opercule à la coquille. Coquille univalve en spirale et presque conique.

Gen. 5. Ancile, ancylus. Deux tentacules. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté intérieur. Coquille univalve concave et unie.

SECT. II. Coquilles univalves.

Gen. 1. La cume, chama. Deux siphons simples et allongés. Charnière de la coquille dentelle. Coquille arrondie.

Gen. 2. La moule, mytilus. Deux siphons courts et frangés. Charnière de la coquille membraneuse et sans dents. Coquille allongée.

¹³
Müller. IX. The system of Müller first published in 1773, and afterwards extended in a different work which appeared in 1776, arranges testaceous animals into three families. The following is a view of this arrangement taken from the latter work on the zoology of Denmark and Norway.

SYSTEM OF MÜLLER.

FAMILIA I. Testacea Univalvia.

SECT. I. Testacea univalvia, testa pervia.

Gen. 1. Echinus. Testa crustacea, ano verticali, tentaculis simplicibus.

Gen. 2. Spatagus. Testa crustacea, ano infero, tentaculis penicillatis.

Gen. 2. Dentalium. Testa calcarea, testa rudi, tentaculis nullis.

SECT. II. Testacea univalvia, testa patula.

Gen. 4. Akera. Apertura effusa, tentaculis nullis.

Gen. 5. Argonauta. Apertura profunda, tentaculis binis.

Gen. 6. Bulla. Apertura repanda, tentaculis binis fetaceis, colliculo extrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 7. Buccinum. Apertura ovata, tentaculis binis triangularibus, angulo intrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 8. Carychium. Apertura ovata, tentaculis binis truncatis conspicuis, angulo intrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 9. Vertigo. Apertura subquadrata, tentaculis binis sublinearibus, apice oculatis.

Gen. 10. Turbo. Apertura orbiculari, tentaculis binis fetaceis, conspicuis, angulo extrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 11. Helix. Apertura lunari, tentaculis quatuor linearibus, apice oculatis.

Gen. 12. Planorbis. Apertura semilunari, tentaculis binis fetaceis, angulo intrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 13. Ancylus. Apertura totali tentaculis binis truncatis, occultis, angulo extrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 14. Patella. Apertura totali, tentaculis binis fetaceis, occulto angulo, extrinsecus oculatis.

VOL. VI. Part I.

Gen. 15. Haliotis. Apertura repanda, poris pertusa.

SECT. III. Testacea univalvia, testa operculata.

Gen. 16. Tritonum. Libera, apertura canaliculata, tentaculis duobus linearibus, angulo extrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 17. Trochus. Libera, apertura sub-tetragona, tentaculis duobus fetaceis, colliculo extrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 18. Nerita. Libera, apertura lunari, tentaculis duobus fetaceis, angulo extrinsecus oculatis.

Gen. 19. Valvata. Libera, apertura circinnata, tentaculis duobus fetaceis, angulo postico oculatis.

Gen. 20. Serpula. Adnata, apertura orbiculari, tentaculis pinnatis.

FAMILIA II. Testacea Bivalvia.

SECT. I. Testacea bivalvia cardine dentata.

Gen. 1. Mya. Testa altera extremitate hiante; cardine dente crasso solitario.

Gen. 2. Solen. Testa utraque extremitate hiante; cardine dente reflexo, saepe gemino.

Gen. 3. Tellina. Siphone duplici, murico; cardine dentibus utrinque tribus alternis.

Gen. 4. Cardium. Siphone duplici, cirrato, pedequo falciformi; cardine dentibus mediis alternis, remotis penetrantibus.

Gen. 5. Venus. Siphone duplici, cirrata, pedequo laminaeformi; cardine dentibus tribus approximatis, lateralibus divergentibus.

Gen. 6. Mastra. Cardine dente medio complicato, adjacente foveola.

Gen. 7. Donax. Cardine dentibus duobus, lateralique solitario.

Gen. 8. Area. Cardine dentibus numerosis, alternis, penetrantibus.

Gen. 9. Terebratula. Branchiis circinnatis; cardine dentibus alterius uncinatis, valvula superiore deorsum perforata.

SECT. II. Testacea bivalvia, cardine edentulo.

Gen. 10. Anomia. Branchiis simplicibus; valvula inferiore perforata.

Gen. 11. Ostrea. Branchiis simplicibus, pede nullo; cardines fossula cava.

Gen. 12. Peclen. Branchiis cirratis, pede juxta auriculam cardine fossula ovata, byssum emittens.

Gen. 13. Mytilus. Siphone duplici brevi; fossula lineari, byssum emittens.

FAMILIA III. Testacea Multivalvia.

Gen. 1. Chiton. Valvulae dorsales, tentacula nulla.

Gen. 2. Lepas. Valvulae erectae, tentacula bipartita.

Gen. 3. Pholas. Valvulae ad cardinem minores.

X. To this account of the different methods of arranging shells, we shall only add the system proposed by Da Costa in his Elements of Conchology. In this system the author adopts the usual general division into Univalves, Bivalves, and Multivalves.

I. UNIVALVES are distributed into 16 families, which are divided into four orders.

Order I. Simple; consists of four families. 1. Patella. 2. Haliotis. 3. Vermiculi. 4. Dentalia. Order II. includes only one family. 5. Polythalamia. Order III. Revolved. Fam. 6. Turbinata involuta. Order IV. Turbinated

Animals which inhabit shells. Fam. 7. Cymbium. Fam. 8. Auris cochlea. Fam. 9. Cylindri. Fam. 10. Voluta. Fam. 11. Globosa. Fam. 12. Cassides. Fam. 13. Trochi. Fam. 14. Cochleæ. Fam. 15. Buccina. Fam. 16. Murex.

II. BIVALVES composed of 3 orders.

Order I. With unequal valves, and shut close. Fam. 1. Pelecen. Fam. 2. Spondylus. Fam. 3. Ostrea. Fam. 4. Anomia. Ord. II. With equal valves, and

shut close, is divided into three sections. Sect. 1. Mult-articulate. Fam. 5. Pequinoides. Fam. 6. Pequinuli. Fam. 7. Area. Sect. 2. Articulate. Fam. 8. Pequinulus. Fam. 9. Tellina. Fam. 10. Placenta. Sect. 3. Inarticulate. Fam. 11. Margaritifera. Fam. 12. Muculus. Ord. III. With valves that never shut close. Fam. 13. Chama, Gaperz.

III. MULTIVALVES contain one order. Fam. 14. Pholas. Fam. 15. Anatiferae. Fam. 16. Balani.

CHAP. II. OF THE ANIMALS WHICH INHABIT SHELLS.

BEFORE we proceed to the classification of shells, we shall here give a short description of the animals which inhabit them. Of these, however, a minute and accurate anatomical description is not to be expected; for little more is known of the structure of these animals than what has been given by naturalists concerning their external characters.

Some of the animals, which inhabit shells, are also found in the mollusca state; that is without any testaceous covering. Such, for instance, is the limax, or snail.

The animals which have been found inhabiting shells are the following; viz. Doris, Triton, Ascidia, Tethys, Limax, Spio, Amphitrite, Terebella, Nereis.

Doris.—The body is creeping, oblong, and flat beneath; the mouth is placed below on the forepart; vent behind on the back, and surrounded by a fringe. Feelers two or four, situated on the upper part of the body in front, and retractile within the proper receptacles.

The animal which inhabits the chiton belongs to this genus.

Triton.—The body is oblong, and the mouth is furnished with an involute spiral proboscis: tentacula or arms 12, six on each side, divided nearly to the base. The hind ones cheliferous.

The triton inhabits different species of lepas.

Ascidia.—The body is fixed, roundish, and apparently issuing from a sheath; apertures two, generally placed near the upper end, one beneath the other. The animals are found in the sea, and adhere by their base to rocks, shells, and other submarine substances: they are more or less gelatinous. The only powers of motion which they possess seem to be that of contracting and dilating themselves alternately; by which means they are enabled to throw out the water which they take in with considerable force.

This animal inhabits the pholas, solen, some species of the mya, mactra, and other bivalves.

Tethys.—The body is detached, rather oblong, fleshy, without peduncles: the mouth is furnished with a terminal cylindrical proboscis, under an expanded membrane or lip: apertures two, on the left side of the neck.

The tethys inhabits a great proportion of bivalve

shells, as many species of tellina, cardium, mactra, venus, ostrea, and others.

Limax.—The body is oblong, creeping, with a fleshy kind of shield above, and a longitudinal flat disc beneath: aperture placed on the right side within the shield: feelers 4, situated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each of the larger ones.

The animals belonging to this genus inhabit the turbinate univalve shells; but it appears that all the animals which inhabit these shells do not exactly correspond with the above generic characters.

Spio.—The body projecting from a tube, jointed and furnished with dorsal fibres; peduncles or feet rough with bristles, and placed towards the back; feelers 2; long, simple; eyes 2; long.

This animal inhabits some species of fabella.

Amphitrite.—Body projecting from a tube, and annulate; peduncles or feet small, numerous, with lateral fasciculi, and branchiæ; feelers 2, approximate, feathered; no eyes.

The amphitrite inhabits some species of fabella and ferpula.

Terebella.—Body oblong, creeping, naked, furnished with lateral fasciculi or tufts, and branchiæ; mouth placed before, furnished with lips, without teeth, and protruding a clavated proboscis; feelers numerous, ciliated, capillary, and placed round the mouth.

This animal is an inhabitant of many species of dentalium, ferpula and fabella.

Nereis.—Body long, creeping, with numerous lateral peduncles or feet on each side; feelers simple, rarely none; eyes 2 or 4, rarely none. According to some naturalists, the nereis inhabits some species of fabella.

Sepia.—Body fleshy, receiving the breast in a sheath, with a tubular aperture at its base; arms 8, beset with numerous warts or suckers, and in most species 2 pedunculated tentacula; head short; eyes large; mouth resembling a parrot's beak.

The animal which inhabits the argonauta is considered by naturalists as belonging to this genus.

Chio.—Body oblong, natant, generally sheathed, and furnished with two dilated membranaceous arms or wing-like processes; tentacula 3, besides 2 in the mouth.

According to some naturalists, it is an animal belonging to this genus which inhabits the argonauta.

AS it will tend to facilitate our progress in the study of Conchology, clearly to understand the terms which are employed in describing shells, and the names by which the different parts have been distinguished by naturalists; we shall here give a few definitions of the principal terms. And that these definitions may be easily consulted, we shall observe the same order as in the classification which is to be adopted. They may be conveniently arranged, therefore, into the three divisions of multivalves, bivalves, and univalves.

MULTIVALVE shells are composed of more than two pieces.

Articulated (testæ articulatae), when the different pieces of which the shell is composed are so strongly united that they seem to form one shell.

Equivalent shells (testæ æquivalves), when the valves of the two sides have the same form, size, and position.

A shell is said to adhere (testæ adherens), when it is attached to solid bodies by some of the pieces of which it is composed: It is said to be loose (testæ libera), when it is not attached by any point.

Pedunculated (testæ pedunculata), when all the pieces of which it is composed, are supported by a tendinous peduncle which is fixed to solid bodies.

Tabular (testæ tubulosa), when the greatest part of the shell is formed of a cylindrical tube.

Base of the shell (basis testæ), that part on which it is supported.

Ligament (ligamentum), is a membranous or tendinous substance which connects the valves together, and sometimes lines the cavity of the shells. Of this there are several varieties.

— scaly (ligamentum squamatum), when the surface is covered with small granular scales.

— prickly (ligamentum aculeatum), when the surface is furnished with small rough points.

— smooth (ligamentum læve), when the surface has neither points, scales, nor tubercles.

— punctated (ligamentum punctatum), when the surface is marked with small cavities.

Lid (operculum), is the name given to four small triangular valves articulated in the form of a cross, which shut up the superior orifice of some species of multivalve shells.

Peduncle (pedunculus) is the tendinous substance which supports some of the multivalve shells. It is flexible while the animal is alive, and is smooth or scaly.

Rays (radii); these are impressions on the external surface of some shells; they are of a conical form, having the vertex turned towards the base of the shell. They are only distinctly seen in adult shells.

— filiform (radii filiformes) are long and narrow.

— smooth (radii leves.)

— striated (radii transversim striati.)

Valves (valvulae) are the different pieces of which multivalve shells are composed.

A BIVALVE shell is said to adhere (testæ adherens), when it is fixed by any part of one of its valves to a solid body.

It is said to have ears (testæ aurita), when it forms at its base, one or two compressed angles.

Gaping (testæ hians), when the valves do not shut close.

Bearded (testæ barbata), covered externally with an epidermis composed of strong hair or bristles.

Compressed (testæ compressa), when the valves are flat, forming a small cavity.

Heart-shaped (testæ cordata), having the form of a heart; (subcordata) approaching to that form.

Toothless (edentula), without teeth at the hinge.

Equilateral (testæ æquilatera), when the anterior and posterior part of the shell is equal in form and figure.

Equivalent (æquivalvis), when the two valves are similar in form and convexity.

Irregular (testæ irregularis), when the form varies in the individuals of the species.

Lenticular (lenticularis), when the valves are round, and little elevated in the middle, and diminish gradually in thickness towards the edges.

Linear (testæ linearis), when the length considerably exceeds the breadth, but without a cylindrical form.

Tongue-shaped (linguæformis), flat and oblong, having the two extremities round and obtuse.

Boat-shaped (navicularis), resembling the figure of a boat.

Pectinated (pectinata), when the valves being furnished with longitudinal ribs, have on their anterior surface ribs nearly transverse, which form by their union with the first acute angles.

Radiated (radiata), when it is marked on the external surface with rays, ribs, or elevated striæ, which proceed from the extremity of the summits, and terminate in the circumference of the valves.

Beaked (rostrata), when one of its surfaces, either anterior or posterior, being contracted and elongated, terminates in form of a beak.

Base (basis). The situation in which Linnæus has described and considered bivalve shells, consists in placing the beaks of the shell turned downwards, in such a way that the ligaments of the valves may be seen, so that the base of the shell is the region of its beaks.

Margin of the shell (margo testæ) signifies the whole circumference of the shell, parallel to the edge of the valves. It is divided into anterior, posterior, and superior.

— anterior (margo anterior), when the shell is placed on the beak of the valves, commences at the side of the ligament, on the fore-part of the

beaks, and extends to one third of the whole circumference of the valves.

Margin posterior (margo posterior), extends to one third of the circumference from the beaks of the valves behind.

— superior (margo superior), includes the upper part of the circumference of the valves comprehended between the superior extremity of the anterior margin, and the superior extremity of the posterior margin. Hence the whole circumference of the shell is divided into three equal parts.

Margins of the valves (margines valvularum), signify the whole interior circumference of the valves, including about the breadth of a line of the outer edge. They are divided into

— furrowed (margines canaliculati), having on some part of the anterior circumference, a small gutter parallel to it.

— notched (margines crenulati), furnished interiorly with rounded notches.

— toothed (margines dentati), provided with pointed teeth.

— folded (margines plicati), furnished with folds which reciprocally correspond with those of the opposite valve.

— simple (margines simplices) having neither folds, teeth, nor notches.

— striated (margines striati), having longitudinal striae.

Hinge. The hinge of a shell is the most solid and thickest part of the circumference of the valve, constituting their base. It is almost always furnished with teeth of different proportions, which serve to fix the valves together. The hinge is

— compressed (cardo depressus), formed of one compressed tooth.

— lateral (cardo lateralis), when it is placed at one of the sides of the shell.

— oblong (cardo oblongus), when it occupies the whole base of the shell.

— reflected (cardo reflexus), when its edges are folded back externally towards the convexity of the valves.

— terminal (cardo terminalis), situated at the inferior extremity of the shell.

— truncated (cardo truncatus), when the base of the shell terminates transversely and suddenly, and the teeth of the hinge are fixed in this part.

Teeth (dentes), are solid protuberances, commonly pointed, with which the hinge of shells is usually furnished, and which are destined to fix the two valves together. They are divided into

— alternate (dentes alternati), when they are placed in a line parallel to the edges of the hinge; and when the teeth of one valve are received into the interstices of the teeth of the other valve.

— articulated (dens insertus), when it is received in a corresponding cavity at the opposite valve.

— forked (dens duplicatus seu bifidus), having the point divided into two.

— cardinal (dens primarius seu cardinalis), is the tooth which is placed immediately opposite.

— compressed (dens depressus), which is very much flattened.

Teeth erect (dens erectus), when the valve is laid on the convex side, the tooth rises perpendicularly.

— longitudinal (dens longitudinalis), when it extends like a rib on the base of the valves.

The disk (discus), signifies the convex centre of the valves, which is usually situated between the belly of the shell and its limb.

Limb (limbus), is the circumference of the valves from the disk to their edges.

Belly of the shell (testæ umbo), is the most inflated part of the valves.

It is vaulted (umbo fornicatus) when in the interior of the valves it exhibits a cavity separated from the hinge by a vertical membrane.

Nates are two protuberances of a conical figure, somewhat spiral, which accompany the external base of most bivalve shells. They are

— flattened (nates depressæ), when the surface is sensibly compressed.

— approximate (nates approximate), meeting together when the shell is shut.

— horned (nates corniformes), when the angles being considerable, and their direction waved or spiral, they resemble a horn.

— bent (nates incurvæ), when the curvature of the one is directed towards that of the other.

— separated (nates distantes), when they are separated from each other, at least the distance of a line.

— distant (nates remotissimæ), when the interval is very great.

— reflected (nates recurvæ), when the curvature is directed towards the posterior surface of the shell.

— wrinkled (nates rugosæ), when the surface is marked with unequal lines.

— spiral (nates spirales), when the curvature exhibits more than one circumvolution.

Valva, is situated at the lower part of the anterior margin of the valves. It is divided into

— hollowed (excisa, seu canaliculata), when it is marked with a groove during its whole length.

— distinct (distincta), marked by a perceptible difference of colour.

— lettered (scripta seu literata), when the surface is marked with lines resembling written characters.

— inflected (inflexa), when the edge of the lips is bent towards the inner surface of the valves.

Anus, is an impression usually hollow, placed at the lower part of the posterior surface. It is divided into

— bordered (marginatus), when it is circumscribed by a distinct elevation.

— heart-shaped (cordatus), exhibiting the form of a heart.

— toothed (dentatus), furnished with teeth or notches.

— lanceolated (lanceolatus), when the length is greater than the breadth, and the extremities are pointed.

— open (patulus seu hians), forming by the separation of its edges, a considerable opening, which penetrates into the interior of the shell.

— oval (ovatus), of an elliptical figure.

Valves, of bivalve shells, are divided into right and left, equal and unequal, equilateral and inequilateral, superior and inferior.

— right valve (dextra), is distinguished from the left, by placing the shell on its base, having the cardinal ligament before, and the anus behind. In this position the right valve of the shell corresponds to the left of the observer, and the left valve (sinistra) to the right of the observer.

— equal (equales), when the right valve corresponds with the left in form, size, and other external characters.

— superior (valvula superior). In an irregular shell, such as the oyster, one of the valves is attached to solid bodies; the other in this case is superior. This valve is sometimes called by Linnaeus, the lid (operculum): in some species it is flat and small, and in others more convex than the inferior valve.

— keel shaped (valvulae carinatae), when one part of their convexity presents a sharp edge.

— chambered (concameratae), when they exhibit in their cavity testaceous plates, detached and raised.

— spinous (spinosa), when the whole surface is furnished with spines.

— banded (fasciatae), exhibiting large coloured transverse stripes or bands.

— lamellated (lamellofiae), when the surface is furnished with plates more or less separated.

— radiated (radiatae), exhibiting divergent or coloured rays.

— sinuated (lacunofae), when one of the valves has a sensible depression at the middle of its margin, and a corresponding elevation of the opposite valve.

— striated (striatae) when the surface is marked with striae.

— transverse, when the striae are parallel to the margin of the valves.

— longitudinal, when they run from the base to the circumference.

Muscular impressions (impressiones), are marks on the interior surface of the valves, where the muscles of the animal are attached.

— solitary (solitariae), when the inner surface of each valve has only one.

— double (duplicatae), two on the inner surface of each valve.

— triple or ternate (ternatae), three in each valve.

Ligament (ligamentum), is a horny substance, of little flexibility, which unites the two valves near their base, and which in almost all bivalve shells is placed at the lower part of their anterior surface. It is divided into

— gaping (hians), when its upper extremity is divided into two.

— double (duplex), when under the external ligament there appears a second, in a particular hollow of the hinge, which does not appear externally.

— internal (internum), when it unites the valves without appearing externally.

— profound (retractum seu intraclum), when it is so deep in the future as scarcely to be seen when the valves are shut.

— truncated (truncatum), when shorter than its future.

Forrows (fulci), are those impressions or interstices between the ribs or rays on the surface of the valves.

— square (quadrati), when the bottom is flat.

— lamellated (lamellofi), when the bottom is marked with small transverse scales.

— punctated (excavato punctati), when the whole surface is marked with small cavities or dots.

3. Explanation of Terms applied to Univalve Shells.

The base (basis), is the most elevated part of the shell, opposite to the spire. It is divided into

— notched (emarginata), when it is accompanied with a deep notch.

— tubular (tubulosa seu cordata), when it is formed by a tube.

— simple or entire (simplex aut integra), without notch or tube.

Summit (vertex) signifies the top of some patellae, and from its position is central, marginal, or submarginal.

The shell (testa) is divided with regard to its position into superior and inferior.

The anterior part (pars antica), is that which forms the spire of the shell; and it is also the superior part.

The form of shells is

— bordered (marginata), when the two sides of the opening are broader and thicker than the rest of the diameter.

— chambered (polythalamia), when it is internally divided by different partitions parallel to the opening.

— convoluted (convoluta), when the spires turn round a lengthened cone, nearly vertical to each other.

— rooted (radicata), when it is attached to a solid body by a ligament proceeding from its base.

— interrupted (interrupta), when the successive additions to the shell are marked with distinct rings.

— umbilicated (umbilicata), when the axis round which the sphere turns, being empty, forms a cavity at the base of the shell, whose diameter is at least a sixth part of that of the shell.

— imperforated (imperforata seu exumbilicata), when its inferior axis has neither hole nor umbilicus.

— oval or elliptic (ovales), the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the two extremities equal and a little contracted.

— egg-shaped (ovata), the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the extremities terminated by the segment of a circle.

— beaked (rostrata), when the two extremities, sometimes tubular, form a projection in form of a beak.

— imbricated (imbricata), when the surface is covered with parallel scales, so arranged as to cover each other.

— turbinated (turbinata), when the belly of the shell is large in proportion to the spires, which seem to proceed from its centre.

Opening.

Opening or mouth (apertura), is that part of the cavity of the shell which is visible. It is

• — angular (angulata), when its circumference has several angles.
• — gaping (deliscens), when one of the extremities is wider than the other.
• — bimarginated (bimarginata), when the right lip forms a double margin.
• — compressed (coarctata), when it is distinctly flattened.
• — femicircular (femiorbiculata), when it forms half a circle.
• — linear (linearis), when it is narrow, and the length considerably exceeds the breadth.
• — longitudinal (longitudinalis), when the length is greater than the breadth, and the greatest dimension is parallel to the axis of the shell.
• — orbicular (orbicularis), forming an entire circle.
• — striated (striata), when the cavity is marked with striae, parallel to the direction of the convolutions.
• — transverse (transversa), when the breadth is greater than the length.

Pillar (columella), is that part of the shell situated within the opening, near its axis, round which the spires turn. It is brought into view by dividing the shell its whole length. It is

• — flattened (plana), when the surface is flat and smooth.
• — caudated (caudata), when it is lengthened beyond the base of the shell.
• — folded (plicata), marked with transverse and distinct folds.
• — spiral (spiralis), proceeding from the base, and forming a small twisted elongation.
• — truncated (truncata), cut transversely at the base.

Convolutions (anfractus), are the turnings of the spire round the pillar, from the opening to the base of the shell. They are

• — bisid (bisidi), when each is divided into two equal parts by a furrow or spiral line.
• — grooved (canaliculati), when the superior edge is marked with a groove.
• — keel-shaped (carinati), when the outer turn of the shell is marked with an angle more or less acute.
• — crowned (coronati), when the upper surface is bordered at a little distance from the sutures, with a single row of tubercles or spinous scales.
• — dextral (dextris), turning from the left to the right.
• — sinistral (sinistris), turning from the right to the left.
• — lettered (scripti), marked with characters.
• — spinous (spinosi), having short spines on the surface.
• — entire (simplices), without furrows or tubercles.
• — banded (fasciati), when the surface is marked with broad coloured stripes.
• — lamellated (lamellati), the surface marked with longitudinal or transverse excrescences, and laminated like membranes.

• — lineated (lineati), marked with coloured lines.
• — radiated (spino-radiati), having the circumference bordered with straight spines, separating and divergent.
• — separated (disjuncti), having an interval between each convolution.
• — furrowed (fulcati), having the surface marked with furrows, which are always broader than striae.
• — decussated (decussati), when the striae cross each other at right angles.

Spire (spira), signifies all the convolutions taken together. It is

• — pointed (acuta), when the convolutions joined together form an acute angle.
• — flattened (depressa), forming a flat surface.
• — convex (convexa), when it is rounded, and the point of the base has little elevation.
• — convex (convexo-acuta), rounded at the outer edge, but elevated into an acute angle.
• — convex and elevated (convexo-exerta), rounded at the outer edge, and elevated without forming an acute angle.
• — convex and pointed (convexo-mucronata), obtuse and almost rounded at the outer edge, and terminated at the centre with a pointed elevation.
• — crowned (coronata), when the outer edges of each convolution are accompanied with a row of spines or tubercles.
• — capitate (capitata), the convolutions united, forming a swelling resembling a head.
• — obtuse (obtusa), the convolutions united, forming an obtuse angle.
• — plano-concave (plano-concava), the convolutions forming no elevation, but are slightly grooved.
• — pyramidal (pyramidata), of a conical form.

Sutures (suturæ), signify the place of junction of the different convolutions, forming a spiral line. They are

• — grooved (canaliculatæ), when they are so deep as to form a small canal.
• — notched (crenulatæ), when the points of contact are marked with notches.
• — double (duplicateæ), accompanied with two striae, which run parallel.
• — effaced (obfoletæ), when the place of junction is not perceptible.

Siphon (sipho), is a small canal situated in the internal part of the shell of the nautili, which penetrates into the divisions of which it is composed. It is

• — central (centralis), when it is situated in the middle of the divisions.
• — lateral (lateralis), situated at one side.
• — oblique (obliquus), cutting the axis of the divisions obliquely.

Verns (varices), are elevations or ribs, running in the direction of the length of the shell, formed by the junction of the different additions which the shell has received. They cut the convolutions of the spire transversely. They are

• — continued (continueæ), proceeding from the base of the spire to the convolution at the opening, without interruption.
• — spinous (spinoseæ), furnished with strong spines.
• — interrupted (decussatæ), not corresponding with the different convolutions.

SHELLS are divided by Linnaeus into multivalve, bivalve, and univalve. In the following classification the same arrangement will be adopted; and we shall first exhibit in one view the characters of each genus, in the original language of Linnaeus, with a translation opposite for the sake of the English reader; so that the genus of any shell may be easily determined. In

describing the species, we shall observe the utmost brevity, giving such characters only as are necessary to afford precise marks of distinction. In arranging the species under each genus, the British species will be distinguished with an asterisk; so that, with the advantage of a general classification, this will answer the purpose of a British conchology.

1. CHITON. Animal doris. Testæ plures, secundum longitudinem sibi appositæ dorso incumbentes.

2. LEPAS. Animal triton. Testa basi affixa multivalvis: valvis inæqualibus erectis.

3. PHOLAS. Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis divaricata, cum minoribus accessoriis difformibus: cardo recurvatus cartilagine connexus.

1. C. Animal inhabiting the shell a doris. Shell consisting of several segments or valves disposed down the back.

2. L. Animal a triton. Shell affixed at the base, and consisting of many unequal erect valves.

3. P. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, divaricate, differently shaped; accessory valves: hinges bent back, united by a cartilage: beneath the hinge, internally, is an incurved tooth.

4. MYA. Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis hians, ut plurimum, altera extremitate: cardo dente (plerisque uno) folido, crasso, patulo, vacuo; nec inserto testæ appositæ.

5. SOLEN. Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis oblonga, utroque latere hians. Cardo dens subulatus reflexus, sæpe duplex, non insertus testæ appositæ; margo lateralis magis obsoletus.

6. TELLINA. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, anterior hinc ad alterum latus flexa. Cardinis dentes ut plurimum tres: laterales plani alterius testæ.

7. CARDIUM. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis subæquilatera, æquivalvis plerumque convexa, longitudinaliter costata, striata aut sulcata, margine dentata. Cardo dentibus mediis binis alternatis: altero ut plurimum incurvo; lateralibus remotis insertis.

8. MACTRA. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, inæquilatera, æquivalvis. Cardo dente medio complicato cum adjecta foveola, lateralibus remotis insertis.

9. DONAX. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, margine sæpe crenulato antico obtusissimo. Cardo dentibus duobus; marginalique solitario (rarius duplici, triplici, aut nullo) subremoto sub ano.

10. VENUS. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis; latibus margine antico incumbentibus. Cardo dentibus tribus, omnibus approximatis lateralibus apice divergentibus.

4. M. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end. Hinge with broad, thick, strong teeth (seldom more than one), and not inserted into the opposite valve.

5. S. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends. Hinge with a subulate, reflected tooth, often double, and not inserted in the opposite valve; the lateral margin more effaced.

6. T. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, generally sloping on one side, in the fore part of one valve a convex, of the other a concave fold. Hinge usually with three teeth: the lateral ones in one shell being smooth.

7. C. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral, æquivalve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, striated or grooved, with a toothed margin. Hinge with two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on each side, each locking into the opposite.

8. M. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, of unequal sides, and æquivalve. Middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow on each side, lateral ones remote and inserted into each other.

9. D. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, generally with a notched margin: the frontal margin very obtuse. Hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed behind (rarely double, triple or none).

10. V. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve; the frontal margin flattened with incumbent lips. Hinge with three teeth, all approximate; the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

11. SPONDYLUS. Animal tethys. Testa inaequalis rigidis. Cardo dentibus duobus recurvis, cum foveola intermedia.

12. CHAMA. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis crassior, cardo callo gibbo, oblique inferto fossula oblique.

13. ARCA. Animal tethys? Testa bivalvis aequalis. Cardo dentibus numerosis, acutis alternis infertis.

14. OSTREA. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, plurimis inaequalis subaurita. Cardo edentulus, fossula cava, ovata, sulcisque (in plurimis) lateralibus transversis.

15. ANOMIA. Animal corpus ligula emarginata ciliata: ciliis valvae superiori affixis; brachiis duobus linearibus corpore longioribus conniventibus porrectis, valvae alternis utrinque ciliatis: ciliis affixis valvae utrinque: testa inaequalis, valva altera planiuscula, altera basi magis gibba: parum altera basi saepe perforata. Cardo cicatricula lineari prominente introsum dente laterali; valvae vero planioris in ipso margine. Radii duo offei pro basi animalis.

16. MYTILUS. Animal ascidia? Testa bivalvis, rudis, sepis affixa bysso, ut plurimum, crassiori. Cardo in plurimis edentulus, distinctus, paucis exceptis, linea subulata, excavata longitudinali.

17. PINNA. Animal limax. Testa sub-bivalvis fragilis, erecta hians, emittens barbam byssinam. Cardo edentulus, coalitis in unam valvis.

11. S. Animal a tethys. Shell hard, solid, with unequal valves. Hinge with two recurved teeth, separated by a small cavity.

12. C. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, rather coarse. Hinge with a callous protuberance, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow.

13. A. Animal a tethys? Shell bivalve equivalve. Hinge with numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted between each other.

14. O. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared. Hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate cavity, and in most with lateral, transverse furrows.

15. A. Animal an emarginate, ciliated, strap-shaped body, with bristles attached to the upper valve; arms two, linear, longer than the body, projecting and approaching together, alternate on the valve, and ciliated on each side, with bristles affixed to each valve. Shell inequalve, one of the valves flatish, the other protuberant at the base: one of the valves often perforated near the base. Hinge with a linear prominent cicatrix, and a lateral tooth placed within; but on the very margin of the flat valve there are two bony rays for the base of the animal.

16. M. Animal an ascidia? Shell bivalve, rough, generally affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments. Hinge mostly without teeth, and in most cases with a subulate, hollow, longitudinal line.

17. P. Animal a limax. Shell bivalve, brittle, gaping at one end, and having a byssus or beard. Hinge without teeth, the valves being united into one.

III. UNIVALVE SHELLS.

18. ARGONAUTA. Animal sepia aut clio. Testa univalvis, spiralis, involuta, membranacea, unilocularis.

19. NAUTILUS. Animal? Testa univalvis, isthmis perforatis concamerata, polythalamia.

20. CONUS. Animal limax. Testa univalvis convoluta, turbinata; apertura effusa, longitudinalis, linearis, edentula, basi integra; columella levis.

21. CYPRÆA. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, involuta, sub-ovata, obtusa, laevis. Apertura utrinque effusa, linearis utrinque dentata longitudinalis.

22. BULLA. Animal limax. Testa univalvis convoluta, inermis. Apertura sub-coarctata, oblonga, longitudinalis, basi integerrima. Columella obliqua, laevis.

23. VOLUTA. Animal limax. Testa unilocularis spiralis. Apertura caudata, sub-effusa. Columella plicata: labio umbilicove (ut plurimum) nullo.

24. BUCCINUM. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, gibbosa. Apertura ovata definens in canaliculum (retusam lacunam) dextrum, cauda retusa. Labium interius explanatum.

25. STROMBUS. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, latere ampliata. Apertura labro saepius dilatato, definens in canalem sinistrum.

26. MUREX. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, exasperata futuris membranaceis. Apertura defi-

18. A. Animal a sepia or clio. Shell univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous, one cell.

19. N. Animal? Shell univalve, divided into several chambers communicating with each other.

20. C. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, convolute, turbinata; apertura effusa, longitudinal, linear, without teeth; entire at the base. Pillar smooth.

21. C. Animal a slug. Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse. Apertura effusa at each end, linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each side.

22. B. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, convolute, without teeth. Apertura a little narrowed, oblong, longitudinal, quite entire at the base. Pillar oblique and smooth.

23. V. Animal a limax. Shell one cell, spiral. Apertura without a beak, and somewhat effusa. Pillar twisted or plaited: generally without lips or perforation.

24. B. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous. Apertura ovate, ending in a short canal, leaning to the right, with a retuse beak. Internal or pillar lip expanded.

25. S. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, enlarged at the side. Apertura dilated with the lip expanding, and ending in a groove towards the left.

26. M. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures. Apertura oval, terminating

nens in canalem integrum rectum five subascenden-tem.

27. TROCHUS. Animal limax. Testa univalvis spiralis, subconica. Apertura subtetragono-angulata seu rotundata, superius transverse coarctata; columella obliquata.

28. TURRO. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, folida. Apertura coarctata, orbiculata, integra.

29. HELIX. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, subdiaphana, fragilis. Apertura coarctata, intus lunata seu subrotunda; segmento circuli dempto.

30. NERITA. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, gibba, subtus planiuscula. Apertura femiorbicularis, vel femilunaris; labio columellae transverso, truncato, planiusculo.

31. HALIOTIS. Animal limax. Testa auriformis, patens: spira occultata laterali disco, longitudinaliter poris pertusa.

32. PATELLA. Animal limax. Testa univalvis subconica, absque spira.

33. DENTALIUM. Animal terebella. Testa tubulosa, recta, monothalamia, utraque extremitate pervia.

34. SERPULA. Animal terebella. Testa univalvis, tubulosa, adherens (saepè isthmis integris passim intercepta).

35. TEREDO. Animal terebella. Valvis duabus calcariis hemisphericis, anterius excisis, et duabus lanceolatis. Testa teres, flexiosa, lignum penetrans.

36. SABELLA. Animal nereis. Ore ringente, tentaculis duobus crassioribus pone caput. Testa tubulosa, contexta ex arenulis confertim membrane vaginali infertis.

terminating in an entire straight, or slightly ascending canal.

27. T. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, somewhat conic. Aperture somewhat angular, or rounded: the upper side transverse and contracted; pillar placed obliquely.

28. T. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, folid. Aperture contracted, orbicular, entire.

29. H. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle. Aperture contracted, femilunar or roundish.

30. N. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, flattish at bottom. Aperture femiorbicular or femilunar, pillar lip transversely truncated and flattened.

31. H. Animal a limax. Shell ear-shaped dilated, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface; the spire lateral and nearly concealed.

32. P. Animal a limax. Shell subconic, without spire.

33. D. Animal a terebella. Shell tubular, straight, or slightly curved, with one cavity open at both ends.

34. S. Animal a terebella. Shell tubular, generally adhering to other substances (often separated internally by entire divisions.)

35. T. Animal a terebella. With two calcareous, hemispherical valves, anteriorly cut off, and two lanceolate ones. Shell round, flexuous, penetrating wood.

36. S. Animal a nereis. With a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head. Shell tubular, consisting of particles of sand united to a membrane by a glutinous cement.

I. MULTIVALVES.

Gen. 1. CHITON.

Gen. Char.—The animal inhabiting this shell is a doris. The shell consists of several segments or valves, arranged along the back.

SPECIES.

• 1. C. shell with six plates or valves striated. America.
• 2. C. shell fix-valved, glabrous, oval, a little convex, sea-green. America.
• 3. C. shell seven-valved, body tuberculated. America.
• 4. C. shell seven-valved, thick set with short hairs, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Sandwich, Aberdeen.
• 5. C. shell eight-valved, striated; body prickly. Abia.
• 6. C. shell eight-valved, apparently smooth, but when examined with a glass, is found to be rough like flagreen. Coast of Barbary, Salcomb bay, Devonshire, Sandwich.
• 7. C. eight valves, semistriated; margin covered with minute scales. America.
• 8. C. with eight valves, smooth body with excavated dots. Europe, America.

VOL. VI. Part II.

• 9. C. eight valves, substriated; striae covered, body rubea, red. North seas.
• 10. C. eight valves, smooth, with transverse lines albus, at the margin of the valves; body white, oval; first valve notched on the hinder edge. Northern seas; on oyster shells from Poole.
• 11. C. eight valves, smooth, carinated, oval, com-cinereus, pressed. Northern seas, Salcomb bay.
• 12. C. seven carinated valves strongly beaked; septemval-beaks frequently rufous, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Salcomb bay, vis. but rare. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 3.
• 13. C. eight-valved, thick ridged; the outside sea-bicolor, green, inside snowy, edged with black.
• 14. C. eight-valved, cherry colour, smooth, with cerasinus, snowy marginal teeth.
• 15. C. eight-valved, thick, black brown. Straits magellani-cus.
• 16. C. eight-valved, brown, smooth; inside teeth of fusus. the margin snowy. India.
• 17. C. eight-valved, smooth, within sea-green, max-maculatus, gin covered with gray white scales.
• 18. C. eight-valved, smooth, varied with white and marmora-black. Var. seven-valved. America.
• 19. C. flat above, with numerous raised dots in granulatus rows; border broad, spinous. America.
• 20. C. eight-valved, smooth above, piceous and varied piceus, with white and black. America; Red sea.

3 E

21. C.

indus. 21. C. eight-valved, whitish ash colour, with a scaly border; middle valves finely punctured. America.

minutus. 22. C. eight-valved, smooth, black, very small. Norway seas.

cimex. 23. C. eight-valved, carinated, diaphanous, banded; extreme valves finely punctured; small. Norway.

afellus. 24. C. eight-valved, deep black, convex above, with a yellowish spot on each valve. North seas.

gigas. 25. C. eight-valved, thick, convex, white; first valve notched, last toothed, middle ones emarginate, four inches long. Cape of Good Hope.

islandicus. 26. C. eight-valved, subcylindrical, finely punctured; very minute and narrow at each end.

marginatus. 27. C. eight-valved, carinated along the back; the valves projecting over each other in a point. Salcomb bay, Sandwich.

levis. 28. C. eight-valved, smooth, with an elevated band down the back; the length $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch. Loch Broom, Ross-shire, Salcomb bay.

amiculatus. 29. C. eight-valved, kidney-shaped, fragile; valves imbricated. Kurile islands.

Gen. 2. LEPAS, Acorn-shell.

Gen. Char.—Animal a triton; shell affixed at the base, and composed of many unequal erect valves.

SPECIES.

balanus. 1. L. conic, grooved, lid sharp-pointed. European seas, Britain.

balanoides. 2. L. conic, truncated, smooth; lip obtuse. American and Indian seas; abundant on the coasts of Britain.

intertexta. 3. L. somewhat depressed; valves imbricated and obliquely striated. Weymouth.

cornubien. 4. L. base dilated, aperture rather narrow; valves grooved near the lower edges. Cornwall.

tintinabulum. 5. L. conic, obtuse, bell-shaped, rugged and fixed. Indian and American seas.

diadema. 6. L. roundish, six-lobed; valves grooved longitudinally. European and Indian seas, Scotland.

balenaris. 7. L. subconic, with six elevated, wrinkled, 4-parted lobes; lid membranaceous, and two-toothed; found adhering to the pectoral wrinkles of the balena boops.

sohata. 8. L. somewhat conic, with equidistant ribs, divergent from the aperture; lid pointed. On rocks on the Pembrokeshire coast.

conoides. 9. L. conic, smooth, valves pointed, aperture very small; shell small, reddish; valves finely tessellated. Weymouth.

testudinaria. 10. L. plano-convex, with six excavated striated rays; lid composed of four triangular pieces inserted on a membrane.

galeata. 11. L. helmet-form, with a lateral aperture; shell boat-shaped, smooth. Adheres to the gorgonia verrucosa, and ventilabrum.

palmipes. 12. L. erect, conic; valves palmated at the base; shell white.

tulipa. 13. L. subcubic, smooth; lid acute, transversely striated. Northern ocean.

nitella. 14. L. compressed, erect, irregularly striated. Indian ocean.

* 15. L. compressed, 13-valved, smooth, seated on a scaly peduncle, which is large, and composed of rings, covered with short hairs. North seas, Plymouth.

* 16. L. compressed, five-valved, striated, pedunculate-anerisifera. American and Atlantic seas, coast of Devonshire; is sometimes found in a fossil state.

* 17. L. compressed, 5-valved, pedunculated; adheres to the bottom of ships, when it is well known by the name of bernacle.—It was from this species of shell that the bernacle goose was supposed to have had its origin. Gerard's account of this transformation, as it affords a remarkable instance of the credulity of the times, is too curious to be omitted. "There are found in the north parts of Scotland, and the islands adjacent called Orchades, certain trees whereon do grow certain shells tending to ruffet, wherein are contained little living creatures: which shells in time of maturity do open, and out of them grow those little living things, which falling into the water do become fowles, which we call barnacles; in the north of England brant geese; and in Lancashire, tree geese; but the other that do fall upon the land perish, and come to nothing. Thus much from the writings of others, and also from the mouths of people of those parts, which may very well accord with truth."

"But what our eyes have seen, and hands have touched, we shall declare. There is a small island in Lancashire, called the Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck, and also the trunks and bodies with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there likewise: whereon is found a certain spume or froth that in time breedeth into certain shells, in shape like those of the muskle, but sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour: wherein is contained a thing in forme like a lace of silke, finely woven, as it were, together, of a whitish colour, one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the shell, even as the fish of oysters, and muskles are; the other end is made fast unto the belly of a rude mass or lump, which in time commeth to the shape and forme of a bird: when it is perfectly formed the shell gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or string; next come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it is all come forth and hangeth only by the bill: in short space after it cometh to full maturity, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and groweth to a fowl bigger than a mallard, and lesser than a goose, having blacke legs, bill or beake, and feathers blacke and white, spotted in such manner as is our magpie, called in some places a pie-annet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a tree-geese: which place aforesaid, and those parts adjoining do so much abound therewith, that one of the best is bought for three-pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, let them repair unto me, and I shall satisfie them by the testimony of good witnesses." Herball, p. 1588.

18. L. membranaceous, ventricose, seated on a tube auricle, and eared, 8-valved. North seas.

19. L. hooked behind, 6-valved, wrinkled, not an psittacus inch long. Chili.

minor. 20. L. reddish, 6-valved, unequal; lid pointed. India.

erruca. 21. L. hemispherical, ferrated, 6-valved; 4 outer valves and lid plicated. North seas.

rugulata. 22. L. elongated, smooth, 6-valved; aperture narrow, lid minute.

rosta. 23. L. granulated and striated, conic, tubular; lid obtuse. India.

longata. 24. L. cylindrical, snowy, pellucid, 6-valved; lid obtuse, grooved and transversely striated. Three inches long. Iceland, Weymouth. Balanus Clavatus, Montagu, p. 10.

stellaris. 25. L. 6-valved; outwardly violet mixed with white, and marked with fine longitudinal striæ; valves denticulate at the margin. Coromandel, very rare.

ingra. 26. L. conic with 12 triangular valves, 6 more depressed, whitish and transversely striated, and 6 purple and longitudinally striated; all armed with tubular recurved spines. India.

calacea. 27. L. 6-valved, thick, glabrous, white, with violet rays. India.

allicipes. 28. L. many-valved, compressed, erect, smooth; seated on a short, hard, scaly peduncle. Mediterranean.

lindrica. 29. L. slightly curved, with a large oblique orifice; lip horned. Africa.

ispata. 30. L. oval-truncated, conic, with 6 bluish valves shaded with white, and 6 reddish, elevated, spinous, and perpendicularly striated; an inch high; is frequently perforated by the teredo.

rosta. 31. L. solid, white, depressed with carinous grooves, unequally smooth internally. Kurile islands.

roemia. 32. L. conico-convex, 4 valves ferrate-striated; lid 2-valved. North seas.

scicu- 33. L. 5-valved, smooth, dorsal valve dilated at the base. St George's Channel.

Gen. 3. PHOLAS.

Gen. Char.—The animal is an ascidia. Shell bivalve, divaricate, with several lesser differently accessory ones at the hinge. Hinges recurved, united by a cartilage. Beneath the hinge internally is an incurved tooth.

SPECIES.

stylus. 1. P. oblong, with reticulated, subspinous striæ, on the upper part. Europe. Salcomb bay, Devonshire. Five inches long; is found in hard clay, marl, and wood; has a phosphorescent property.

spata. 2. P. ovate; striated with elevated ribs; 6 inches long. American seas.

riata. 3. P. ovate, multifariouly striated. Europe, India. —This species seems to be nearly equally destructive with the teredo navalis. The pholas perforates the wood across the grain or fibre; the teredo infinuates itself along the fibres, or in the same direction.

indida. 4. P. oblong, muricated on all sides, with decussated striæ. Europe, America, Salcomb bay.

spilla. 5. P. oblong, rounded; striæ arched. America, India. This animal penetrates the bottom of ships.

ispata. 6. P. oval; part next the hinge more obtuse, waved, striated; tooth of the hinge curved, large and strong. Two inches long. Europe. West of England.

orientalis. 7. P. oblong, with a straight margin: one half quite

smooth, the other reticulated with striæ. Siam and Tranquebar.

8. P. narrow, white, finely striated. Bay of Cam-pechi-ana.

9. P. short, turgid, furrowed, with fine elevated cordata. transverse striæ; aperture heart-shaped.

10. P. oblong, depressed, with distant longitudinal chilensis. striæ; five inches long. Chili.

11. P. oblong, white, with a longitudinal brown teredula. granular suture; penetrates timber. Belgic shores.

12. P. bivalve, white, with transverse arched striæ; hians. convex in the middle; aperture large, oval; perforates calcareous rocks. American islands.

II. BIVALVE SHELLS.

Gen. 4. MYA.

Gen. Char.—The animal is an ascidia. The shell is bivalve, generally gaping at one end. The hinge has broad, thick, strong teeth, seldom more than one, and not inserted into the opposite valve.

SPECIES.

1. M. ovate, truncated, gaping greatly behind; truncata. tooth projecting, obtuse; 2½ inches long. Europe.

2. M. brittle, semitransparent, sloping downwards declivis. near the open end. Hebrides.—A fish much esteemed as food by the inhabitants.

3. M. ovate, rounded behind; 2½ inches long. Eu-arenaria. ropean seas, Portsmouth.

4. M. ovate; a single, longitudinal, notched tooth, pictorum. in one hinge, and two in the other; near 2 inches long, and 3½ broad. Europe, Barbary, River Kennet, Berkshire.—This shell is employed by painters for holding water colours.

5. M. ovate, a little contracted in the middle of the margari-thinner margin; primary tooth of the hinge conic; tifera. length 2½ inches, breadth 5 inches; inhabits most parts of the arctic circle, and is most frequently found in mountainous rivers, and about cataracts.—This shell yields mother-of-pearl and pearl. The river Conway in Wales, was formerly famous for producing pearls of great size and value. They have also been found in the river Irt, in Cumberland. Sir John Hawkins obtained a patent for fishing them in that river.

6. M. oblong, dilated; the narrower base com-perna. pressed. Straits of Magellan, Barbary.

7. M. tongue-shaped; hinge terminal, semiorbicular; vulsella. 4 inches long, and 1½ broad. Indies.

8. M. striated, valves with two subspinous ridges; arctica. hinge without teeth. North seas.

9. M. oval, equivalve, widely gaping, and striated; edentula. 1 inch long. Shores of the Caspian sea.

10. M. equivalve, pellucid, finely striated. Rivers radiata. of Malabar.

11. M. ovate, oblong; 3 inches broad, 1½ long. oblonga.

12. M. globular, snowy, pellucid. Guinea. anatina.

13. M. equivalve, snowy, ovate, oblong; striæ de-nicobarica. cussated. Nicobar islands.

14. M. ovate, compressed, closed. New Zealand. australis.

15. M. rounded, flattish, transversely striated. Ca-gaditana. diz.

16. M. rhombic, green, protuberant parts wrinkled. corrugata. Rivers of Coromandel.

rugosa. 17. M. oval, wrinkled, outwardly greenish, within pearly. Rivers of Coromandel.

nodosa. 18. M. oval, greenish; protuberant parts knotty.

norvegica. 19. M. oval, longitudinally and thickly striated; one end rounded, the other truncated.

spuria. 20. M. rhombic; protuberant part glabrous. Rivers of Tranquebar.

glycemeris. 21. M. gaping at both ends, thick, lamellous, oblong, oval; 5 inches long, 10 broad. Mediterranean sea.

symatophora. 22. M. ovate, depressed; margin of the hinge with a subulate projection near the primary tooth; that of the other valve dilated. Rivers of Guinea.

nitida. 23. M. oval, smooth; an obtuse tooth in each hinge. Norway.

membranacea. 24. M. ovate, membranaceous, with a protracted reflected margin at the proboscis.

byssifera. 25. M. coarse, thick, oblong, striated, convex; hinge without a tooth. Greenland coast.

dubia. 26. M. with an oval and large hiatus opposite to the hinge; length of a horse bean. Weymouth.

inæqualis. 27. M. subtriangular, opaque, white; under valve deep; upper valve not half the size of the other. Cornwall, Devonshire. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 38.

suborbicularis. 28. M. subpellucid, faintly striated transversely; sides nearly equal, rounded; hinge central, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ of an inch; found in hard limestone at Plymouth. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 39.

pratensis. 29. M. oval, thin, brittle, flat; striae fine, concentric. Falmouth harbour.

distorta. 30. M. subpellucid, thin, fragile, distorted into various shapes. Falmouth. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 42.

bidentata. 31. M. suboval, compressed; hinge with two broad, erect, laminated teeth in one valve; none in the other. Salecomb bay.

28
Solen.

Gen. 5. SOLEN, Razor-sheath.

Gen. Char.—The animal inhabiting this shell is an ascidia: shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends; hinge with a subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not inserted in the opposite valve.

SPECIES.

vagina. 1. S. linear, straight, roundish; one end margined; hinge with a single opposite tooth in each valve. European and Indian seas, Caermarthenshire, Weymouth.

filiqua. 2. S. linear, straight, one hinge 2-toothed. European and Indian seas. Length 1 inch, breadth 8 inches. Common on the shores of Britain, where it is employed as food.—This species lurks in the sand, near low-water mark, in a perpendicular direction, and when in want of food, they raise one end above the surface, and protrude the body a considerable way out of the shell. At the approach of danger they dart deep into the sand, as far even as to the depth of two feet; and the place is known by a small hollow on the surface. They are sometimes taken by digging them out of the sand, or by striking a barbed dart into their bodies.

enisi. 3. S. linear, in form of a scymeter; one hinge 2-toothed; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ of an inch long, 5 inches broad. European seas; not uncommon on the British shores.

pellucida. 4. S. subarched, suboval, pellucid; one hinge 2-toothed; length $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch, breadth above one inch. Anglesea, Cornwall.

* 5. S. linear, oval, straight; hinge in the middle 2-legumer toothed, one of them bifid; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches broad. European and Atlantic seas, Anglesea, Hampshire.

* 6. S. kidney-shaped, a single tooth in one valve, two cuticella in the other. Europe and India, Cornwall.

7. S. oval, straight, smooth, with a transverse, depressed rib on one side. India.

8. S. oval, obliquely striated. Atlantic and Indian strigilla seas.

9. S. ovate, membranaceous, hairy, with a falcated anatina rib at the hinge. Indian ocean.

10. S. oval, oblong, truncated before. Pacific ocean. macha.—This species produces pearl.

11. S. roundish, inflated, substriated. Indian and A-bullata American seas.

* 12. S. oval; angles of the valves serrated; size of a mitana cucumber seed. Coral rocks in Norway and Greenland; in hard limestone at Plymouth.

13. S. ovate, oblong, with tumid bosses. Java. virens.

14. S. oval, straight, smooth, with prominent membranous; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, 5 broad. Indian ocean. diplos.

15. S. linear, oval, straight. Tranquebar. minima.

16. S. linear, oval, straight, with arched striae. Nicobar. A very rare species. maxima.

17. S. transversely wrinkled, contracted in the middle, rounded at both ends; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ of an inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Nicobar islands. coarctata.

18. S. equivalve, rosy, tooth of the hinge subbifid. Red Sea. roseus.

19. S. oval, quite smooth; hinge callous, two-toothed. Jamaica. fanguere.

20. S. equivalve, transversely striated; hinge with a single tooth. Nicobar islands. lentus.

21. S. transversely striated, hinges 2-toothed, with a hollow in the middle; 4 inches broad, and 2 long. occidentalis.

* 22. S. partly smooth, partly rough, with undulated, crimped lines. River Tees in England. crispus.

23. S. protuberances or beaks of the shell 2-parted, spengleri an inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad; rounded at the ends.

* 24. S. pellucid, fragile, depressed; suboval, concentrically wrinkled; a blunt tooth in each valve; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ of an inch long, and $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Torcross. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 566.

19
Tellina.

Gen. 6. TELLINA.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys: the shell is bivalve, generally sloping on one side; in the fore part of one valve there is a convex, and in that of the other, a concave fold; the hinge has usually three teeth, the lateral ones flat or nearly obsolete, in one valve.

SPECIES.

A. Ovale and thickish.

1. T. roundish, compressed, wrinkled on the fore-gargada part. Indian ocean, very rare. gargada.

2. T. subovate, rough, with lunated scales, disposed lingua in a quincunx. Indian ocean. felix.

3. T. angular, with transverse, recurved striae; 2 virgata inches long, and $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Indian and Atlantic oceans.

4. T. subovate, angular before, with transverse, re-angulate curved striae; no lateral teeth; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, and 2 broad. Indian ocean.

5. T.

• 5. T. striae recurved, transverse; lateral teeth obsolete. Indian ocean.
• * 6. T. ovate, white, gibbous, with transverse, recurved striae; beaks yellowish. European seas, Britain.
• * 7. T. very thick, depressed, oblong, with transverse, concentric striae. Europe, Britain.
• * 8. T. very thick, broad, depressed; concentric striae numerous, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch broad, and $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ long. Europe, Britain.
• 9. T. wrinkles transversely undulated, hinged with two lateral teeth. Indian and American seas.
• 10. T. rounded, thick, gibbous; striae longitudinal, fine.
• 11. T. ovate, ventricose, inequivalve, with decussated striae. Tranquebar.
• 12. T. thin, ovate, ventricose, and transversely striated; wrinkles on the fore part, plaited; 3 lines long, and an inch and a half broad. Guinea.
• 13. T. angular, ventricose, and finely striated transversely.
• 14. T. equivalve, roundish, white, with a few transverse striae round the edges.
• 15. T. rich red colour, with a violet margin; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches broad, and $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ long.
• 16. T. transversely striated; one side bent and reddish, with red rays; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch long, and 2 inches broad.
• 17. T. ovate, ventricose, thin, transversely striated, very minute. Rivers of Europe.
• * 18. T. subovate, thickish, with decussated striae, and irregular spots; figure of the spots different in different shells, but exactly similar in both valves of the same shell. Denbigh in England.
• * 19. T. obliquely subovate, transversely grooved; size of a pea. River Avon near Salisbury.

B. Ovate, compressed.

• 20. T. oval, smooth, with prominent membranes; size of an egg. European ocean.
• 21. T. oval, with rough pubes, flattened sides, serrated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, and 3 broad. Indian ocean.
• * 22. T. ovate, compressed, transversely substriated, smooth, with acute margins. European and Mediterranean seas; common on the shores of Britain.
• * 23. T. ovate, oblong, with pale purple eyes. European and Atlantic seas, Britain.
• 24. T. ovate, smooth, lateral teeth, margined. European and Indian seas.
• * 25. T. oblong; striae faint, longitudinal. European and American seas, Britain.
• 26. T. oblong, the fore-part produced into an angular beak. Indian ocean.
• 27. T. oblong, produced into a beak, upper valve flat, lower convex; length $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch, breadth 1 inch. European and North seas.
• * 28. T. ovate, smoothish, triradiate, with red and slightly striated transversely. European seas, Britain.
• * 29. T. ovate, a little produced on the fore-part, flatish; 2 inches broad. European and Mediterranean seas, Britain.
• * 30. T. ovate, flatish, very obtuse on the fore-part. Mediterranean, Sandwich, Weymouth.
• 31. T. oval, compressed, substriated; fore-part truncated. Java.

• 32. T. flat, fore-part truncated, yellow; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch trilatera, long, and 2 broad.
• 33. T. oblong, brittle, yellowish; rounded on one oblonga, side. Europe.
• 34. T. white, transversely striated, and bifariously spengleri, hooked on each side. Nicobar islands.
• * 35. T. with rugged, concentric striae; the size of a rugosa. fibert. Weymouth.
• * 36. T. oval, oblong, deeply striated, parallel to the cornubi- margin. Cornwall.
• * 37. T. oblong, ovate, compressed, with fine, trans- servenfis, verse striae; 1 inch long, and 2 broad. North seas, Weymouth, Yorkshire.
• 38. T. purple, with white-bands, and decussated operculata, striae; one valve convex, the other flat; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches broad and $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ long.
• 39. T. oval, inequivalve, flat, pellucid, with fine hyalina, decussated striae; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 3 broad. Guinea.
• 40. T. yellowish, very thin, perpendicularly striata, striae. North and Baltic seas.
• 41. T. oval, very thin, transversely striated; 10 longeolata, lines long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch broad. India.
• 42. T. oval, pellucid, with a rib in each valve, opelina, reaching from the hinge to the outer margin; very thin. Nicobar.
• 43. T. oval, pellucid, scarlet, transversely striated, coccinea, very thin. Sea round Iceland.
• 44. T. striae fine, transverse, lengthened forwards virginica, into a beak, very small and rounded. Rivers of Virginia.
• 45. T. nearly triangular, margin dilated; 2 inches alata, broad, and $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ long.
• 46. T. rounded, flat, thin, with longitudinal striae, pectinata.
• 47. T. flatish, red, with white rays; one end point- angulata, ed, the other rounded.
• 48. T. oval, rounded at one end; variegated, with variegata, a whitish ray at the crown.
• 49. T. oval, a little pointed at one end; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches madagasc- long, and $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Madagascar. carinifera.
• 50. T. purplish at each end; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, and some- purpure- thing broader. centa.
• 51. T. pointed at one end, yellowish within, radia- ted and rough with transverse striae without; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch aspera, long, and 3 inches broad.
• 52. T. slightly wedged, whitish, and transversely triangula- striated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch broad, and 1 long. ris.
• 53. T. white, with unequal sides, pointed at one end; lata, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, and 2 broad. Norway seas.
• 54. T. thick, beak purplish without. Jamaica. jamaicensis.
• * 55. T. outwardly white and rough, with transverse rhomb- striae; within bluish; 2 inches broad, 1 long. River boides. Tees, England.
• * 56. T. purplish, tawny, with white rays; 1 inch vinacea, long, and $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. British and Baltic seas.
• 57. T. rosy, with a white band. Shores of Tus- zonata, cany.
• 58. T. whitish, with a paler band; within yellow. albicans.
• 59. T. reddish, with pale yellow spots, and decussa- rufoseens, ted striae; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad.
• 60. T. unequal sided, depressed, minutely striated, plana.
• 61. T. unequal sided, round at both ends, rosy white, striata, pellucid; 2 inches broad, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ long.
• 62. T. rosy, with thin ribs running from the hinge rosea, to the margin; 1 inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad.

punicæa. 63. T. oval, flat, equal fided, transversely striated; 1 inch long, 2 broad.

complanata. 64. T. obovate, flattened; obsoletely striated, reddish, with a dilated margin; 2 inches long, 3 broad.

fabula. * 65. T. ovate, compressed, inflated, lengthened before; one valve smooth, the other with oblique, reflected striae. Mediterranean, American and North seas, Wales.

adansoni. 66. T. whitish, with a violet hinge. Africa.

cancellata. 67. T. thin, with numerous longitudinal grooves crossing the transverse wrinkles. Atlantic.

frigosa. 68. T. with whitish bands, glabrous and wrinkled at the margin. African shores.

C. Suborbicular.

balustina. 69. T. dilated, orbicular, lateral teeth in one valve. Mediterranean.

remies. 70. T. compressed and transversely wrinkled; 3 inches long, 3½ broad. Indian and American oceans.

reticulata. 71. T. lentiform, compressed, reticulate. India.

scobitina. 72. T. lentiform, rough, with lunated scales disposed in a quincunx; 2½ inches long, 2¼ broad. Indian ocean.

laetea. 73. T. lentiform, gibbous, white, pellucid, smooth. Mediterranean.

carnaria. * 74. T. white, with a rosy tinge within and without; fine striae, disposed obliquely. Europe and American islands, Britain.

bimaculata. 75. T. triangularly rounded, smooth, whitish, with two oblong red spots on the inside; scarcely an inch broad. Europe and American seas, Britain.

baltica. 76. T. roundish, smooth, outside bloom colour; size of a horse bean. Baltic.

pisiformis. 77. T. subglobular, smooth, obliquely substriated; size of a pea; mouths of rivers in Europe.

divaricata. 78. T. subglobular, white, with oblique bifarious striae. American seas.

digitaria. 79. T. subglobular, pale, surrounded with oblique uniform striae; size of a pea, nearly an inch long. American and Indian seas.

cornea. * 80. T. globular, glabrous, horn-colour, with a transverse groove; size of a pea. Ponds and fresh waters of Europe, Britain.

lacustris. 81. T. rhombic, flattish, glabrous, with an acute protuberance. Pools and marshes of Europe.

annæa. 82. T. heart-shaped, transversely grooved. Pools and ditches of Europe.

fluminalis. 83. T. triangular, gibbous, transversely striated. River Euphrates.

fluminea. 84. T. triangular, gibbous, transversely ribbed. China.

fluvialis. 85. T. triangular, transversely wrinkled. Canton.

iberica. 86. T. globular, smooth, polished. Shores of Iberia.

adriatica. 87. T. subglobular, margined, denticulated, white without, pearly within. Shores of the Adriatic.

finuosa. 88. T. subglobular, equivalve and equal-fided, with a few transverse striae.

purpurata. 89. T. equal fided, smooth, lucid purple colour; one inch long, 1¼ broad.

candida. 90. T. white, with fine transverse striae.

gallica. 91. T. triangular, pectinated. France.

senegalen- 92. T. triangular, globose, with transverse grooves. Africa.

angulosa. 93. T. oval, flattish, transversely striated, fore-part angularly inflected. America.

94. T. transversely striated, orbicular, angular on polygona the fore-part. India.

Gen. 7. CARDIUM, Cockle.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys: the shell is bi-valve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, striated or grooved, with a toothed margin. Hinge of the two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on each side; each locking into the opposite.

SPECIES.

1. C. gibbous, equivalve, with elevated, carinated, concave, membranaceous ribs; three inches long, three and a half broad, three high. African ocean.

2. C. heart-shaped, valves compressed and carinated with teeth; two inches and a half long, above two broad. Indian ocean.

3. C. heart-shaped; fore part surrounded with lines, hind part with broader striae, forming by their union the figure of a heart. Nicobar islands.

4. C. heart-shaped; valves striated, notched; behind the beaks a lunated heart-shaped gape; two inches long, and nearly the same breadth. India, Arabia, and Egypt.

5. C. heart-shaped, subquadrilateral; valves carinated, beaks distant. Indian ocean.

6. C. heart-shaped, subtrilateral; valves transversely grooved, and the fore-part longitudinally striated; has only been found in the fossil state.

7. C. heart-shaped, carinated; fore-part obliquely truncated, thin, quite smooth, snowy, with gilt striae above an inch long.

* 8. C. something heart-shaped, subangular; valves angular, grooved, smooth. European and American seas, coast of Durham.

* 9. C. somewhat heart-shaped, ribs high, and grooved down the middle, and beset with large hollowed spines near the circumference. European and Mediterranean seas, Devonshire.

* 10. C. slightly heart-shaped; ribs spinous, carinated. European seas, Britain.

* 11. C. slightly heart-shaped, triangular ribs, beset along the ridges with thin spines; size of a hazel-nut. European seas, Cornwall.

12. C. slightly heart-shaped, with elevated, subtriangular, ciliated grooves. North seas.

13. C. somewhat heart-shaped, with obtuse, knotty, transversely striated grooves. Mediterranean.

14. C. heart-shaped, with arched imbricated scales along the grooves. Mediterranean.

15. C. somewhat heart-shaped, subangular. India.

16. C. subcordate, with lunated, coloured grooves. India.

17. C. subcordate, grooved, and muricated at the fides. America.

18. C. oblong, with angular grooves, serrated at the fide. America and India.

19. C. subovate, grooved; anterior margin rough, posterior one toothed. India.

* 20. C. obovate, with obsolete, longitudinal striae, and a few transverse ones concealed by a glossy, yellowish brown epidermis. European and American seas, Britain.

• 21. C. obovate, smooth, with obsolete striae; interior margin ferrated. Mediterranean and Indian seas.
• 22. C. antiquated, with 28 depressed ribs, with obsolete, recurved scales. Abounds frequently on all sandy coasts, and is lodged a little beneath the sand. This is employed as a wholesome and nourishing food. It is the common cockle of this country.
• 23. C. grooved with about 36 triangular, smooth ribs. Iceland and Greenland seas.
• 24. C. antiquated, glabrous, thin, with angular ferruginous lines; two and three-fourths inches long, three and a half broad. Greenland and Iceland.
• 25. C. antiquated, with 20 remote grooves, the intermediate spaces rugged. Mediterranean seas.
• 26. C. Subantiquated, hind-part with 20 grooves imbricated upwards. Barbary.
• 27. C. slightly heart-shaped and peccinated. Mediterranean.
• 28. C. triangular, rounded, equilateral, with transverse, membranaceous-recurved wrinkles; hinges blue. Mediterranean.
• 29. C. triangular, gibbous, striated. Caspian sea.
• 30. C. heart-shaped, subrhombic, 24 ribs on each side; the grooves finely notched; two and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths broad. Arabia and Egypt.
• 31. C. oval, smooth; margin striated on each side the beak.
• 32. C. gibbous; one side impressed and ochraceous, the other convex, heart-shaped, and whitish, spotted with yellow. Nicobar islands. A very rare species.
• 33. C. gibbous, with prickly ribs; anterior ones with recurved, membranaceous tubercles, crenated at the sides. Nicobar islands.
• 34. C. rounded, ventricose, white, with deep teeth on the margin; anterior ones rosy. Africa and America.
• 35. C. pellucid, cinereous, with thin longitudinal striae. India.
• 36. C. thick, with longitudinal anterior striae, and transverse posterior ones. Guinea, Antilles islands.
• 37. C. Yellowish, oblong, turgid ribbed, anterior parts glabrous; margin notched; three inches long, two and a half broad, ribs about 30. Mediterranean.
• 38. C. brownish, rather oblong, thick, antiquated, with deeper teeth on the margin; ribs about 23. Mediterranean and North seas.
• 39. C. broad, unequal sided, within white; ribs flat and spinulous: two inches long, two and a half broad. Tranquebar and Nicobar islands.
• 40. C. somewhat heart-shaped, subangular; grooves imbricated, or beset with recurved scales. Falmouth, Sandwich.
• 41. C. with crowded, undulated wrinkles; ribs broad, grooves narrow; three inches long, three and one-fourth broad. Bay of Campeachy.
• 42. C. rounded, brown; ribs flexuous, grooves wrinkled; 1 1/4 inch long, and about the same breadth.
• 43. C. flattish, thick, white, with flat ribs. Mouth of the Tees, England. Rare.
• 44. C. rounded, yellowish-white, varied with red, green, and brown, and marked with decussated striae. Cadiz.
• 45. C. rounded; ribs flat, broad, finely notched. Brazil.

• 46. C. rather oblong, white, with blackish spots; ambonense.
• 47. C. heart-shaped, equilateral, tawny white and squamoso-purplish within; ribs with imbricated scales. sum.
• 48. C. reddish, thin, rounded, with decussated cancellate striae.
• 49. C. reddish, unequal sided; ribs convex, transversely striated. rubiginosum.
• 50. C. unequal sided, ribbed, whitish, within pur-albidum. ple; minute.
• 51. C. inequilateral, oblong, with fine ribs doubled virescens. above.
• 52. C. rounded, whitish, with a brown band; ribs fasciatum. acute.

Gen. 8. MACTRA.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys; the shell is bivalve, unequal sided and equivalve; the middle tooth of the hinge is complicated, with a small hollow on each side; the lateral ones are remote, and inserted into each other.

SPECIES.

• 1. M. smooth, with a flat, anterior margin, on which spengleri is a lunated cape, 3 1/4 inches broad. Cape of Good Hope.
• 2. M. with transverse, wrinkled plaits, diaphanous; plicatoria. anterior margin flattish, shell thin like paper; from 1 to 2 inches long, 2 1/4 broad. Indian ocean.
• 3. M. thin, pellucid, white, convex, fore-part papyracea. little gaping, finely striated and ribbed. Nicobar islands. Very rare.
• 4. M. smooth, diaphanous; back substriated, with striatula. a smooth marginal impression before them, surrounded with a rim; 2 1/4 inches long, 3 broad. Mediterranean and Coromandel coasts.
• 5. M. triangular, thick, with strong, thick crowd-striata. ed, arched striae.
• 6. M. obtusely triangular, whitish, with milk-white rotundata. bands on the beak; margins on each side the beaks violet; 1 1/2 inch long, and nearly 2 broad. Mediterranean.
• 7. M. smooth, diaphanous, striated; beaks smooth, glabrata. margins on each side of them striated; 1 1/2 inch long and 2 broad. African and Indian oceans.
• 8. M. snowy, glossy, thick, diaphanous, smooth; nitida. depressions on each side the beaks striated.
• 9. M. smooth, subdiaphanous, white, with paler corallina. bands; 2 inches broad, 1 1/4 long. Mediterranean and Guinea.
• 10. M. thin, turgid, pellucid white; fore-part fine-laeta. ly striated, with paler bands. Indian ocean.
• 11. M. semitransparent, smooth, glossy, obsolete stultorum. radiated, white without, purplish within; sides nearly equal; length 1 1/4 inch, breadth 1 1/4. European and American seas, England, and shores of Scotland.
• 12. M. semitransparent, smooth, fawn colour with grandis. pale rays; beak and hinge placed beyond the middle; 2 1/4 inches long, 3 1/4 broad.
• 13. M. strong, subtriangular, of a yellowish-white solida. colour, with a few concentric ridges; equal sided; 1 1/4 inch long, 1 1/4 broad. Common on European shores, and also in Britain.
• 14. M. oval, oblong, smooth, with irregular con-lutaris. centric striae; inside glossy white, gaping a little at both ends.

ends. Europe, near the mouths of rivers. Found very large on the coast of Caernarvon, and some parts of Cornwall.—The animal which inhabits this shell, according to Montagu, is an ascidia; and he observes that it frequently protrudes not less than 7 or 8 inches from the smaller end in search of food. Test. Brit. p. 100.

cymus. 15. M. three-fided, finely striated transversely; fore-part flattish and slightly wrinkled; 1 inch long and rather broader. Tranquebar.

macula. 16. M. obtusely triangular, smooth, thin, with pellucid chestnut spots; within white, and finely striated; a heart-shaped impression behind the beak; 1½ inch long, and rather broader.

turgida. 17. M. inflated, faintly striated, ochraceous and white within; hinge with a supernumerary, triangular, double tooth; 2½ inches long, 3½ broad. Tranquebar.

violacea. 18. M. thin, obsoletely radiated, finely striated transversely; margins on each side the beak whitish; 2 inches long and 3 broad. Tranquebar.

cuneata. 19. M. wedge-shaped, blue, with fine transverse striae; margin notched within; 1 inch long and scarcely so broad.

glaucia. 20. M. ovate, dirty white with glaucous rays, and fine transverse striae; 2½ inches long, 3½ broad. Mediterranean.

voluta. 21. M. ovate, thin, pellucid, white, with unequal transverse striae; 1½ inch long, and 2 broad. Guinea.

fragilis. 22. M. ovate, thin, smooth, pellucid, flattish; anterior gaps transversely striated, and wrinkled. Nicobar islands.

rugosa. 23. M. ovate, dirty white, with elevated longitudinal striae; crossing the transverse ones, which are a little more raised; 2½ inches long, 2½ broad; thick, and white within.

nicobarica. 24. M. ovate, thin, pellucid, smooth on the fore-part; the hind-part with cancellated striae. Nicobar islands.

complanata. 25. M. ovate, thin, with arched plates; the plates transversely striated; no lateral teeth; 1 inch long, 2½ broad. India.

listeri. 26. M. very thin, nearly round, whitish; hinge with a triangular tooth, and large cavity; 1½ inch long, and 2 broad. Common on the shores of Britain. Mactra compressa, Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 96.

piperita. 27. M. ovate, compressed, transversely striated; hinge teeth very minute, with a large oblique hollow. Mediterranean.

Gen. 9. DONAX, or Wedge-shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys. The shell is bivalve, with generally a crenulate margin; the anterior margin very obtuse; hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed a little behind; rarely double, or triple.

SPECIES.

scutum. 1. D. triangular, heart-shaped, with a flat frontal margin. Indian ocean.

pubescens. 2. D. ciliated with spines on the anterior margin. Indian ocean.

3. D. wrinkled and gibbous before, with notched margins. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.

* 4. D. oblong, smooth, glossy, finely striated longitudinally; margin crenated; an inch broad. European coasts, Wales.

5. D. obtuse before, striated, the margin denticulate-striated. Southern Europe.

* 6. D. obtuse in front, lips transversely wrinkled; denticulate-striated longitudinally; margin denticulated. European and American seas; shores of Britain, but rare.

7. D. wedge-shaped, margins very entire; 1 inch long, 1½ broad. Tranquebar.

8. D. gibbous, finely striated transversely, spotted falcate with yellow.

9. D. ovate, compressed, smooth, marked with purple wavy lines; margins crenulate. Malabar coasts.

10. D. ovate, striae muricated; margin denticulate-muricated. Indian ocean.

* 11. D. oval, with transverse, wavy, erect, striated, wrinkled, membranaceous wrinkles; size of a small kidney bean. Mediterranean, shores of Devonshire and Cornwall, where it is found in the hardest limestone.

12. D. obtuse before, obsoletely striated at the sides; margin very entire; hinge without marginal teeth; 1½ inch long, 2 inches broad. Tranquebar.

13. D. hind-part smooth and perpendicularly striated; fore-part truncated, and finely cancellated; angles spinous. Tranquebar. Very rare.

14. D. flesh-coloured, anterior part truncated, wrinkled, and marked with reticulated striae; hind-part wedge-shaped, and furrowed with fine perpendicular striae. Tranquebar.

15. D. oval, smooth, olive-green, within silvery; margin with more elevated acute teeth, near the hinge.

16. D. ovate with elevated striae crossing a few transverse ones; rufous with a white ray on one side.

17. D. brown, with hyaline spots; outside with crowded, arched, transverse striae, inside with perpendicular ones; 1 inch long, 1½ broad. Tranquebar.

18. D. with thin perpendicular striae, crossing the transverse ribs on the fore-part; straw colour, with darker transverse bands; margin tawney and entire behind; 1 inch long, ½ broad.

19. D. entirely white, with a few thin, arched, transverse striae, which are oblique towards the rim; hinge with three oblique middle teeth; margin entire; 1 inch long, and something broader.

* 20. D. oblong, smooth, glossy, light yellow, with small spots or streaks of white, and one broad ray of the same from the back to the opposite margin; ½ inch long, ¼ broad. Devonshire, but rare. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 106.

* 21. D. oblong, suboval, smooth, glossy, commonly marked with two brown stripes longitudinally from the beak; margin smooth; scarcely ¼ inch long, ¼ broad. Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Montagu, Test. Brit. 107.

Gen. 10. VENUS.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys; shell bivalve, frontal margin flattened, with incumbent lips; hinge with three teeth, all of them approximate; the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

diur. 1. V. transversely grooved, with a double row of spines on the flattened side. American ocean. This shell is very rare.

paphia. * 2. V. somewhat heart-shaped, with thickened wrinkles; flattened side with attenuated wrinkles; lips complicated; 2 inches long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad. American islands, Cornwall.

marica. 3. V. heart-shaped, with decussated striae, flattened margin, lamellated. American ocean. Very rare.

efera. 4. V. somewhat heart-shaped, with transverse, remote, reflected grooves; margin crenulated. American ocean. Very rare.

hujana. 5. V. brittle, glabrous, with a few transverse striae. Brazil.

excavata. 6. V. lentiform, transversely striated, with a deep, heart-shaped depression behind the beaks; flat side, broad.

curroscosa. * 7. V. with membranaceous, transverse, striated grooves, forming tubercles towards the outer margin; margin crenulated; 2 inches long, 2 broad. Mediterranean, Antilles islands, Cornwall.

lupida. 8. V. longitudinally striated forwards, and transversely backwards. American islands.

divergens. 9. V. white, with fine, crowded, divergent striae. American islands.

caesia. 10. V. with transverse, recurved, acute grooves; posterior margin crenated, and grooved behind the beaks. European seas. It is often found in a fossil state.

excelsa. 11. V. with transverse, membranaceous, remote striae, and a heart-shaped depression behind the beaks; 1 inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Indian ocean.

gallina. * 12. V. radiate, with transverse, obtuse striae; hind tooth of the hinge minute; margin crenulated; 1 inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. American and European seas, Cornwall.

gustensis. 13. V. with transverse, acute striae; lips finely striated and rosy; margin very entire. Africa.

petula. 14. V. slightly grooved, margin crenated; size of a hazel-nut. South of Europe.

flexuosa. 15. V. grooves obtuse, transverse; lips of the anterior margin with an elevated angle; 1 inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. American and Indian oceans.

erycina. 16. V. grooves transverse, parallel, obtuse; anterior margin glabrous; depression behind the beaks ovate; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, 3 broad. India.

mercescens. 17. V. strong and thick, with slight transverse striae, and covered with a brown cuticle; within, pale violet; margin crenated; 3 inches long, and nearly 3 broad. Europe, North America. Shells of this species are found fossil in the mountains of Sweden. In North America they are called clams, and the Indians make wampum or money of them.

irregularis. * 18. V. thick and strong, with slight transverse striae, and covered with a brown cuticle; within pure white, and smooth; margin entire; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, 4 broad. Europe, Africa, Caspian sea, Caermarthenshire, and shores of Scotland. The fish is employed as food by the Icelanders.

clio. 19. V. smooth, with fine transverse wrinkles; margin entire; hind tooth of the hinge lanceolate; 3

inches long, $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Asiatic seas; Cornwall, where the species is called queen.

20. V. smooth, with a few faint spots; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. American ocean.

21. V. glabrous, with a brown gibbous slope before, meretrix, and gaping membranes; margin entire. Near the mouths of rivers, Indian ocean.

22. V. smooth, radiated with white; lips of the anterior slope violet; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

23. V. triangular, rounded, gibbous, smooth, and castrensis, marked with angular characters; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 2 broad. Indian ocean, Red sea.

24. V. smooth, transversely striated before and be-phryne, hind; posterior slope obcordate, with violet veins. Southern ocean.

25. V. ovate, compressed, transversely striated, with merce, a gaping suture behind; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. American and Indian ocean.

26. V. subovate, transversely striated, and subpel-minuta, lucid; membranes closed; from 1 to 2 inches broad, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ long. Iceland.

27. V. oval, longitudinally wrinkled, semipellucid, deflorata, faintly radiated with purple and white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. European and American seas, Falmouth.

28. V. oval, gibbous, longitudinally striated, and fimbriata, transversely grooved; margin crenated; 2 inches long, 3 broad. East Indies.

29. V. striae elevated, decussated; heart-shaped de-reticulata, depression behind; margin entire; 2 inches long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. India.

30. V. striae reticulated, and scaly on the back part. squamosa. India.

31. V. roundish with decussated, membranaceous puerpera, striae; lips flexuous. India.

32. V. triangular, smooth, retuse behind and be-tripla, fore; 1 inch long, and rather broader. Mediterranean.

33. V. with arched, membranaceous, transverse striae; plicata, posterior slope reddish, heart-shaped; lips oblique. Indian seas. Very rare.

34. V. gibbous, with transverse, membranaceous, rugosa, arched striae; posterior slope heart-shaped; margin crenated; 2 inches long, 2 broad. India.

35. V. with transverse, acute striae, anteriorly mem-branaceous; anterior slope short, posterior indistinct. Red sea.

36. V. rounded, with decussated striae; fore-part and granulata, crenated margin violet. American ocean.

37. V. with perpendicular, imbricated ribs, trans-imbricata, transversely striated; margin crenated. It has been found in a fossil state in France.

38. V. with fine transverse striae, crossing some di-divaricata, verging longitudinal ones towards the margin; posterior impression ovate; margin crenated. E. Indies.

39. V. oblong, flattish, transverse striae running contraria, contrary behind; margin crenated. Guinea.

40. V. oblong, ovate, radiated, with thick, crowd-gallus, ed, transverse striae; anterior slope broad, ovate; posterior impression heart-shaped; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 2 broad. Malabar.

41. V. transversely striated, the back glabrous; an-flammea, anterior slope broad, with brown lines; posterior impressions heart-shaped, with brown lines. Red sea.

corbicula. 42. V. triangular, smooth, truncated on each side, with yellowish rays; slopes heart-shaped; margin very entire. Atlantic and American seas. Rare.

finuosa. * 43. V. thin, convex, somewhat triangular, with a deep obtuse sinus in the middle of the front. Britain.

hermaphrodita. 44. V. triangular, very smooth, olive coloured, obscurely banded: anterior slope heart-shaped; posterior ovate. Rivers of Guinea. Rare.

coaxans. 45. V. green, within white, with transverse, unequal, membranaceous striae; margin acute; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, 3 broad. Rivers of Ceylon.

costa. 46. V. gibbous, snowy; anterior part convex; within pale violet; anterior slope roundish, posterior heart-shaped; margin very entire. India.

affinis. 47. V. thin, glabrous, convex; white variegated with brown; posterior slope elongated, with oblique tumid lips; four teeth in the hinge. Mauritius.

opima. 48. V. thick, convex; anterior slope ovate, posterior heart-shaped; hinge with three teeth. India.

triradiata. 49. V. convex, gray, with three blackish blue rays; posterior slope elongated; lips tumid. Tranquebar.

nebulosa. 50. V. ochraceous, with cinereous and bluish spots; anterior slope oval; posterior slope ovate, bluish. Tranquebar.

contempta. 51. V. thick, triangular, equilateral, smooth; beaks convergent; primary tooth of the hinge crenulated: minute. Malabar.

japonica. 52. V. oblong, ovate, inequilateral; lid transverse; striae crowded at the sides; posterior slope oblong, ovate. Japan.

striata. 53. V. ventricose, anteriorly angular, with transverse, thick, smooth and slightly arched striae: posterior slope heart-shaped. India. Rare.

textilis. 54. V. Oval, quite smooth, inequilateral; slopes oblong; margin very entire; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Malabar, Red sea.

corrugata. 55. V. ovate, whitish; striae transverse, anteriorly thick and strong, posteriorly thin and undulating. Mediterranean.

monstrofa. 56. V. ovate, whitish; striae decussated; hinge with only two teeth in the left valve. Nicobar islands.

ponderosa. 57. V. solid, weighty, inequilateral, wrinkled on both sides; margin crenulated; hinge with two teeth. Southern ocean.

subviridis. 58. V. greenish, glabrous, thick; margin entire; beaks prominent.

rostrata. 59. V. ovate; striae perpendicular, scaly, crossing the transverse ones.

fuscia. 60. V. brown, with fine, perpendicular striae; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad.

lustranica. 61. V. oblong, with fine transverse striae; margin crenated. Seas round Portugal.

punctulata. 62. V. ovate, white, with bay lines, and yellowish dots. Corfica.

fasciata. 63. V. round, smooth, with bay and yellowish rays, partly blue, and partly livid.

carnea. 64. V. oval, inequilateral, slightly wrinkled, flesh-coloured, with three rays; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad.

virgata. 65. V. externally steel blue, with yellow rays; internally violet. Indian ocean.

versicolor. 66. V. oval, obliquely striated, whitish; rays white, tawney, bluish and red.

67. V. ovate, inequilateral, finely striated and decussated, with blue: rays brownish and black.

68. V. ovate, violet; striae perpendicular; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch amethystine long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. no.

69. V. posteriorly ovate, transversely and unequal-cally striated, and marked with angular lines. Shores of Lisbon.

70. V. ovate, with fine decussated striae; white or senegal. flesh-coloured, varied with brown; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch broad, not fir. one inch long. Senegal.

71. V. triangular, white or yellow, with about 40 transverse parallel grooves; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Senegal.

72. V. heart-shaped, with transverse, remote, excavated grooves; margin crenulated.

73. V. heart-shaped, much compressed, transversely compressed, grooved.

74. V. heart-shaped, polished, white, marked with austral. brownish characters; margin entire. Southern ocean.

75. V. ovate, livid, with numerous, interrupted, gigantica. bluish rays; posterior slope ovate. Shores of Ceylon and Florida.

* 76. V. lentiform, with crenated, decussated striae; tigerris. posterior slope impressed, ovate. American and Indian ocean, shores of Weymouth.

77. V. orbicular, transversely striated, with rough profirata. membranaceous lips; two inches long, not so broad. Coromandel.

78. V. lentiform, with glabrous wrinkles, white with pensiva. a longitudinal groove anteriorly on each side; 2 inches wide. long. America.

79. V. white, somewhat glabrous, with a longitudinal sparis. groove anteriorly, and hinge without lateral teeth. Shores of Iceland and Ferro islands.

80. V. lentiform, glabrous, smooth, with excavated increscens. dots. India.

81. V. lentiform, longitudinally grooved, dotted punctata. within; 2 inches long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. India, but rare.

* 82. V. lentiform, transversely striated, pale, with excoles. obsolete rays; posterior slope heart-shaped: 2 inches long, and 2 broad. Norway, and coast of Britain, Cornwall.

* 83. V. thin, convex, orbicular, whitish, tinged with andata. yellow, with thin transverse striae; margin waved. British seas, Falmouth.

84. V. gibbous with transverse, remote, rather ob-tumida. solete grooves; margin entire.

85. V. longitudinally striated, with transverse, white, fixis. and violet arches; margin interiorly crenated. Chinese shores.

86. V. lentiform, transversely striated, with an ob-finuosa. long gaping vent on the anterior slope; hinge with 4 teeth. Nicobar islands.

* 87. V. lentiform, with remote, transverse, membra-borealis. naceous striae; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 2 broad. European seas, Britain.

88. V. sublentiform, with wrinkled longitudinal pectinata. grooves, branched near the anterior margin; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 2 broad. Indian and American oceans.

89. V. lentiform, compressed, striated, angular; the scripta. hinder angle straight. Indian ocean, and Red sea. Very rare.

• edentata. 92. V. subglobular, lenticular, wrinkled, without teeth; posterior slope ovate. American ocean.
• cinis. 91. V. very convex, and surrounded with rings; intermediate grooves crenated; posterior slope heart-shaped; margin crenulated. A minute shell.
• concentrica. 92. V. white, sub-orbicular, compressed, with concentric striae; margin very entire; posterior slope heart-shaped. Atlantic and American seas. A large shell.
• juvencilis. 93. V. lentiform, with transverse, crowded striae; anteriorly circular, and terminating in wrinkles behind; posterior slope heart-shaped; margin very entire. India.
• liferis. 94. V. lentiform, with transverse, acute, arched striae; margin entire; posterior slope heart-shaped. India. Rare.
• globosa. 95. V. globular, with fine transverse striae; margin very entire; hinge with two teeth; 1 inch long, 1 1/4 broad. Red sea. Very rare.
• pellucida. 96. V. orbicular, equilateral, transversely wrinkled, and variegated with rufous. Japan.
• albida. 97. V. orbicular, sub-compressed, equilateral, white, with fine transverse striae. Jamaica.
• campeachiensis. 98. V. orbicular, inequilateral, with crowded, acute, transverse striae; 1 1/4 inch long. Bay of Campeachy.
• crassa. 99. V. orbicular, solid, compressed, with fine transverse striae, and red rays.
• purpurascens. 100. V. orbicular, with fine transverse striae, and purplish rays.
• rubra. 101. V. orbicular, inequilateral, chestnut with darker rays, and crowded, thick, transverse striae. Jamaica.
• violacea. 102. V. with perpendicular scaly striae; margin denticulated, violet within.
• gadica. 103. V. striae perpendicular, and scaly towards the margin; colour chestnut; 2 inches long, 2 1/4 broad.
• cancellata. 104. V. sub-rufous, cancellated; a minute shell.
• henseliana. 105. V. orbicular, nearly equilateral, with thick, perpendicular striae; beaks turned back. Bengal.
• lutescens. 106. V. sub-orbicular, inequilateral, transversely striated, and marked with faint longitudinal striae: 1 inch long, 1 1/4 broad. Dorsetshire.
• obscura. 107. V. brown, with thin perpendicular striae; 1 1/4 inch long, 2 1/4 broad.
• purpurata. 108. V. orbicular, sub-equilateral, perpendicularly wrinkled, and with purple rays; 1 1/4 inch long, 1 1/4 broad.
• tax. 109. V. lentiform, testaceous, wrinkled; posterior slope heart-shaped. Ionian shores.
• rugosa. 110. V. orbicular, testaceous, sub-equilateral, with distant transverse wrinkles.
• ribbata. 111. V. lentiform, transversely striated, anteriorly truncated.
• littora. 112. V. orbicular, smooth, golden, with a white star at the beak. Lisbon.
• calca. 113. V. orbicular, pale yellow, with elevated, transverse, distant striae. Mediterranean.
• brasiliana. 114. V. lentiform, yellowish brown, with thin, transverse, distant striae; posterior slope heart-shaped, bluish; anterior slope broad, bluish. Brazil.
• ulivacea. 115. V. orbicular, pellucid, smooth; anterior slope pale golden, with chestnut spots; posterior slope heart-shaped, with red and green veins. Brazil.
• liferis. 116. V. orbicular, solid, white, with undulated, gol-

• den striae, and a broad yellow band towards the margin, variegated with transverse brown lines.
• 117. V. orbicular, ventricose, thick, brownish, ra-macaffi- diated with white; striae annular. Macassar. rica.
• 118. V. sub-orbicular, of an orange colour; 2 inches aurantia. long, 2 1/4 broad.
• 119. V. lentiform, fulvous, with fine circular striae. fulva.
• 120. V. orbicular, white, with reticulated striae. candida.
• 121. V. orbicular, transversely striated, whitish, with albicans. brown spots, lines, and angular characters.
• 122. V. sub-orbicular, transversely striated, white, undulata. with reddish undulated lines and dots.
• 123. V. orbicular, equilateral, white, with fine trans- lineata. verse striae, thicker towards the margin.
• 124. V. smooth, nearly equilateral, whitish. lavis.
• 125. V. orbicular, smooth, inequilateral, livid horn- cornea. colour, with a white, transverse line.
• 126. V. orbicular, fulvid, dotted with white at the guttata. margin.
• 127. V. inequilateral, reddish, smooth, with a few rufescens. transverse lines.
• 128. V. lentiform, striae cancellated and radiated; virens. margin crenulated; greenish, with darker spots.
• 129. V. white, with radiated spots and arched striae; maculosa. in the middle a large gray spot, tapering upwards.
• 130. V. entirely of a flesh colour, with longitudinal costata. ribs crossing the remote transverse wrinkles; 1 1/4 inch long, 1 1/4 broad.
• 131. V. thin, convex, with fine transverse striae; with- wauaria. in snowy, without marked with the letter W, and many scattered dots: beaks inflated.
• 132. V. tumid, solid, smooth; with a few transverse tumens. wrinkles towards the margin; hinge with 4 teeth in each valve; 1 1/4 inches long, 2 broad. Africa.
• 133. V. thin, orbicular, pellucid, smooth, snowy; diaphana. hinge with two teeth in each valve; 1 1/4 inch diameter. Western shores of Africa.
• 134. V. sub-orbicular, compressed, hard, transversely dura. grooved, reddish, with brown rays; 6 inches broad, 4 1/4 long.
• 135. V. orbicular, compressed, snowy, with longitu- eburnea. dinal rounded grooves, crossed with transverse striae; 9 lines in diameter. Africa.
• 136. V. transparent, pale, fulvous within and without, lucida. with fine longitudinal grooves; 16 lines long. Africa.
• 137. V. orbicular, a little convex, with longitudinal disco. striae perpendicular in the middle, obliquely divergent towards the outside, and crossed by transverse ones; intermediate grooves and inner margin crenated.
• 138. V. orbicular, sub-equilateral, with elevated, aculeata. acute, tuberculated ribs; margin denticulated, and crenated.

C. Oval, a little angular near the beaks.

• * 139. V. ovate, anteriorly angular, with undulated litterata. transverse striae; 2 inches long, 2 1/4 broad. Europe and India, coast of Britain.
• 140. V. inequilateral, thin, with fine decussated geographi- striae; white, reticulated with brown. Mediterranean. ca.
• 141. V. ovate, anteriorly angular, with transverse rotundata. striae; intermediate tooth of the hinge bifid; 1 1/4 inch long, 3 broad. Indian ocean. Rare.
• * 142. V. ovate, with decussated striae anteriorly angu- decussata. lar; 1 1/4 inch long, 2 broad. Mediterranean, British coasts.

virginica. 142. V. subovate, anteriorly subangular, with unequal, transverse striae; anterior slope tumid. Adriatic.

virginica. 143. V. ovate, transversely wrinkled; 1 inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Virginia.

rhomboides. * 144. V. depressed or rhomboid, with concentric striae; pale brown, variegated; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad. British coasts.

cruentata. 145. V. ovate, inequilateral, transversely striated and spotted with red.

lutescens. 146. V. ovate, transversely striated; outwardly radiated and marked towards the margin with characters, lines and spots; within yellowish.

sanguinolenta. 147. V. oval, smooth, yellowish, with red spots and dots; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad. Shores of Naples.

argentea. 148. V. oblongish, smooth, silvery, with black lines united into bands. Shores of Cadiz.

donacina. 149. V. oblongish, flattened, anteriorly transversely grooved; internal margin crenulated; slopes linear, excavated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad.

asra. 150. V. grooved, umbo pointed; posterior slope wrinkled and heart-shaped; grooves fine, about 130; 1 inch broad. Africa.

dealbata. 151. V. oblong, thin, flattened, bluish when the fish is alive, and snowy when it is dead; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch broad, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ long. Africa.

lithophaga. 152. V. ovate, reticulated, gaping on each side; hinge with 2 teeth, alternately bifid. Shores of Croatia, among rocks and stones.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys; shell hard, solid, with unequal valves, one of them convex, the other rather flat; hinge with two recurved teeth, separated by a small hollow.

gadari-pus. 1. S. slightly eared and spinous. Mediterranean, Indian, and other seas.—This species varies greatly in size, thickness, and colours. Sometimes it is entirely purple, orange, white or bloom colour, and sometimes it is marked with various streaks, spots, dots, or bands.

regius. 2. S. without ears, and spinous. In this species the shell is sub-globular, white within, without purplish, scarlet, flame colour, orange or white: spines generally two inches long, sometimes cylindrical, with a crenated margin. India, Malta. Very rare.

plicatus. 3. S. without ears or spines, plaited. India, America, and the Mediterranean. The shell is white, with yellowish, reddish, brownish, or violet lines and veins.

citrinus. 4. S. oblong, plaited, spinous. In this species the shell is imbricated, of a citron colour, or red, with the inner margin orange. It is 2 inches long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. The whole shell is thin and nearly transparent.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys; the shell bivalve, rather coarse; hinge with a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow; anterior slope closed.

cer. * 1. C. roundish, smooth; beaks recurved; anterior

sloped with a gaping fent. Adriatic and Caspian seas, Hebrides. Sometimes it is found of a large size.

2. C. plaited, with arched scales; posterior slope gaping, with crenulated margins. Indian ocean.—This species sometimes measures only about an inch in length, but sometimes it is found to be the largest of shells, and equal to 532 lb. weight. The fish which it contains is said to furnish a meal to 120 men; and its muscular strength is so great as to cut afunder a cable, or lop off the hand of a man.

3. C. plaited, muricated, posterior slope retuse, hippoc, closed, toothed; 5 inches long, 7 broad. Indian ocean.

4. C. somewhat heart-shaped, with longitudinal grooves, and transverse striae; ribs from 19 to 22. Atlantic and Indian seas.

5. C. trapeziform, gibbous, with longitudinal, crenulated grooves; about the size of a pea. Norway seas.

6. C. suborbicular, compressed, coarse, with decus-feminate striae.

7. C. oblong with imbricated grooves; anterior part retuse; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. American and Indian seas.

8. C. heart-shaped, transversely striated; one side cordate, elongated, compressed. Indian and Red seas.

9. C. roundish, with toothed grooves, mixed with dots; posterior slope retuse; heart-shaped.

10. C. oblong, fore-part angular, with anterior acute teeth. Shores of Guinea.

11. C. imbricated, with jagged lamellae; beak a little spiral obliquely. India.

12. C. orbicular, muricated; one valve flatter, the other with a sub-spiral, produced beak. Mediterranean, American, and Indian seas.

13. C. with conic valves, and horn-shaped, oblique, tubular beaks, longer than the valve. Indian and American seas.

14. C. grooved, muricated, with excavated dots; hinge with a fessile callus; 2 inches broad and 2 long. American ocean.

15. C. obtusely triangular, equilateral, plaited; anterior slope elevated, with oblique plates and striae: size of a hazel nut.

16. C. transversely wrinkled, and longitudinally concave striated. In the middle of each valve within is an additional chamber. American ocean. Small, whitish. Very rare.

17. C. rounded, with lamellae disposed in rows; internal margin crenulated. American ocean.

18. C. white, with foliaceous, serrated, transverse striae, the interstices crenated, beaks recurved. Mediterranean and American seas.—This species is found fossil in Campania: it is sometimes round, and sometimes oblong.

19. C. rounded, white, and undulated with brown, with triangular, wrinkled, perpendicular ribs: margin unequal. Shores of Syracuse.

20. C. wrinkled, oblong, narrow, brown; lower valves with a projecting, rounded, subincurved beak.

21. C. roundish, ventricose, inequivalve, muricated, with scattered, unequal, scaly spines. America.—This shell is of a citron colour.

22. C. roundish, longitudinally striated; posterior slope retuse. Shores of Chili, where it buries itself in the sands. The shell is white, violet, and yellow, and

and within an elegant purple. It is about 4 inches in diameter. The fish affords a rich and agreeable food.

gosa. 23. C. suborbicular, with very deep grooves; wrinkles slightly imbricated; margin doubly folded. The grooves are about 30 in number.

aphica. 24. C. oblique, with a lateral oblique pit, wrinkled; callus of the hinge toothed. Barbary.

tralis. 25. C. cylindrical, white, diaphanous, with decussated striae; the transverse striae arched and imbricated.

Gen. 13. ARCA, or Ark-shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys: The shell bivalve, equivalve; the hinge with a number of teeth, sharp, alternate, and inserted all along the rim.

SPECIES.

A. Margin very entire; beaks recurved.

trusca. 1. A. paralleliped, deeply striated longitudinally; lesser valve obliquely carinated. Indian ocean. Very rare.

B. Margin entire; beak inflected.

noe. * 2. A. Noah's ark; oblong, striated, and emarginated at the tip; beaks very remote, bent in; margin gaping. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas, Cornwall.

arbata. 3. A. oblong, striated, bearded with byssus; beaks approximate; margin closed. Europe and Indian seas.

nodiolus. 4. A. oblong, striated, anteriorly angular. Mediterranean.

illa. 5. A. ovate, pellucid, substriated; anterior slope distinct, prominent; hinge ciliar. Mediterranean.

vata. 6. A. ovate, with decussated striae, snowy, and covered with a ruffet brown epidermis; margin gaping. Red sea.

ellucida. 7. A. pellucid, brittle, round at each end, obsoletely striated; teeth of the hinge very sharp. Nicobar islands.

strata. 8. A. convex, with transverse striae; hind-part rounded, fore-part extended into an acute beak; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad. Baltic and Norway seas.

riata. 9. A. lentiform, with numerous decussated striae; lateritious and reddish within; posterior excavation triangular; hinge arched; an inch broad, and something longer. Red sea.

ulchella. 10. A. roundish, biradiated, with transverse striae.

fra. 11. A. whitish, covered with a whiter skin, with decussated striae; grooved, and obliquely truncated; from 4 to 5 lines long, and 3 broad. Africa.

filis. 12. A. thick, roundish, longitudinally striated, and transversely ribbed; ribs with undulated striae; 3 inches long, $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Found in a fossil state in the duchy of Limbourg.

cancelata. 13. A. with cancellated striae, and bearded; margin gaping in the middle. American ocean.

minuta. * 14. A. a little compressed, transversely striated, tapering at the remoter end, and rounded at the opposite ones; 2$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lines long, and 4 broad. Greenland seas, Sandwich.

C. Margin crenated; beaks recurved.

offea. * 15. A. with a rhomboidal, yellowish white shell, and obsolete decussated striae; size of a horse bean. European seas, Devonshire.

16. A. oblong, with striated tubercles; beaks in-nodulosa. curved, remote; margin entire, closed. Denmark.

17. A. obliquely heart-shaped, with numerous un-antiquata. armed grooves. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

18. A. obliquely heart-shaped, smooth, with grooves; senilis. margin plaited; 3 inches long, 4 broad. America, Africa.

19. A. slightly heart-shaped, with muricated granosa. grooves; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad. American and Indian oceans.

20. A. ovate compressed; with perpendicular knotty corbicula. striae; beaks obtuse, approximate. Nicobar islands.

21. A. lenticular, with longitudinal striae, crossed by decussata. faint, transverse ones; anterior slope closed. American ocean.

22. A. lenticular, nearly equilateral, perpendicularly equilate. striated without and within; white, with chestnut spots. ra. American ocean.

23. A. lenticular, a little oblique, with decussated pallens. striae; anterior slope, with a very narrow vent. Indian and American oceans.

24. A. ventricose; striae decussated; anterior slope cucullus. heart-shaped; 2 inches long, and 3 broad. Nicobar islands.

25. A. rounded on each side; chestnut, and marked magellani. with decussated striae; external margin inflected, and ca. repand in the middle; beaks approximate. Straits of Magellan.

26. A. rhomboidal, white, with decussated striae; reticulata. beaks approximate; anterior slope heart-shaped.

27. A. pellucid, rhomboid, with decussated striae; candida. fore-part produced; hind-part truncated. American ocean and African shores.

28. A. inequivalve, ovate, with flat, longitudinal indica. striae and deep grooves; anterior slope heart-shaped; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Indian ocean.

29. A. rounded before and truncated behind, with jamaicensis. crenated or nodulous perpendicular ribs. Jamaica.

30. A. ovate, with broad, crenated, or scaly, per-campeachi. pendicular striae; hinge arched. Campeachy bay and ensis. Barbadoes.

31. A. broad, cancellated, truncated before; flatten-lata. ed side heart-shaped.

32. A. ovate, longitudinally grooved, with slight senegalensis. transverse wrinkles; white; 8 lines long, 10 broad. sis. Africa.

D. Margin crenated; beak inflected.

33. A. lenticular, without ears, smooth, with a undata. plaited margin; 2 inches long, 2 broad. American ocean.

34. A. lenticular, slightly eared, with slightly im-pectinulata. bricated grooves; margin plaited; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, lus. and something broader. American ocean and Red sea.

35. A. lenticular, without ears, with smooth, longi-pectinata. tudinal striae. American ocean.

* 36. A. suborbicular, gibbous, and faintly striated glycymeris. transversely. European and Indian seas, Cornwall. Area Pileosa, Montagu.

37. A. suborbicular, equilateral, hairy; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches pilosa. long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Asiatic and American seas.

38. A. roundish, smooth, slightly eared, and trans-nummaria. versely striated. Mediterranean.

* 39. A.

nucleus. * 39. A. obliquely ovate, smoothish, with a triangular hinge; size of a hazel nut. European seas. It is sometimes found fossil. Shores of Britain.

rhomboida. 40. A. entirely white, rhomboid, heart-shaped, and ribbed; anterior and dorsal ribs knotty; beaks remote. Indian and American oceans.

marmorata. 41. A. equilateral, thin, flattish, with fine decussated striae; beaks approximate; hinge arched. American ocean.

angulosa. 42. A. ventricose, with longitudinal striae and lines; and angular on one side; beaks approximate: hinge arched; brown with a few spots. Shores of Africa and American ocean.

scapha. 43. A. oblong, much depressed, striated; beak slightly prominent. Ceylon.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys; the shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared; hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral, transverse grooves.

A. Valves furnished with ears, and radiated. The SCALLOP.

maxima. * 1. O. with 14 or 15 rounded ribs, longitudinally grooved, with fine transverse striae; 5 inches long, 5$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad: ears large, with decussated striae; lower valve convex, white, often varied with red bands or spots; upper valve flat, reddish. Found in large beds in most European seas, where they are dredged up, pickled, and barrelled for sale. It is said, that the greatest quantity is taken after a fall of snow. This is the shell worn formerly by pilgrims on the hat or coat, as a mark that they had crossed the sea for the purpose of paying their devotions to the Holy Land; in commemoration of this it is still preserved in the arms of many families.

jacobaea. * 2. O. with about 14 angular and longitudinally striated rays; upper valves flat, with rounded rays, which are finely striated transversely; lower valve with angular rays, which are striated longitudinally. Ears concave and smooth on the upper side. European seas. Dorsetshire, but rare.

micrac. 3. O. with 18 flattened rays; ears finely wrinkled; lower valve convex; rays finely striated transversely; upper valve flat, with about twice as many angular lines as there are rays. American ocean.

striatula. 4. O. with 16 faint rays with transverse membranaceous striae: margin very entire; valves nearly equally flat. Indian ocean.

minuta. 5. O. with 20 convex rays; lower valve white and very convex; upper valve white, clouded with brown, flatter and plaited. Indian ocean.

pleuronecetes. 6. O. equivalve, with 12 doubled rays, and smooth on the outside; 4$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, gaping at each end. Indian ocean.

laurentii. 7. O. upper valve sub-convex, with very fine perpendicular lines, crossing very fine, concentric, transverse striae; lower valve with 48 rays, and 48 striae within; 2$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, about the same breadth. S. America. Rare.

japonica. 8. O. equivalve, a little convex, margined with yellow; upper valve with faint lines crossing transverse con-

centric bands, and 48 elevated striae within 5$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, about the same breadth. Guinea and Japan.

9. O. equivalve, glabrous, with oblong crowded striae; magellani. upper valve more convex, lower flatter than in most ca. others. Straits of Magellan.

10. O. with 9 or 10 rays; the interstices longitudinally striated: margin repand within. Norway seas.

11. O. nearly equivalve; with 12 convex rays radiate, crossed by crenated striae; 3$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, 2$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Indian ocean.

12. O. equivalve, flattish, with 9 unequal rays, imbricate, bricated with scales. Red sea.

13. O. roundish with 9 convex chestnut rays; ears subrectangular, roundish, white with a yellowish border; 1$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long, 2 broad.

14. O. nearly equivalve, with 16 convex smoothish plica rays, and striated across; 1$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 1 inch broad. India.

15. O. roundish with convex rays, outer ones finely crenate, striated longitudinally; margin deeply crenated; ears transversely striated.

16. O. ovate with numerous fine striae; margin crenate, sinuous, nated within.

17. O. oblong with scaly rays; the interstices broad-squamose, er, and marked with perpendicular striae; ears wrinkled perpendicularly.

18. O. roundish, with 18 rays imbricated with scales; dubia. ears striated transversely; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

* 19. O. with 20 smooth rays, the interstices transversely striated; margin crenated; 2 inches long, and the same breadth. Shores of Britain.

20. O. flattened, with 18 smooth rays, the interstices vericolar, cancellated.

21. O. rounded with 5 rays; middle-sized. rosea.

22. O. brown with flat rays which disappear towards the hinge; lower valve convex, upper flat. Indian ocean.

23. O. thin, flat, purple, with very minute perpendicular striae crossing circular transverse ones; the striae are elevated within.

24. O. thin, pale yellow, with thick rays. lutea.

25. O. roundish, white, with a mixture of saffron; muricata. the rays convex, and finely and sharply muricated; 2$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long.

26. O. roundish, tawney, dotted with white and black; conspersa. the rays thick.

27. O. roundish, brown, with black transverse lines nodulosa. and dots; rays convex and knotty.

28. O. thin, whitish, rosy, with white stripes; rays radiata. convex.

29. O. oblong, pale yellow, spotted with white; punctata. beaks varied with white and brown; rays crenated; 2 inches long.

30. O. roundish, thin, varied with rosy and whitish; aculeata. rays thick with aculeate scales.

31. O. thin, flat, white, with a saffron edge; rays plana. round and broad.

32. O. oblong, red, minutely striated. pusilla.

33. O. convex on each side, yellowish within; rays flavescens. convex.

34. O. roundish, deep red, with a white hinge and stabella. few spots; rays smooth.

35. O. glabrous, resembling a spondylus; but the spondylodes. ears are equal.

36. O.

• colacea. 36. O. flattish on each side; outside brown, inside violet. Mediterranean.
• vrantia. 37. O. roundish, plaited, and finely striated longitudinally; a white femicircular band towards the hinge.
• strata. 38. O. within purple, without alternate brown and red bands; rays convex.
• uniata. 39. O. white with confluent red spots; rays rough; convex valve, with transverse, crisp lamellæ; 1 1/4 inch long, 1 1/4 broad.
• flata. 40. O. convex on each side; closed, oblong, pellucid; 32 rays; twice as long as it is broad. A rare shell.
  b. Ears unequal; one of them generally ciliated, with spines within.
• ullium. 41. O. Ducal mantle. Equivalve, with 12 convex rays, striated, rough, and imbricated with scales; red, varied with brown and white; ears striated, crenated or scaly. India.
• longino-
  uta. 42. O. equivalve, with 9 thick obtuse rays; inter-
  stices longitudinally striated, tuberculated and prickly.
  Red sea.
• asculofa. 43. O. equivalve, pale yellow, with tawney spots; rays 12, thick and flattish; ears white, with transverse scaly ribs.
• adofa. 44. O. with 9 rays, covered with apparently vesicular tubercles. American and African oceans.
• felis. 45. O. with 9 striated rough rays; one of the ears very small.
• fluens. 46. O. nearly equivalve, with 9 rays; smooth, with spoon-like hemispherical scales on the lower valve; minute, pellucid; upper valve spotted with red. African seas.
• literata. 47. O. smooth on the outside, with 24 double rays. Indian ocean.
• anguinea. 48. O. equivalve, with 22 rays; ears small; 2 inches long, 1 1/4 broad. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.
• tria. 49. O. equivalve; rays about 30; compressed, and belet with transverse, prickly scales; one ear very small; 2 1/4 inches long, 2 broad. European seas, coast of Britain.
• iso. 50. O. equivalve, rays about 40, filiform; surface often irregular or distorted; 2 inches long, 1 1/4 broad. European and American seas, Cornwall.
• folia. 51. O. equivalve, semi-transparent, smooth; dark purple; with 8 nearly obsolete rays; 1/4 inch long. British coasts.
• ita. 52. O. smooth; ears red; 1/2 inch long. Anglesea, Falmouth.
• abra. 53. O. ears nearly equal, equivalve, smooth, with from 10 to 15 smooth flattish rays; inside with elevated double striæ; 2 inches long, 2 broad. European and American seas.
• arcularis. 54. O. rays 20; roundish and rough, with decussated striæ; upper valve a little more convex; 2 1/4 inches diameter. North seas, Devonshire and Cornwall, where it is called frill or queen.
• aba. 55. O. equivalve, gibbous, with 20 glabrous rays. American seas.
• lata. 56. O. white, with flesh-coloured spots; rays glabrous, 32 on the lower valve, 35 on the upper; 1 1/4 inch long. Malabar.
• fronica. 57. O. thin, flattened, pellucid, with fine transverse wrinkles, and 11 rays which are waved.

• 58. O. orbicular, with purple circles, and about 100 iclandica rays; 3 1/2 inches long, 3 1/2 broad. Mediterranean. The fifth of this species is employed as food.
• 59. O. equivalve, glabrous, immaculate, with minute triradiata striæ; upper valve with 3 rays. Norway seas.
• 60. O. nearly equivalve, striated, spotted, rough to fici. wards the margin. Found on the fucus saccharinus in the North seas.
• 61. O. nearly equivalve, striated, glabrous, red, with tigerina whitish spots. On fici in the North seas.
• 62. O. nearly equivalve; striated, glabrous, rays 7, septemra- convex. North seas.
• 63. O. nearly equivalve; within and without grooved arata. and red; one part rough, the other glabrous. North seas.
• 64. O. convex on each side, with 22 rounded trans-senatoria-verse, wrinkled rays; interstices with longitudinal, granulated striæ; 2 1/2 inches long. Indian ocean.
• 65. O. orange, with 22 rounded rays, and plaited citrina. margin; lower valve flatter. India.
• 66. O. equally convex, both sides with 20 glabrous turgida. rays; interstices with transverse, crowded wrinkles; margin with plaited teeth. Indian and American seas.
• 67. O. flattened, thin, pellucid, striated with nu-sulphurea-merous imbricated rays; margin with crenated plates, 2 inches long. Red sea.
• 68. O. convex, purple, within, white or red, with porphyria. 25 thick, rounded scaly rays; 2 1/2 inches long. Red sea.
• 69. O. hyaline, with an acute margin, very slender vitrea. rays, and concentric scaly curves. North seas.
• 70. O. with 20 rounded rays; interstices finely wrin-tranqueba- kled; margin repand; upper valve more convex. ria. Tranquebar.
• 71. O. white, with purple spots, and numerous un-sauciata. equal rays; margin crenated. Red sea.
• 72. O. oblong, with undulated rays and striæ; and crenulata. transverse, interrupted bands; a small shell; margin crenulated.
• 73. O. roundish, spotted; with deep grooves finely innomina- striated transversely: margin crenulated. Small. ta.
• 74. O. roundish, pale, rufous, with 24 rays; ears rufescent. with decussated striæ; middle-sized.
• 75. O. roundish; rays thick, with distant parallel squamata. scales, and prickly at the sides.
• 76. O. rather oblong, with narrow scaly rays; in-anonyma. terstices broader, and striated perpendicularly; ears perpendicularly wrinkled.
• 77. O. flattened, with 10 smooth, flat, unequal rays; decemra- ears transversely striated. diata.
• 78. O. thin, with depressed, scaly rays; ears short. tenuis. India, and North seas.
• 79. O. with 20 rays, and transverse, femilunar bands. valentii. India.
• 80. O. oblong, with crowded rays, middle-sized, media. reddish.
• 81. O. saffron-coloured, with muricated scaly rays crocea. alternately less; small.
• 82. O. roundish, white, with rosy spots, radiated; florida. small.
• 83. O. oblong, ochraceous, with rays smooth on one ochroleuca part, and granulated on the other; minute.
• 84. O. pale, tawney, with yellow spots and bands, muscelina. and smooth rays; ears transversely striated; 2 1/2 inches long.
• 85. O.

flammea. 85. O. saffron-coloured, oblong, with fine perpendicular striae; very minute.

incarnata. 86. O. oblong, flesh-coloured, with interrupted red bands, and flattened rays.

guttata. 87. O. yellowish, rounded, dotted with red; rays unequally converging at the hinge.

depressa. 88. O. ochraceous, with flat bifid rays; 1 inch long.

regia. 89. O. roundish, deep-red, with rounded rays.

palliata. 90. O. equivalve, with numerous smooth rays: is less round, and has fewer rays, than ostrea pallium.

feminuda. 91. O. orange, oblong, muricated, with scales as far as the middle; rays 22; 1½ inch long, 1¼ broad.

modesta. 92. O. roundish, hairy, with brownish, reddish, and bluish spots; interstices of the rays broad; 2 filiform bands at the hinge.

principalis. 93. O. purple, with a brown margin; rays scaly from the middle, and smooth at the hinge.

versicolor. 94. O. variegated, with pectinated smooth rays.

c. Valves more gibbous on one side.

flavicans. 95. O. nearly equivalve, with 8 striated rays: margin rounded on one side. South sea.

fasciata. 96. O. equivalve, with 20 rough rays; interstices striated; ears equal, small. Atlantic seas.

fragilis. 97. O. equivalve, with 25 rays; margin very entire; ears acute; 1½ inch long. Nicobar islands.

lima. 98. O. equivalve, with 22 imbricated scaly rays, rounded at one margin; ears obliterated; 3 inches long, 2¼ broad. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

glacialis. 99. O. with 50 imbricated, interrupted rays; ears equal; one of them unequally plaited. American ocean.

hians. 100. O. whitish, thin, gaping on each side, and oblique, with obsolete, undulated rays, and transverse, rounded, semilunar striae; 1½ inch long, ¼ broad. Norway.

excavata. 101. O. dirty white, with longitudinal, undulated striae, and a few transverse rings; one ear obsolete; margin entire; 5 inches long, 3¼ broad. Norway.

B. Rough, and generally plaited on the outside. OYSTERS.

malleus. 102. O. equivalve, 3-lobed, 2 of them placed transversely like the head of a hammer; 6 inches long, and 4¼ broad. Deep parts of the Indian and Southern oceans. Very rare.

vulsella. 103. O. sub-pellucid, narrow, elongated, lamellated; one end rounded; 3½ inches long, 1 broad. Red sea.

anatina. 104. O. pellucid, lamellated, and laterally incurved; 1 inch broad, and including the curvature, 3 inches long. Nicobar islands.

diluviana. 105. O. plaited on the outside; margin with erect, acute, angular teeth; size of a common oyster; found in a fossil state in the calcareous mountains of Sweden.

folium. 106. O. ovate, obtusely plaited at the sides; parasitical; found adhering to gorgonia in the Indian ocean.

orbicularis. 107. O. orbicular, flat, with an entire crenated margin; size of the end joint of the thumb.

edulis. 108. O. eatable or common oyster; orbicular and rugged, with undulated, imbricated scales; one valve flat, and very entire. European and Indian seas.—It is found, either in large beds, or adhering to rocks. The shell is of various sizes, forms, and colours; with-

in white, and often glossy, and of a pearly appearance. The old shells have often an anemia fixed to them, and they are frequently covered with the serpula and lepas, and the ferularia and other zoophytes.

The common oyster has been long known as a nutritious food, and indeed in most countries is greatly esteemed as a delicate luxury of the table. The oyster is supposed by naturalists to be a hermaphrodite animal. The spawn which they cast in May, adheres to the rocks and other substances at the bottom of the sea; and the shell, it is supposed, is formed in the space of 24 hours, and which, according to some, never leaves the spot till removed by violence. But from the observations of M. Dicquemare, who has particularly studied the economy of the oyster, it appears that it possesses the power of moving from place to place, and that it varies its habits according to circumstances. Oysters which are recently taken up from places which are left dry by the sea open their shell, lose their water, and die in a few days. But the same oysters kept in reservoirs, where they are left occasionally by the sea, exposed to the rays of the sun, to severe cold, or are disturbed in their beds, acquire the habit of keeping the shell close when they are uncovered with water, and exist without injury from this treatment for a long time. The oyster should be fresh, tender, and moist. Those which are most esteemed are caught at the mouths of rivers, and in clear water. The want of fresh water, it is said, renders oysters hard, bitter, and unpalatable. Mud and sea weeds are extremely injurious to the propagation and increase of the oyster. Other shell fish, and crustaceous animals, as mussels, scallops, star-fish and crabs, are their most destructive enemies.

Oysters are of different colours in different places: in Of Spain they are found of a red and ruffet colour; in Illy- kind. ria brown, with the fish black, and in the Red sea of the colour of the iris. The green oyster, which is eaten in Paris, is brought from Dieppe. This colour is ascribed to the verdure which encompasses the bed on which they are produced. The oysters from Brittany in France, too, have been long famous; but those which are brought from Marennes in Saintogne, are in highest estimation. The oysters which are edged with a small brown fringe or beard, are generally preferred. These are accounted by the epicures secundated oysters.

In tropical regions, the common oyster is found attached to trees. This assertion of the growth of oysters on trees has been often ranked among the exaggerated or groundless stories of the marvellous traveller; but this circumstance, when properly explained, will not appear different from the usual economy of this testaceous animal. In warm climates where vegetation is so much more luxuriant than in northern latitudes, a great variety of plants, among which are seen large trees, grow on the shores to the very edge of the sea; and particularly on those places which are sheltered from the agitation of the waves. In such places, at the heads of bays and harbours, great abundance of mangrove trees grow up from the bottom, where it is several feet deep, covered with water. It is generally on the mangrove tree that the oyster is found in the West Indies. Without the trouble of picking them from the trees, the branches growing under water to which they are attached, are cut off, carried home in baskets,

baskets, and in this state brought to table, where they are either eaten raw, or roasted, as the European oyster. We have eaten oysters which were produced in this way, in the lagoons at the head of Port Morant harbour in Jamaica, a few minutes after they were taken from the water. They were of a small size, but extremely delicate and high flavoured.

Britain has been noted for oysters from the time of Juvenal, who, satirizing Montanus an epicure, says,

Circæis nata forent, an
Lucrinum ad saxum, Rutupinove edita fundo,
Ostrea, callebat primo deprendere morsu.

He, whether Circe's rock his oysters bore,
Or Lucrine lake, or distant Richborough's shore,
Knew at first taste.

The luxurious Romans were very fond of this fish, and had their layers or stews for oysters as we have at present. Sergius Orata was the first inventor, as early as the time of L. Crassus the orator. He did not make them for the sake of indulging his appetite, but through avarice, and made great profits from them. Orata got great credit for his Lucrine oysters; for, says Pliny, the British were not then known.

The ancients ate them raw, having them carried up unopened, and generally eating them at the beginning of the entertainment, but sometimes roasted. They also stewed them with mallows and ducks, or with fish.

Britain still retains its superiority in oysters over other countries. Most of our coasts produce them naturally; and in such places they are taken by dredging, and are become an article of commerce, both raw and pickled. The shells calcined are employed in medicine as an absorbent, and in common with other shells, prove an excellent manure.

Stews or layers of oysters are formed in places which nature never allotted as habitations for them. Those near Colchester have been long famous; at present there are others that at least rival the former, near the mouth of the Thames. The oysters, or their spats, are brought to convenient places, where they improve in taste and size. It is an error to suppose, that the fine green observed in oysters taken from artificial beds, is owing to copper; this substance, or the solution of it, is destructive to all fish. The following is the account of the whole treatment of oysters, from Bishop Sprat's History of the Royal Society, from p. 307 to 309.

"In the month of May the oysters cast their spawn, (which the dredgers call their spats): it is like to a drop of candle, and about the bigness of a half-penny. The spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-shells, pieces of wood, and such like things, at the bottom of the sea, which they call cultch. It is probably conjectured, that the spat in 24 hours begins to have a shell. In the month of May, the dredgers (by the law of the admiralty court) have liberty to catch all manner of oysters, of what size soever. When they have taken them, with a knife they gently raise the small brood from the cultch, and then they throw the cultch in again, to preserve the ground for the future, unless they be so newly spat, that they cannot be safely severed from the cultch; in that case they are permitted to take the stone or shell, &c. that

the spat is upon, one shell having many times 20 spats. After the month of May, it is felony to carry away the cultch, and punishable to take any other oysters, unless it be those of size, (that is to say) about the bigness of a half-crown piece, or when, the two shells being shut, a fair shilling will rattle between them.

"The places where these oysters are chiefly caught, are called the Pent-Burnham, Malden, and Colne-waters; the latter taking its name from the river of Colne, which passeth by Colchester, gives name to that town, and runs into a creek of the sea, at a place called the Hythe, being the suburbs of the town. This brood and other oysters they carry to the creeks of the sea, at Bricklesea, Merfy, Langno, Fingrego, Wivenho, Tolesbury, and Saltoase, and there throw them into the channel, which they call their beds or layers, where they grow and fatten; and in two or three years the smallest brood will be oysters of the size aforesaid. Those oysters which they would have green, they put into pits about three feet deep in the salt marshes, which are overflowed only at spring-tides, to which they have sluices, and let out the salt water until it is about a foot and a half deep. These pits from some quality in the soil co-operating with the heat of the sun, will become green, and communicate their colour to the oysters that are put into them in four or five days, though they commonly let them continue there six weeks or two months, in which time they will be of a dark green. To prove that the sun operates in the greening, Tolesbury pits will green only in summer; but that the earth hath the greater power, Bricklesea pits green both winter and summer: and for a further proof, a pit within a foot of a greening pit will not green; and those that did green very well, will in time lose their quality. The oysters, when the tide comes in, lie with their hollow shell downwards; and when it goes out, they turn on the other side; they remove not far from their place, unless in cold weather, to cover themselves in the oose. The reason of the scarcity of oysters, and consequently of their dearness, is, because they are of late years bought up by the Ducth.

"There are great penalties by the admiralty court laid upon those that fish out of those grounds which the court appoints, or that destroy the cultch, or that take any oysters that are not of size, or that do not tread under their feet, or throw upon the shore, a fish which they call a five-finger, resembling a spur-rowl, because that fish gets into the oysters when they gape, and sucks them out.

"The reason that such a penalty is set upon any that shall destroy the cultch, is, because they find that if that be taken away, the oose will increase, and the muscles and cockles will breed there, and destroy the oysters, they having not whereon to stick their spat.

"The oysters are sick after they have spat; but in June and July they begin to mend, and in August they are perfectly well; the male oyster is black-sick, having a black substance in the fin; the female white-sick (as they term it), having a milky substance in the fin. They are salt in the pits, salter in the layers, but saltiest at sea."

The oyster affords the curious in microscopic observations

vations a very pleasing entertainment. In the clear liquor many little round living animalcules have been found, whose bodies being conjoined, form spherical figures, with tails, not changing their place otherwise than by sinking to the bottom, as being heavier than the fluid; these have been seen frequently separating, and then coming together again. In other oysters, animalcules of the same kind were found, not conjoined, but swimming by one another, whence they seemed in a more perfect state, and were judged by Mr Leeuwenhoek to be the animalcules in the roe or semen of the oyster.

A female oyster being opened, incredible multitudes of small embryo oysters were seen, covered with little shells, perfectly transparent, and swimming along slowly in the liquor; and in another female, the young ones were found of a browner colour, and without any appearance of life or motion.

Monsieur Joblot also kept the water running from oysters three days, and it appeared full of young oysters swimming about nimbly in it; these increased in size daily; but a mixture of wine, or the vapour of vinegar, killed them.

In the month of August oysters are supposed to breed, because young ones are then found in them. Mr Leeuwenhoek, on the 4th of August, opened an oyster, and took out of it a prodigious number of minute oysters, all alive, and swimming nimbly about in the liquor, by means of certain exceeding small organs, extending a little way beyond their shells; and these he calls their beards. In these little oysters, he could discover the joinings of the shells; and perceived that there were some dead ones, with their shells gaping. These, though so extremely minute, are seen to be as like the large oysters in form as one egg is to another.

As to the size of them, he computes, that 120 of them in a row would extend an inch; and consequently, that a globular body, whose diameter is an inch, would, if they were also round, be equal to 1,728,000 of them. He reckons 3000 or 4000 are in one oyster, and found many of the embryo oysters among the beards; some fastened thereto by slender filaments, and others lying loose: he likewise found animalcules in the liquor 500 times less than the embryo-oysters.

It is not uncommon to see on oyster-shells, when in a dark place, a shining matter or bluish light, which sticks to the fingers when touched, and continues shining and giving light for a considerable time, though without any sensible heat. This shining matter being examined with a microscope, is said to consist of three sorts of animalcules; but it is more probable that it is the phosphorescent light which separates from animal matters, particularly fish, in the incipient stage of the putrefactive process.

Semiaurista.

109. O. oval, slightly eared, smooth, with an oblique base; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Mediterranean.

striata.

110. O. oval, with longitudinal, irregular, undulated filiform ridges; inside smooth, glossy white, with a pearly hue. European seas, shores of Britain.

fornicata.

111. O. rough, oblong, linear, with divergent hinges; internally vaulted. Red sea.

finensis.

112. O. rough, lamellated, unequal, and glabrous

within; lower valve large; 4 inches long. Chinese shores.

113. O. equivalve, pellucid, flattened, oval, with spandyla perpendicular, undulated striae on the upper valve: dea. 3 inches long, $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. India.

114. O. plaited, and terminating in a long, incurved, forked hollow beak; middle ribs with imbricated, spinous wrinkles; 2 inches long, and 1 broad. Red sea.

115. O. with longitudinal, wrinkled plaits; lower placatula valve smaller and flatter; varies much in shape and size. American and Mediterranean seas.

116. O. oblong, rugged; upper valve lamellated, rostrata, with a denticulated margin; the lower excavated, and longitudinally grooved. Mediterranean.

117. O. nearly equivalve, thick, rough, lamellous; virginia one valve with a prominent beak; 9 inches long, and 4 broad. American and Indian oceans.

118. O. upper valve flat, lower one hollow and stri-coronata ated; rough with scales, wrinkles and plaits, and terminating in an elongated beak. Indian and African oceans.

119. O. thin; lower valve convex and thicker; the parosica other flat. Atlantic and Indian seas.—This species, like the common oyster, fixes itself to the roots and branches of trees, particularly the mangrove, which grow out of the water. It varies in form and size, and is often as large as the palm of the hand.

120. O. thin; upper valve longer and more con-exalbida vex. Adriatic.—It is found fixed to other shells.

121. O. rugged, with imbricated lamellae; margin crissata, with obtusely plaited teeth; 1 inch long.

122. O. equivalve, roundish, smooth, flat; 2 inches senegalensis diameter. Shores of Senegal.

123. O. thin, depressed, rough, unequal; upper stellata, valve ribbed; ribs with a few spines. Guinea.

124. O. oval, thin, terminating in a short, acute, ovalis, lateral channelled beak; striae perpendicular, unequal, obsolete; 1 inch long.

125. O. roundish, snowy, thin pellucid; upper pygmaea valve terminating in a short, acute beak.

126. O. equivalve, orbicular, white, with concentric annulata femicircles. North seas.

127. O. equivalve, oblong, white, glabrous, stria-retusa, ted; with an umbo or knot remote from the hinge. North seas.

C. Hinge with a perpendicular grooved line.

128. O. equivalve, obovate, unequal, rounder at perna one end; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long; has some resemblance to a gammon of bacon. Indian and American seas.

129. O. equivalve, with a larger lobe, forming a jugum right angle with the hinge; from 5 to 7 inches long, and $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad in the middle; shell blackish, violet without, pearly within. Indian ocean and South seas. Is a rare shell.

130. O. equivalve, orbicular, compressed, membra- ephippina naceous; 5 inches long, $5\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad. Indian ocean and Cape of Good Hope. Very rare.

131. O. equivalve, thin, pellucid, and pointed at picula the hinge; the other end dilated; margin acute; 2 inches long, more than an inch broad. Red sea.

132. O. flat, hoary, thin, pellucid, lamellated; in- ligata terities of the grooves black; 2 inches long, 4 lines broad. Nicebar islands.

data. 133. O. flat, brittle, pellucid; dilated towards the margin. America.

mytiloides. 134. O. nearly equivalve, ovate, ventricose, straight.

sorta. 135. O. equivalve, intorted.—This and the preceding species are found fossil in Alaska.

per-lustris. 136. O. equivalve, smooth, wedge-shaped with 6 obtuse plates, varied with purplish and white, and marked with fine longitudinal striae; margin slightly scalloped.

Anomia. 45. Gen. Char.—The animal is a ligula or strap-shaped body, emarginated and ciliated; the bristles being fixed to the upper valve. There are two linear arms, longer than the body, open, stretched out, alternate on the valve, ciliated on both sides; the hairs are fixed to both valves; the shell is inequivalve; one valve being rather flat, the other more gibbous at the base, with a produced beak, generally curved over the hinge; one of the valves is often perforated at the base; the hinge is without teeth. A small linear scar appears prominent, with a lateral tooth placed within; but on the very margin of the flat valve. There are two bony rays for the base of the animal.

craniolaris. 1. A. orbicular; the gibbous valve conico-convex, flat valve with three hollows at the base; 1 inch long, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad. Mediterranean seas and Philippine islands. It is sometimes found fossil.

pellucida. 2. A. oblong, with branched grooves; the gibbous valve with two hollows behind. An inch long, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ broad; flat valve perforated. Mediterranean.

ephippium. * 3. A. roundish, pellucid, with wrinkled plates; flat valve perforated; diameter sometimes $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches, most frequently about 2. European and American seas, shores of Britain.—It is often found adhering to the common oyster. Mr Montagu thus accounts for the perforation in these shells. The testaceous plug, he observes, by which the animal fixes itself to other bodies, is firmly attached by strong ligaments to these bodies, and so closely cemented, that they become inseparable. When, therefore, the shell is torn from its native place, the plug is left behind upon the stone or other shell to which it adhered.

topa. * 4. A. obovate, unequal, violet; upper valve convex; lower perforated. European and American seas, shores of Britain.

de-trico. 5. A. roundish, yellow, smooth; one valve convex and gibbous; very thin. Coasts of Africa.

squamula. * 6. A. small, orbicular, entire, thin like the scale of a fish. European seas, Britain.

patelliformis. 7. A. ovate, convex, subdiaphanous, striated; posterior beak recurved and smooth. North seas.

fovinata. 8. A. roundish, smooth, and rough within; beak perforated.

earia. 9. A. sub-ovate, striated, and slightly eared; beak perforated. Norway seas.

retusa. 10. A. obovate, striated, retuse with a longitudinal cavity; beak perforated. Norway seas, adhering to zoophytes.

zyphus. 11. A. oblong, smooth, with an obsolete lateral plate on one valve, and incurved beak; the other

valve short and flatish. Frequently found in a fossil state.

12. A. semi-orbicular, depressed, with numerous striae; pellucida. one valve flat. Found in a fossil state.

13. A. roundish, and a little dilated; gibbous on striatula. each side; striated; valves equal. Has been only found fossil.

14. A. sub-orbicular, obsoletely striated; hinge truncata. cated. European seas.

15. A. heart-shaped, with decussated striae; shorter reticularis. valve more gibbous. Found fossil.

16. A. dilated, lunated, plaited with longitudinally plicatella. striated grooves. Found only in a fossil state.

17. A. dilated, triangular, plaited with wrinkled crispa. grooves; the middle broader. Found fossil in England and Switzerland.

18. A. roundish, with numerous grooves; valves lacunosa. plaited at the tip; one of them shorter and pitted. Found only in a fossil state.

19. A. obovate, grooved; beak of one valve pubescens. prominent, the other gaping; about the size of a cucumber seed, covered with small, erect, distant hairs. Norway seas.

* 20. A. conic, pointed, grooved; one valve convex cuspidata. with an incurved beak; the other pyramidal with a large triangular foramen. Found in Derbyshire in a fossil state.

21. A. roundish with numerous grooves; the valves farcta. convex, and 8-toothed at the tip. Found fossil in Switzerland and Westphalia.

22. A. obovate, striated downy; one valve with a caput-ser- longer perforated beak. Norway seas. It is generally pentis. found adhering to the madrepora proliferata.

23. A. obovate, smooth, convex; one valve with terebrata. three plates; the other with two; the beak of one la. valve prominent and perforated. Found frequently in a fossil state.

24. A. with compressed plates at the sides of the base, angulata. anteriorly; the middle three-toothed. Found fossil.

25. A. dilated, smooth, convex; striated with about hysterita. 3 lobes; anterior part depressed, with an acute margin. Found fossil in Germany.

26. A. two-lobed, equal, striated. Only found fossil. biloba.

27. A. orbicular, flat, pellucid; hinge with two li-placenta. near callosities growing within the shell; 5 inches diameter. Indian ocean.

28. A. nearly quadrangular, convex, and nearly cella. closed; bronzed; margin repand; 7 inches diameter. Indian ocean.

* 29. A. covered with spines as long as the shells. spinosa. England, in a fossil state.

30. A. roundish, prickly; crown smooth and recur- aculeata. ved behind; lower valve flat, smooth, and perforated at the crown. Norway seas.

31. A. hyaline, ventricose; crown bent towards the muricata. right; upper valve longitudinally striated; lower valve flat, very thin, and the circumference of the perforation elevated. Guinea.

32. A. oblong, with a rounded margin; one valve squamula. flat, thin, smooth, with a large ovate perforation at the tip; the other convex, and longitudinally striated. Seas of Norway.

33. A. orbicular, hyaline, thin, punctured; flat valve punctata. perforated at the tip; small, brittle. Ferro islands.

34. A.

undulata. * 34. A. margin crenated; flat valve thin and smooth, with a large oval perforation; convex valve with transverse arched striae, crossing undulated longitudinal ones. Mediterranean, North seas, Devonshire.

capensis. 35. A. longitudinally striated, a little truncated; with a rounded notched margin. C. of G. Hope.

detruncata. 36. A. truncated, orbicular, longitudinally striated; flat valve with three ribs within; other valve longitudinally striated within, and divided by a partition in the middle. Mediterranean.

sanguinolenta. 37. A. horny, smooth, and convex on each side; upper valve emarginated, and radiated at the sides, with an elevated sanguineous back. India.

virrea. 38. A. ovate, ventricose, hyaline; lower valve with two bony rays at the hinge, besides lateral teeth; upper valve with a prominent perforated tip; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, 1 inch broad. Mediterranean.

cranium. 39. A. smooth, ventricose, finely striated transversely; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch broad, something longer. Norway seas.

dorsata. 40. A. heart-shaped, solid, with arched transverse ring and wrinkles, and longitudinal striae and grooves. Magellanic seas.—Is often found fossil.

psittacea. 41. A. horny and finely striated longitudinally; shorter valve gibbous; longer one flat, with an incurved tip, triangularly perforated; rather large, pellucid. Greenland. Very rare.

tridentata. 42. A. yellowish, pellucid, thin, finely striated transversely; tricuspidate with tubular points; valves united. Mediterranean.

spondyliodes. 43. A. ovate, antiquated, with an obtuse channelled beak.

ventricosa. 44. A. subovate, solid, with a channelled beak.

gryphoides. 45. A. oval, smooth, solid, opaque; lesser valve with a straight, obtuse, truncated beak.

flexuosa. 46. A. very thin, lamellated, hollowed in the middle; upper valve flat; lower valve convex towards the crown, with an orbicular perforation beneath it. Norway seas.

rugosa. 47. A. obovate; upper valve convex and finely wrinkled; lower valve thin and smooth, with a kidney-shaped perforation. Norway seas.

cylindrica. 48. A. very thin, cylindrical, and narrowed outwardly; upper valve gibbous, lower hollow. North seas.

nucleus. 49. A. glabrous, oval, longitudinally grooved. North seas.

avenacea. 50. A. pyriform, protracted, and slightly compressed towards the hinges. North seas.

sandaleum. 51. A. turbinated; back flat, with a striated cavity; lid flat and hemispherical. Germany, in a fossil state.

44
Mytilus.

Gen. 16. MYTILUS, The Mussel.

Gen. Char.—The animal is allied to an ascidia; the shell bivalve, rough, generally affixed by a byssus or beard of filky filaments; hinge mostly without teeth, with generally a subulate, excavated, longitudinal line.

SPECIES.

A. Parasitical, affixed as it were by claws.

crista-galli. 1. M. plaited, spinous; both lips rough. Indian ocean and Red sea.

hyotis. 2. M. plaited and imbricated, with broad compressed scales; both lips smooth. Inhabits the ocean, on beds of coral.

3. M. plaited, smoothish; one lip rough. American front ocean.

B. Flat, or compressed into a flattened form, and slightly eared.

4. M. Pearl-bearing mussel. Flattened, nearly orbicular, with a transverse base; imbricated with toothed ferules. American and Indian seas.—This species is about 8 inches long, and somewhat broader; the inside is finely polished, and produces the true mother-of-pearl; and frequently also it affords the most valuable pearls. When the outer coat of the shell, which is sometimes sea-green, or chestnut with white rays, or whitish with green rays, is removed, it exhibits the same pearly lustre as the inside; the younger shells have ears as long as the shell, and resemble scallops.

5. M. roundish; longitudinally striated, pellucid, unguit, and slightly eared. Mediterranean.

C. Ventricose or convex.

6. M. cylindrical; rounded at both ends. Euro-lithoglossa, American, and Indian seas. It is about an inch broad, and 3 long.—It perforates and eats away coral rocks, and even the hardest marbles. Those which are found in Europe have a thin brittle shell: the shell of those found in India is soft, and nearly coriaceous.

7. M. rhombic, oval, brittle, rugged, antiquated, rugosus, and round at the ends. Seas and lakes, north of Europe.—It is usually found lodged in limestone; each individual in a separate apartment, with apertures too small for the shell to pass through.

8. M. striated with vaulted knobs, and a white par-bilocular titution. Nicobar islands.

9. M. convex; one of the margins angular; the exuvium anterior extremity crenated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. American ocean and Red sea.

10. M. smoothish; ferruginous on the outside, and barbatous, bearded at the tip; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Mediterranean and Norway seas.

* 11. M. Eatable or common mussel. Smooth, violet; adult, valves slightly recurved on the obtuse side, and somewhat angular on the acute side; beaks pointed; from 2 to 3 inches long. European and Indian sea.—This species is observed to be larger within the tropics, and to diminish gradually towards the north. It is found in large beds, and generally attaches itself to other bodies by means of its long filky beard. The fish is employed as food in many parts of the world, and is esteemed rich and nutritious.

* 12. M. very crooked on one side near the beaks, incurvatus, then generally dilated; within with a violet tinge. Coast of Anglesea.

* 13. M. oval, transparent, and elegantly radiated pellucid, lengthwise with purple and blue; two inches long. Anglesea, in oyster beds.

* 14. M. contracted into a deep rugged cavity, oppo-umbilicate the hinge, forming a deep hollow when the valves are closed; 5 inches long. Anglesea.

* 15. M. short, ventricose, obtuse at the beaks, and curtus, dirty yellow. Weymouth.

16. M. smooth, slightly curved; hind margin in-ungulatus, flexed; hinge terminal, two-toothed. Mediterranean, Cape of Good Hope, and New Zealand. Found at the latter place resembling M. edulis; but is 5 inches long, and $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ broad.

bident. 17. M. striated, slightly curved; hind margin inflected; hinge terminal, two-toothed; scarcely an inch long. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.

modulus. * 18. M. smooth, blackish, obtuse at the smaller end, and rounded at the other; one side angular, near the beaks; from 6 to 7 inches long, 3 broad. European, American, and Indian seas, Devonshire, Weymouth.

egregius. * 19. M. ovate, very brittle, transversely wrinkled; anterior end compressed, the other rounded; hinge lateral; from 2 to 5 inches broad, and 3 long. Frequent in the lakes and rivers of Europe, Britain.—It is the largest of British fresh-water shells. It arrives at the greatest size in ponds and stagnant waters.

enatus. 20. M. oval, a little compressed; brittle and semi-transparent, with a membranaceous margin. Fresh waters of Europe.—It resembles the last, but is longer and narrower. Ducks and crows, it is said, are extremely fond of both this and the last species.

viridis. 21. M. smooth, ovate, membranaceous, pellucid, with a terminal hinge. Southern ocean.

ruber. 22. M. wrinkled; valves oblique and anteriorly dilated. Southern ocean.

albus. 23. M. transversely striated; beaks gibbous; hinge lateral; 6 inches long, 3½ broad. Shores of Chili.—The fish is white, and affords a grateful food.

ater. 24. M. grooved, and scaly behind. Chili.—The fish is black, and unfit for being eaten.

discors. * 25. M. oval, horny, subdiaphanous; extremities longitudinally striated; middle transversely. European and southern seas, Cornwall and Devonshire. From the South seas it is 1½ inch broad; in Britain it rarely exceeds ¼ inch.

hirundo. 26. M. smooth; valves 2-lobed; lobe at the hinge longer and thinner. American, Mediterranean, and Indian seas.

pholadis. 27. M. oblong; more obtuse on the fore-part; rough, with transverse wrinkles; 1¼ inch long, 1¼ broad. North seas.—This species penetrates beds of coral and other rocks, like the pholas.

striatus. 28. M. finely striated, hinge terminal, 1 tooth; 1¼ inch long, 1¼ broad. Northern and Indian seas.

valgeris. 29. M. flattened on one side and inflected; beaks incurved, convergent; hinge 1-toothed. American ocean.

picatus. 30. M. rhombic, inequilateral; transversely striated and wrinkled; beaks incurved. Nicobar islands.

lividus. 31. M. ovate, subdiaphanous; finely striated longitudinally; margin acute; hinge 2-toothed; shell snowy and polished within. Nicobar islands. Very rare.

efus. 32. M. nearly triangular, dilated before, and flatish gaping behind; beaks pointed, turned back; margin very acute; 4 inches long, 2 broad. Mediterranean and African shores.

smaragdinus. 33. M. nearly triangular, flatish; hinge 2-toothed in one valve, 1-toothed in the other. Tranquebar, Guinea.

versicolor. 34. M. nearly triangular, flatish; hinge 1-toothed; margin glabrous, acute; 3 inches long, 2 broad. Guinea.

corallio-phagus. 35. M. carinated in the middle, and crenated at the margin, with an obtuse knob; ¼ inch long. Indian and American oceans. Perforates rocks like a pholas.

lucens. 36. M. triangular and dilated outwards, with angular, decussated, and confluent lines; hinge 2-toothed. A minute shell.

37. M. oval, rufous, striated, with a crenulated saba margin. Seas of Greenland.—This species is the food of the anas hiemalis and histrionica.

38. M. thin, slightly wedged; beaks recurved and flaviatilis large. Fresh waters of Europe.

39. M. oblong, narrow, finely striated transversely; sufcus. one side emarginated, the other rounded; beaks prominent, curved. A minute brown shell.

40. M. broad, short, and rounded behind; beaks mammari- rius, conic, protuberant.

41. M. broad, and curved with a rough, rugged, perficus. yellow coat; within milky. Persian sea.

42. M. broad, very smooth, flammeous or rose-co. picatus. loured, with white bands; beaks obtuse. Portugal.

43. M. pellucid, thin, bluish, with a claret co. fosciatus. loured and pale red bands. Brazil.

44. M. broad and rounded at both ends; claret co. undatus. loured, with waved, bluish, and greenish striae; margin ferrated. Portuguese sea.

45. M. rounded behind; pale flesh-colour; purple purpureus. within; margin denticulated. Shores of Brazil.

46. M. ear-shaped, with granulated wrinkles on the saxatilis. outer side, dilated and rounded. Amboyna.

47. M. transversely striated, rounded at each end; argentus. brown, silvery within; beaks rounded.

48. M. narrow, shining bluish colour, with violet sulgidus. spots at the sides; beaks rounded, dilated. Seas of Magellan.

49. M. gibbous, azure, with yellowish stripes be-azureus. neath; beaks obtuse; 1 inch broad, ¼ long.

50. M. mouse-coloured, with violet spots, and a murinus. broad, rounded, rosy margin; beaks pointed straight. Guinea.

51. M. long, narrow, covered with a testaceous testaceus. skin; shining silvery beneath, varied with blue, red, yellow, and brown.

52. M. dilated outwardly; greenish yellow, with virgatus. rosy stripes; beaks obtuse, curved.

53. M. oblong, very thin, white, with obsolete striae, cordatus. and a heart-shaped gap behind. Indian and Southern oceans.

54. M. oval, flattish, and transversely ribbed; eight flagellis. inches broad, 4½ long. In fresh waters.

55. M. oval, convex, rounded behind; elongated, zellensis. and obtusely pointed before; beaks obsolete; 7 inches broad, 3 long. Stagnant waters of Germany.

56. M. suborbicular, with 15 triangular crenated roseus. grooves, and alternate triangular teeth; 3 inches broad. Africa.

57. M. gibbous, pointed, with 15 grooves; margin panicus. toothed; 14 lines long, and half as broad; hinge with 4 minute teeth. Africa.

58. M. flat, thin, with fine grooves; covered with niger. a black skin, under which it is milky, and finely polished; 1¼ inch long; grooves about 100. Africa.

59. M. flat, smooth, covered with a thick fulvous levigatus. skin, under which it is rosy; 2½ inches long. Africa.

60. M. transversely wrinkled; obtuse at each end; dubius. fulvous, within pearly; beaks obsolete; hinge without teeth; 5 inches broad, 2 long. Fresh waters of Senegal.

61. M. 5-celled; valves carinated and flatish on polymor- the incumbent side; beaks obtuse and inflected back. plus. warts; size of a plum-stone. Russian sea, and in fresh waters, where it is much larger.

62. M. smoothish, chestnut brown; within party coloured; socket of the hinge channelled.
63. M. oblong, thin, truncated; beaks sharp and carinated; valves gaping at the end. Amboyna.
64. M. oblong, thin, truncated; beaks sharp and carinated; valves completely closed. Japan.
65. M. with a suboval shell, of an olivaceous brown colour, with concentric wrinkles; size of the M. anatinus, but broader in proportion to its length. The posterior side generally more obtuse and rounded. River Avon in Wiltshire. Montagu, Test. Brit. 172.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end, and furnished with a byssus or beard. Hinge without teeth; the valves united into one.

1. P. vaulted with arched scales, arranged in rows; from 12 to 16 inches long, and from 4 to 8 broad; red; from 6 to 8 grooves. Atlantic, Indian, and Red seas.

2. P. longitudinally striated half way; one side slightly wrinkled transversely; 3 inches long, 4 broad. Indian ocean.

3. P. striated, with channelled, tubular, subimbricated scales; 7½ inches long, 3½ broad. Mediterranean, Adriatic, and American seas.

4. P. striated with concave, ovate, acute scales; from 3 to 9 inches long, and 1 to 3 broad. European and Indian oceans, Weymouth.

5. P. with obsolete scales, margin rounded; sometimes 2 feet long. Mediterranean.

6. P. with fine undulated scales, and flexuous, broad wrinkles; smaller end pointed and naked; 13 inches long, 6½ broad. Mediterranean.

7. P. thin, flesh colour, naked, longitudinally grooved; external margin acute and rounded.

8. P. smooth, fitchel-shaped; a little erect, and slightly fastigated; 3½ inches long, 2½ broad. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

9. P. smooth, tubular, finger-shaped, incurved; extreme margin membranaceous; pellucid.

10. P. naked, lobed, straw-coloured, with purple frize.

11. P. hyaline, with longitudinal, waved frize; the frize with a few scales, and crossed by other transverse frize at the margin. Indian ocean. Very rare.

12. P. narrow, long, naked, carinated, with transverse, undulated wrinkles. Indian ocean.

13. P. thin, inflected at the lateral margin; yellowish, with black brown rays; thinly striated longitudinally. Red sea.

14. P. flattish, horny, with blackish rays, spots, and clouds; and many smooth frize. Southern ocean of India. Red sea.

15. P. truncated at the outer margin; dilated, naked, with a few black clouds; striated longitudinally on the fore-part, and transversely wrinkled behind. India. Very rare.

16. P. thin, brittle, horny, longitudinally ribbed; extreme margin roundish. Indian ocean.

17. P. flattish, slightly incurved, red, with a few sanguine perpendicular smooth frize; 3 inches long.

18. P. very straight, thin, and perpendicularly striated, with transverse, spinous wrinkles, on the lower margin.

General Observations.—It has been doubted whether the animal which inhabits the pinna be a limax or slug, according to the opinion of Linnaeus; and it is even asserted, that it has not the smallest affinity with this animal, but approaches much more nearly to that which belongs to the mytilus. In proof of this, it is said that the pinna possesses no locomotive power, but remains fixed by its byssus or beard to other bodies; and so firmly attached, that it can by no means be disengaged at the will of the animal; for the fibres are strongly agglutinated to the sand, gravel, or other extraneous bodies within reach. Indeed it seems not at all improbable that all testaceous animals, furnished with a similar beard, are intended by this structure to remain attached to the spot where they are originally produced.

This shell-fish was celebrated among the ancients on account of the cloth which was made of the fine byssus or beard by which it is attached. As a rare and costly production it brought a high price, and was held in great estimation. At the present day even, according to the information of modern travellers, the inhabitants of Palermo and Naples manufacture gloves and stockings from the same substance.

The pinna has obtained a little reputation for the practice of some of the moral virtues, in treating a small species of crab with hospitality and friendship, by receiving it into the shell, and defending it against its enemies. In return for this kindness, the crab, like the jackall with the lion, acts the parts of a provider and monitor, by warning its host of the presence of its prey or of the approach of an enemy. But this friendly intercourse accords ill with the nature of the animals between whom it is practised. The crab, it is far more probable, is a troublesome intruder; and notwithstanding all the service he can repay, is considered as a very unwelcome guest, and is indebted for his lodging to his own activity, and the sluggish nature of his host, rather than to his kindness and hospitality.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a sepia or clio. The shell is univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous, one-celled.

1. A. The paper nautilus. Keel or ridge of the shell slightly toothed on each side. The shell, which is thin as paper, brittle, and transparent, is white or yellowish, with smooth or knotty frize or ribs, which are sometimes forked; the keel is generally brownish. This shell presents considerable varieties. Sometimes the keel is narrow, and marked with close bifurcated wrinkles; sometimes it has a broad keel with tuberculated ribs; and sometimes a broad tuberculated keel with few and smooth ribs.

The singular structure and wonderful economy of this

this animal very early attracted the attention of naturalists. To its progressive motion on the surface of the ocean, mankind are indebted, it is said, for the first hint of the art of navigation. This is alluded to in the numbers of Pope.

Learn of the little nautilus to fail,
Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.

What is the particular organization which enables this animal to rise to the surface or to sink to the bottom at pleasure, seems not to be understood by naturalists; whether it is by throwing out a quantity of water by which it becomes specifically lighter than the element in which it lives, or by taking in a quantity of air, which will produce the same effect. It is only when the sea is calm and unruffled that the nautilus, with his feeble bark, appears on the surface. In rising through the water, the shell is reversed, the sharp edge of the keel presenting less resistance to the liquid; and when it reaches the surface, the animal, by exerting its arms, restores it to a proper position for its voyage. A quantity of water is taken into the shell to balance it. The animal then employs its arms as oars; or if a gentle breeze sweep the surface, it stretches two of them perpendicularly, by which means the membrane between them is extended in form of a sail; the other arms serve as oars to direct the course, or to keep the bark steady, as well as part of the body which hangs over the shell, and seems to answer for a rudder. Thus equipped, the solitary navigator glides smoothly along the bosom of the ocean. But, on the approach of the smallest danger, the appearance of an enemy, or the slightest ruffling of the surface of the water, it instantly retires within the shell, and taking in a quantity of water, or ejecting a quantity of air, quick as thought it sinks to the bottom. Mediterranean and Indian ocean.

varius. 2. A. keel of the shell toothed in the middle. The shell is conic, transversely ribbed, with a convex keel; aperture oval. It is a very rare species.

cymbium. 3. A. keel of the shell wrinkled, and without teeth; depressed, thin, wrinkled, with fine longitudinal striae crossing the wrinkles. Mediterranean.

corax. 4. A. keel with 4 smooth elevated rings; 1 line high, 5 broad. Cape of Good Hope.

artica. 5. A. shell perforated, with an entire keel; 3½ lines diameter. Greenland seas, where it is frequently seen floating in spring and autumn.

Some species of the argonauts are met with in all climates, from the Indian ocean to the shores of Greenland.

Gen. 19. NAUTILUS.

Gen. Char.—The nature of the animal which inhabits this shell is not well known. The shell is univalve, divided into several compartments, communicating by an aperture with each other.

SPECIES.

A. Spiral, rounded, with contiguous whorls.

pompilus. 1. N. aperture of the shell heart-shaped; whorls obtuse; smooth. Indian and African ocean.—This species is often very large, and it is finely variegated with brown flexuous streaks, spots, and marks, under the epidermis, which is white; within it exhibits a beauti-

ful pearly gloss. It is employed for drinking cups by the inhabitants of the east.

* 2. N. aperture of the shell linear; whorls with elec-calcar. vated joints; minute, white, opaque. Sheppey island.

* 3. N. with lateral spires, with about 20 flexuous, crispus. crenated joints in the exterior whorl; marked by elevated striae; aperture semicordate; syphon central; very minute. Mediterranean, Sheppey island, and Sandwich.

4. N. aperture obovate; 4 or 5 volutions, with deep beccarii. sulcated joints; 10 in the first spire, frequent on most shores; minute.

* 5. N. similar to the preceding species, but with the perversus. spires reversed. Shores of Britain, frequent.

* 6. N. spiral, with smooth joints; semipellucid, white, levigatus. glossy; very minute. Sandwich.

* 7. N. spiral, slightly umbilicated on each side, with depressulus. many depressed joints. Reculver, England. Very minute, and rare.

* 8. N. spiral, umbilicated, with furrowed joints; umbilica- colour opaque, white. Sandwich. Minute, not com-
mon. tulus.

* 9. R. thick, spiral, doubly umbilicated, with fine crassulus. joints; opaque, white. Reculver, England. Minute, rare.

* 10. N. spiral, lobate; spires rounded on one side, lobatus. depressed on the other. Whitstable.

* 11. N. oblong, carinated; aperture oval, narrow. carinatus. Sandwich. Minute, rare. tulus.

12. N. a little bending, with raised joints; length subarcu- one-tenth of an inch. tulus.

* 13. N. compressed, subcarinated, spiral, smooth, facultis. glossy, horn-coloured, with 3 visible volutions; diameter one-fifth of an inch. Brooks, Kent; marshes, Rotherhithe. Not unfrequent. Lightfoot, Phil. Trans.

76. Helix nitida, Lin. This is supposed to be the only species of fresh-water nautilus which has been described.

14. N. white, convex; aperture linear; first spire balticus. largest. Baltic.

15. N. spires of the shells concealed; very small. helicites. Found in a fossil state on St Peter's mountain at Macstricht.

16. N. aperture linear; spires compressed, with rugosus. thickened margins. Southern ocean. Very small.

17. N. aperture compressed, linear; spires compressed-umbilica- ted; umbilicus concave; minute. Croatia. tulus.

B. Spiral, rounded, with separate whorls.

18. N. aperture orbicular; whorl cylindrical; one spicula. inch in diameter. American and Indian oceans.

19. N. smooth, with 4 conic tubercles; very mi-spengleri. nute. India.

20. N. diaphanous, middle partitions protuberant unguicula- outwards; surface with six conic tubercles; minute. tulus. India.

C. Elongated, and nearly straight.

* 21. N. incurved, spiral at the tip; whorls contiguous-feminitus. ous; minute, convex; the partitions appearing out-
wardly. Croatia, Sandwich. Rare.

22. N. subconic; globular divisions growing gra-titus. dually less; tip incurved, spiral. Red sea. Frequently found fossil.

23. N. with a slight curvature; divisions obliquely obliquus. striated;

striated; syphon central. Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.

raphani-
strum. 24. N. subcylindrical, with thick divisions, marked with 12 elevated striae; syphon central. Adriatic and Mediterranean seas.

raphanus. 25. N. jointed, divisions thick, with 17 elevated striae; syphon sublateral, oblique. Adriatic and Mediterranean.

granum. 26. N. ovate, oblong, with thick divisions, marked with 8 interrupted elevated striae; syphon oblique; minute. Mediterranean.

radicula. * 27. N. oblong, ovate, with 8 or 9 subglobose articulations; aperture a small syphon. Adriatic, Sandwich.

fascia. 28. N. divisions striated; joints smooth, elevated; obtuse at the tip; denticulated at the margin; syphon central. Adriatic. Very small.

inæqualis. 29. N. cylindrical, with 8 divisions; aperture margined; very minute. Red sea.

siphuncu-
lus. 30. N. smooth, with cylindrical, remote divisions; joints tapering, cylindrical. Seas of Sicily.

legumen. * 31. N. compressed, jointed, margined at one end; syphon lateral. Adriatic, Sandwich. Very rare.

costatus. * 32. N. straight, subcylindrical, tapering; joints 12, raised, with 4 equidistant, strong, longitudinal ribs the whole length; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Coast of Kent. Montagu, Test. Brit. 199. A variety of this has been discovered with only 6 joints.

orthocera. 33. N. whirls of the shell with carinated striae. The ocean. Frequently found fossil.

belemnita. 34. N. Thunder-stone. Equal, smooth, conic, acute; varies in size, from $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch to 8 inches; found fossil in most parts of Europe. It has some degree of transparency; and when burnt or rubbed, emits a smell like rasped horn.

48
Conus.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax. The shell univalve, convolute, turbinate; aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base; pillar smooth.

marmoreus. 1. C. conic, brown, with ovate, subangular, white spots; whirls of the spire channelled. American ocean.

imperialis. 2. C. whitish, with longitudinal, livid bands, and divided brown and white linear belts: spire flat, painted with brown undulated stripes, often emarginated. A rare shell.

literatus. 3. C. conic, white, with brown dots; spire marked with brown stripes. Asiatic ocean.

generalis. 4. C. conic, polished, with a pointed, muricated spire; whirls channelled. India.

virgo. 5. C. conic, with a bluish base. African ocean.

capitaneus. 6. C. conic, glabrous, with a brown base: spire a little convex, sometimes flat, and generally striped. Asia.

tribunus. 7. C. white, with three yellowish bands; spotted with chesnut: spire convex; base transversely striated.

miles. 8. C. conic, rough with a brown base: spire convex. India.

cingulum. 9. C. conic, yellowish, with a single elevated belt in the middle: spire acute. Friendly islands.

10. C. yellow, with purplish brown; longitudinal principles branched lines, marked with two white bands, which have a few brown spots: spire obtuse and finely striated transversely: $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Indies.

11. C. with rough punctures at the base.—This species is divided into the following varieties. 1. Without bands. 2. With irregular bands. 3. With one regular band. 4. With two regular bands. 5. With three regular bands. 6. With four regular bands. 7. With five or more regular bands. 8. With punctated, reticulated belts. To this last division belongs the cedo nulli, or celebrated admirall shell, which has been esteemed the rarest and most precious of testaceous productions. Some specimens of the C. cedo nulli have brought the extravagant price of 100 guineas. The endless varieties of this species are found in the seas of South America.

12. C. testaceous, spotted with white; with four yellow, immaculate bands; the second angularly divided. Southern ocean.

13. C. conic, smooth, glabrous; with obtuse, sculp-tured whirls: yellow spotted with white.

14. C. subcylindrical, smooth, glabrous; finely polished; yellow or brown, spotted with white.

15. C. with linear belts, articulated with white and brown: red, with bands alternately tessellated with brown and red.

16. C. emarginated at the base, striated; spire un-glaucous, armed, with contiguous whirls. India and Africa.

17. C. gibbous, clouded with bluish brown; acute, monochromatic at the base; sometimes dotted in rows.

18. C. grayish, surrounded with oblong dots. minutus.

19. C. ovate, rugged, and muricated at the base; rusticus. spire conico-convex. Var. 1. Without band. 2. With a band clouded whitish. Africa.

20. C. ovate, white, with reticulated yellow bands. mercatus. Africa.

21. C. slightly emarginated at the base and wrinkled; betulina. spire flattish, mucronate. India. A large shell.

22. C. slightly emarginated at the base, and wrinkled; figulatus. spire acuminate, with flattish whirls: three inches long. India.

23. C. ovate, white, with black band, composed of ebreus. transverse spots; a small shell.

24. C. emarginated at the base, and striated: whirls hercus of the spire channelled. muscarus. Asia.

25. C. elongated, muricated: the spire crowned and varius. acute. Indian ocean.

26. C. elongated, finely striated transversely; vari-achaticus. ously clouded, and spotted with white: spire short, spotted with brown, and tipped with red. American ocean.

27. C. with white rays and bands. radiatus.

28. C. pale yellow or chesnut spots, with white or leoninus. yellow transverse bands; spire rather acute.

29. C. light olive, with multifarious white dots, and jaspidus. an oblique band: oblong. Small.

30. C. brown with blue clouds and white spots. nebulosus.

31. C. conic, yellow, with white eyes and band: oculatus. base obliquely striated.

32. C. short, brown, with two white bands: that coffea. nearest the spire spotted with brown.

amodis. 33. C. pale brown, with a broad band, and articulated belts above and beneath: spire acute, crowned with tubercles, and finely striated transversely.

fulmineus. 34. C. with chefnut stripes the whole length: spire acute, and with the pillar lip spotted with chefnut; the base acute and obliquely striated.

erectoides. 35. C. reticulated with chefnut, with two or three darker bands; spire crowned and acute. A very rare species.

cygnatus. 36. C. brown, with a white band; undulated with reddish, thick, and broad striae; spire nodulous, with a granulated band.

longispiris. 37. C. white, clouded, striped, and spotted with brown; with numerous rows of white and brown dots: spire crowned with tubercles. American ocean.

citrinus. 38. C. citron with black lines, interrupted beneath; spire crowned with tubercles, with the base white. Curacao.

isofalaris. 39. C. white, with chefnut clouds, spots, and dots; spire acute.

coronatus. 40. C. with alternate articulated belts and tessellated spots; spire crowned with tubercles; shell often minute, and with a white band.

pubescens. 41. C. with two yellowish brown bands, and numerous lines of dots; spire varied with yellow dots and lines.

neplanicus. 42. C. snowy, with rosy and brown clouds, and numerous articulated belts, varied with white and chefnut; spire pointed.

solidus. 43. C. conic, thick, transversely striated; clouded with white and brown, with a broad white band, and pyramidal spire; whirls channelled.

C. Elongated and rounded at the base; cylinder as long again as the spire.

clavus. 44. C. with convex smooth striae; the base bluish. Indian ocean. Very rare.

rustatella. 45. C. subcylindrical, red, rough; striae tuberculated. Island of Nussatella in Asia, but very rare.

terribellum. 46. C. white, shaded with blue; subcylindrical, with annular striae and yellow bands.

coccineus. 47. C. red, with transverse lines, dotted with black; with a white band, and spire spotted with red.

luteus. 48. C. subcylindrical, with annular ribs; red, with darker clouds, and barred with white; spire spotted.

echroleucus. 49. C. subcylindrical, yellow; the base obliquely striated, with a white band near it; spire pointed with striped spots.

levis. 50. C. rufous with fulvous spots, and transverse striae; spire spotted with yellow; base obliquely striated.

affinis. 51. C. bluish white, with four fulvous linear bands, and intermediate dull purple dots.

violaceus. 52. C. white with violet clouds and bands; rays pale brown; spire pyramidal, with six whirls.

granulatus. 53. C. rough, unarmed, with smooth, grooved striae. African ocean. Shell red, with white bands, and purple linear dots.

polynotus. 54. C. white within; outside yellowish brown and rough, with fine granulated lines, with a white band at the spire denticulated beneath; another at the base with a paler tinge; spire flattened, with striped spots; base outwardly dusky, and violet within.

ligificus. 55. C. white, with angular chefnut lines, and two

orange bands; spire prominent; base surrounded with orange lines, and intermediate tessellated spots.

56. C. conic, snowy; spire prominent, and crowned niveus. with tubercles; aperture large.

57. C. orange flag, smooth, with whitish bands; whirls arausia-grooved at the tips. India. cur.

58. C. subcylindrical, with longitudinal bands, dot-magus. ted with white. India.

59. C. ovate, oblong, gibbous, clouded with fine striatus. parallel brown striae; 4 inches long. Africa.

60. C. with reticulated yellow veins, and yellow and textile. brown spots. Asia.

61. C. white, with brown reticular veins and inter-aulicus. rupt longitudinal bands. Asia. It varies much in its colours.

62. C. smooth, white, with bay characters and rows thoma. of dots, with three white belts and spots; the tip reddish; spire conic, with grooved whirls. Indian ocean.

D. Ventricose in the middle, and contracted at each end.

63. C. ventricose, yellow with white eyes; base trans-finensis. versely striated.

E. Thin, ventricose, and tinkling when thrown upon its back on a table.

64. C. bluish, with yellow clouds and yellowish thick spectrum. dots and striae; spire rather acute. Asiatic seas.

65. C. yellow clouded with white; aperture large bullatus. and bluish; spire sometimes flat, sometimes acute.

66. C. oblong, gibbous, smooth; aperture gaping, tulipa. India, South America.

67. C. oblong, gibbous, crowned; aperture gaping; geographi- wrinkled at the base, and a little narrower; aperture cur. white; spire sometimes rosy. Indian and African seas.

68. C. white, clouded and spotted with orange, with nubecula. scattered white dots; spire prominent, acute.

69. C. white, with alternate rows of irregular chef-spurius. nut, or blackish spots, and interrupted, punctured bands.

70. C. brown, shaded with white, with a white in-texillum. terrupted band; the white band is sometimes cruciate.

71. C. brown, barred with white, beneath narrow-ventricose. er, shaded with bluish, and smooth; spire conic, ex-sur. fered.

Gen. 21. CYPRÆA, Coturie.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a slug; shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end; aperture effuse at each end; linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each end.

SPECIES.

1. C. slightly turbinated, ferruginous, with whitish exanthem-round spots and eyes; line down the back a little ma. branched. American and Atlantic seas.

2. C. slightly turbinated, and marked with irregular mappa. characters; line down the back branched. Indian and African seas.

3. C. slightly turbinated with irregular characters; arabica. striae down the back simple. India.

4. C. slightly turbinated, subcylindrical, sprinkled argus. with

with eyes; beneath 4 brown spots; about 4 inches long. Indian and Atlantic seas.

testudinaria. 5. C. obtuse, sub-cylindrical; extremities depressed. Persian gulf and Indian ocean. This is the largest shell of this genus.

stercoraria. 6. C. slightly turbinated, gibbous, with livid and testaceous spots; emarginate on each side, and flat beneath. Guinea.

carniola. 7. C. slightly turbinated, pale, with flesh-coloured bands; mouth violet; 2½ inches long. Asiatic ocean.

zebra. 8. C. turbinated, cinereous, with brown bands; is twice as large as the last, and the spire more prominent. India.

talpa. 9. C. slightly turbinated, sub-cylindrical, testaceous, with pale bands; beneath thickened and brown; 3 inches long. India.

amethystea. 10. C. slightly turbinated; fides gibbous and decorticated, 4 clouded, brownish bands above. Madagascar.

lurida. 11. C. slightly turbinated, lurid and slightly barred; extremities pale yellow, with 2 black spots. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.

venelli. 12. C. slightly turbinated, spotted, and marked with yellowish dots: extremities spotted with brown; throat rufous.

lota. 13. C. slightly turbinated, white, with subulate denticles. Sicily.

fragilis. 14. C. turbinated, ovate, glaucous, with longitudinal testaceous waves, and pale bands. Mediterranean.

guttata. 15. C. thin, gibbous, fulvous, dotted with white, with a horizontal line in the middle; beneath white with yellow teeth.

cinerea. 16. C. thin, ventricose, reddish gray, with paler bands.

plumbea. 17. C. slightly turbinated thin; black lead colour, with four bands varied with blue and brown; undulated with brownish at the margin, and marked with blue and brown lines. Guinea.

oculata. 18. C. slightly turbinated, rufet brown, with white eyes, and three paler bands on the back. American ocean.

histris. 19. C. ovate, slightly turbinated, with livid eyes; beneath flat, white; fides thickened, black, spotted with brown. Indian ocean.

aurantium. 20. C. slightly turbinated, orange, with a white immaculate edge; throat bright red. Friendly islands.

ferruginosa. 21. C. thin, elongated, yellowish or bluish, with ferruginous spots; within blue.

livida. 22. C. thin, elongated, uniformly straw-coloured, pale yellow or reddish; beneath dotted with brown; teeth subulate.

gibba. 23. C. thin, gibbous; back clouded, and transversely barred.

turbinata. 24. C. turbinated, ovate, glaucous, with angular pale spots.

venerea. 25. C. oblong, brown, with stripped gold spots; within blue.

purpurascens. 26. C. oblong, purplish; beneath surrounded with a white line.

albida. 27. C. oblong, whitish; ends of the lips spotted with rufous.

translucent. 28. C. oblong, reddish brown; beneath whitish.

punctulata. 29. C. cylindrical, cinereous with pellucid bands.

30. C. cylindrical, fragile, white, with transverse bands of reddish dots.

31. C. obtuse, ovate, slightly turbinated with a longitudinal testaceous line. tigrina.

32. C. oblong, ferruginous, with paler bands. dubia.

33. C. turbinated, thin, bluish brown, with three yellowish bands varied with brown at each end. Rare. trifasciata.

34. C. turbinated, bluish, white, dotted and clouded with brown. confusacola.

35. C. oblong, shaded with purple, with a straw-coloured band, and another narrower white one, and a brown border; 4 inches long. bifasciata.

36. C. cylindrical, above; pale-violet, and spotted with brown at the fides, with two brown spots at each end. cylindrica.

37. C. cylindrical, milk-white; one side bordered teres. and varied with a few pale yellow, narrow marks, backed with three brownish wavy bands.

38. C. ovate, a little depressed; one side slightly ovata. bordered; back whitish, with crowded yellowish brown dots and waves, and 3 obsolete darker bands; 1½ inch long, ¼ broad.

39. C. oblong, of one colour, with a tinge of bloom; minute. beneath dotted with white, with the border of one side and the teeth of the lip white; above yellow at each end; spire tipped with black.

40. C. thin, oblong, barred with brown, and dotted sanguinolenta. with red at the fides.

41. C. turbinated, glaucous, margined; above gibbous, with transverse brownish bands; throat glaucous. fasciata.

42. C. gibbous, glaucous, brown, with triangular, regina. testaceous and whitish spots, and 3 transverse bands; throat blackish, glaucous.

43. C. turbinated, undulated with brownish, cloud-undulosa. ed with pale ochre; and deeper bands. Mauritius island.

B. Obtuse, and without a manifest spire.

44. C. triangularly gibbous, and rather obtuse be-caput-hind; brown, spotted and white; beneath white; 1½ serpentis. inch long. Mauritius and Nuffatella islands.

45. C. roundish, gibbous, brown, with white, confluent, reticulated eyes, and a white horizontal line in the middle of the back; beneath white.

46. C. triangularly gibbous; behind depressed, acute; mauritii. beneath black; a large shell, spotted with brown. Java, ana. Mauritius, and Nuffatella.

47. C. livid, with small white spots; 2 inches long. vitellus. Indian ocean.

48. C. retuse, gibbous, cinereous, with a longitudinal mus. brown band; teeth of the aperture blackish. American and Mediterranean seas.

49. C. ovate, obtuse behind, and rounded before; tigris. ferruginous, with deep brown spots, and a yellow longitudinal, dorsal line; 4½ inches long. Indian ocean.

50. C. ovate, obtuse behind, and rounded before, with flammea. wavy yellow spots: a rare shell.

51. C. ovate, olive, clouded with yellow, and spot-olivacea. ted with brown; beneath flat, pale-brown: teeth of the lip white.

52. C. ovate, thin, white, with greenish yellow dots feminea. disposed in rows; within violet.

53. C. oblong, ovate, with brown dots, and a yellowish line; hind part a little acute, with a rufous mouth; 2 inches long. Madagascar.

54. C.

globella. 54. C. sub-cylindrical, with pale yellow extremities; 1½ inch long. Mauritius.

ambigua. 55. C. pyriform, dusky, with paler clouds and spots.

furra. 56. C. ovate, oblong; beneath flat; yellowish, with greenish and livid confluent drops; fides varied with scattered brown dots. India.

C. Umbilicated or perforated.

oxy. 57. C. beneath brown, above whitish; small. Asia.

clandestina. 58. C. with fine transverse lines here and there meeting together. India.

succinea. 59. C. interior lip rounded at each extremity.

arg-arg. 60. C. pale yellow, with brown dots; the extremities with 2 brown spots.

hirando. 61. C. above bluish; extremities marked with 2 brown spots. Maldivia islands.

ofellus. 62. C. white, with 3 brown bands; oblong; minute. Madeira islands.

erronea. 63. C. with an equal testaceous spot.

arsellus. 64. C. oblong, white; above smooth, varied with brown, and marked with 2 brown dots at the umbilicus or perforation.

pyram. 65. C. pale brown, with paler bands and ochraceous spots; beneath and at the fides fulvous; within blue.

maculig. 66. C. narrow, long, with flesh-coloured spots above, varied with pale, fulvous, and glaucous ones; fides chestnut.

palla. 67. C. thin; fides rufet brown; above white, or pale brown, with transverse bands, or a fainter horizontal line.

indica. 68. C. cylindrical, marked above with characters, eyes, and a paler horizontal line; fides bloom-colour, dotted with black. India.

crum. 69. C. thin, oblong, olivaceous, with scattered ferruginous spots; beneath white.

filosa. 70. C. oblong, narrow, plumbeous, with ferruginous dots and spots, and paler bands; marked at each extremity with 2 brown spots.

atomaria. 71. C. oblong, snowy, dotted with brown; each end marked with 2 dusky dots; ½ inch long.

nebula. 72. C. oblong, gibbous; brown, with chestnut spots.

nebulosa. 73. C. thin, ochraceous, with paler spots.

stellata. 74. C. thin, cinereous, dotted with brown, and marked with transverse, elevated striae.

subflava. 75. C. oblong, gibbous, smooth, yellowish.

lucogaster. 76. C. oblong, purple; beneath white.

variolosa. 77. C. oblong, dusky, with two bands on the back, and whitish spots.

fulva. 78. C. solid, oblong, fulvous, with brown spots, disposed in rows, and two dusky bands; fides saffron.

lucoglo. 79. C. oblong, gibbous, clouded with brown and blue; fides spotted with black; mouth white.

lucosa. 80. C. ovate, marked above with lines; borders spotted.

cancellata. 81. C. ovate, gibbous, with cancellated spots, and a horizontal line above.

lutea. 82. C. brownish, with two white bands; beneath pale yellow, dotted with brown.

badia. 83. C. oblong, gibbous; above bay, with brown and white dots.

pancreata. 84. C. ovate, white, with testaceous dots.

auraria. 85. C. ovate, smoothish, yellowish, with four brown lunules. Shores of Guinea. Very rare shell.

86. C. lip toothed within; with three rows of tu-conoides. hercules; pillar lip without teeth.

D. Margined.

87. C. umbilicated, pale yellow, with white round cribraria. spots.

88. C. whitish, with a knotty margin. Mediterrane-moneta. near, Atlantic, Ethiopic, and Indian seas.—This species is collected in great quantities, and transported to Bengal, Siam, and other parts of India, where it is employed by the natives as the medium of commerce.

89. C. surrounded on the back with a yellow ring. annulus. Amboyna and Alexandria.

90. C. gibbous, unequal, whitish; margin dotted caurica. with brown; back marked with testaceous clouds. Indian ocean.

91. C. with a jagged margin; yellow, dotted with erosa. white; fides with a brownish spot. Mauritius and Ascension islands.

92. C. with a jagged margin, flesh-colour, with a derosa. greenish back, marked with fulvous dots; fides dotted with brown. Mediterranean.

93. C. with a jagged margin; yellow, dotted with flavescens. white; fides marked with obsolete, scattered, brown dots.

94. C. slightly margined, yellowish with deeper spurca. specks; fides dotted with brown. Mediterranean.

95. C. oblong, ovate; above bluish, dotted and spot-oblonga. ted with brown; beneath and at the fides white.

96. C. cinereous, variegated with testaceous; white stolidia. beneath, and at the fides; 1½ inch long. Amboyna.

97. C. triangularly gibbous, dotted with white, jag-helvola. ged behind; beneath yellow, immaculate. Indian ocean.

98. C. slightly margined, pale yellow with black ocellata. eyes; margin white, dotted with brown; 1½ inch long.

99. C. pale violet, dotted with white; a very small poraria. shell.

* 100. C. with numerous transverse furrows, some of pediculus. which are forked; a small shell, and ovate, with various tints of red or white; sometimes it is marked with a longitudinal groove. Frequent on most shores. Britain.

101. C. margined on each side, slightly produced nucleus. and rugged, with raised tubercles above; 1 inch long. Nuffatella island.

102. C. whitish, produced on each side; back tuber-madagas- culated, and marked with transverse undulated striae. carientis. Madagascar.

103. C. somewhat produced, with elevated dots; ex-staphylae. tremities pale yellow.

104. C. produced on each side, and sprinkled with cicercula. raised dots. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

105. C. produced on each side, and smooth, white or globulus. yellow. Amboyna.

106. C. oblong, slightly produced, smooth, yellow; affinis. ocellated on each side before.

107. C. thin, oblong, white, with ferruginous spots squalina. and dots.

108. C. white or gray, with obsolete ferruginous fimbriata. spots and transverse bands; lips of the mouth marked with violet spots.

crucata. 109. C. gibbous; above bluish with rufous dots; beneath and at the sides white; lips citron.

reticulata. 110. C. reticulated; margin varied with striped spots.

rubiginosa. 111. C. oblong, white; within violet; back with a ferruginous blotch; each end marked with two pale yellow spots; teeth of the lips yellowish.

miliaris. 112. C. thin, short, yellowish green, with milk-white eyes, and marked with a lateral horizontal line.

acicularis. 113. C. solid; above yellowish dotted with brown, with a horizontal pale line; beneath milk-white, with impressed dots at the margin.

crassa. 114. C. thick, yellowish, with 3 whitish bands; mouth bluish; 4 inches long.

vinosa. 115. C. above white, with a claret stain, and marked with purple eyes, surrounded with a black circle, and a horizontal white line; blue within. Mediterranean.

angustata. 116. C. narrow, brown, with reddish spots at the side.

similis. 117. C. oblong, gibbous, yellowish, dotted with white, with a blackish spot at the margin.

striata. 118. C. convex, bluish white, dotted with brown; beneath yellow, striated on one side.

finensis. 119. C. oblong, solid, variegated with orange lips.

pustilla. 120. C. bluish, spotted with brown, and marked with 3 bands.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell univalve, convoluted, unarmed with teeth; aperture a little frayed, oblong, longitudinal, very entire at the base; pillar oblique, smooth (B).

ovum. 1. B. ovate, obtuse, slightly doubly beaked; one of the lips toothed, from which it has the appearance of a cypræa; 4 inches long. Amboyna and Friendly Islands.

colos. 2. B. two beaked; the beaks long, striated and acute. Jamaica. A rare shell.

birostris. 3. B. two-beaked, margin thickened outwardly; beaks long, smooth; size of a bean. Java.

spelta. 4. B. oblong, rather obtuse at both ends; equal; lip arched; margin thickened within; twice the size of a grain of wheat. Mediterranean and Adriatic.

verrucosa. 5. B. transversely angular, ovate, with a bony dot on each side. India.

gibbosa. 6. B. angular, with an elevated belt. Brazil.

naucum. 7. B. rounded, pellucid, slightly striated transversely; perforated at each end; an inch long. African and Indian seas.

aspera. 8. B. roundish, pellucid, transversely sub-striated; outside a little wrinkled; glossy; one inch long. Europe, Africa, Devonshire.

hydatis. 9. B. rounded, pellucid, slightly striated longitudinally; crown umbilicated; size of a pea. Mediterranean, Devonshire.

* 10. B. rounded, obtuse at one end; crown umbilicated. Frequent on most shores; Britain.

* 11. B. oblong, oval, transversely striated; crown lignaria narrow, and slightly umbilicated; 3 inches long. European shores, Britain.

* 12. B. thick, white, opaque; aperture compressed in regular the middle; minute. Reculver, England.—Bulla ob-striata, Montagu, Test. Brit. 223.

13. B. rounded, glabrous, pellucid, marked with physis. transverse lines; spire retuse. India.

14. B. roundish; spire elevated, obtuse, with flesh amphicoloured bands; shell white. Asia.

15. B. obovate, with a clavated crown, indistinct spire, and elongated beak; surface marked with reticulated striae; 3 inches long. American and Indian oceans.

16. B. rounded, turbinated, slightly striated, with a raps. curved beak, and finely wrought spire; from 2 to 3 inches long. Indian ocean. [See canalia.]

17. B. cylindrical; whirls of the spire grooved.

18. B. oblong, turbinated, smooth; base a little crenulated; sutures crenulated; size of an acorn.

* 19. B. ovate, pellucid; spire obsolete; whirls contrary, or turning from right to left; aperture ovate, oblong; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Shores of the Danube; lakes and rivers of Europe; Britain.

* 20. B. ovate, pellucid; spire contrary, prominent; aperture ovate, lanceolate. Europe, Britain.—Linnaeus supposes that this species may be a variety of the last; but, according to Mr Montagu, the form of the shell, the structure of the animal, and its habitat, are always distinct. Linnaeus says, that this species is found among wet moss. Mr Montagu found it only in ditches, and in a place occasionally overflowed by the river Avon.

21. B. polished, with a pointed spire; aperture obtusely long. Northern Europe, in ditches and wet meadows.

22. B. brittle, with a depressed contrary spire; aperture ending in a beak; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lines long. Rivers of Denmark.

23. B. sides cylindrical, with a subulate spire, truncated at the base; 2 inches long. Indian ocean.

24. B. ovate; spire indistinct, prominent at the top; aperture more dilated behind; pillar twisted; size of an acorn. Mediterranean.

25. B. with party-coloured double bands, and purple. ple truncated pillar; aperture femilunar. Rivers of Asia.

26. B. conic, pointed with transverse bands and undulated spots; aperture white. South America, India.

27. B. conic, pointed, glabrous, with undulated fulvous streaks; 2 inches long; 8 whirls in the spire.

28. B. conic, white, striated; pillar straight and re-striated.

29. B. oblong, pointed, white, grooved; spire with 6 or 7 whirls.

30. B. tapering, erect; white, with 2 broad, reddish bands at the aperture; a land species.

(B) In some of the species belonging to this genus, it appears that the animal possesses different characters from those of the limax, and particularly that which inhabits the bulla lignaria, a British shell, which is furnished with a gizzard, of a testaceous nature. See Lin. Trans. vol. ii. p. 15.

ambigua. 31. B. a little tapering and compressed; pale, flesh-coloured, with two remote bands; one broader and brown, the other blue.

acuta. 32. B. ovate, pointed, with longitudinal brown bands; pillar inflected, entire. Tranquebar. A land species.

acutata. 33. B. ovate, pointed, with a wide crimson mouth and lip; pillar truncated; 8 inches long. American ocean.

hyalina. 34. B. oblong, horn-coloured; spire retuse; thin; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

ovata. 35. B. subovate, slightly two-beaked; striated on the back, and gibbous in the middle; chestnut with white spots and bands; within violet.

ferruginea. 36. B. sub-ovate, equable, pale gray, undulated with brown, and marked with ferruginous spots, and two white bands; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

velox. 37. B. thin, umbilicated on each side; white, with capillary brown lines, and a snowy band, edged with brown on each side; 1 inch long.

reflexa. 38. B. ovate, oblong, within milk-white, solid, pellucid; aperture wide; two grooves on the back. Brazil.

cylindrica. 39. B. cylindrical, smooth, white, thin, slightly umbilicated; twice as large as a grain of wheat. Europe, Britain.

obso. 40. B. cylindrical, aperture sub-orbicular, and dilated beneath.

voluta. 41. B. smooth, cylindrical, olive; aperture effuse; pillar inflated, truncated; 7 whirls in the spire.

dimidiata. 42. B. sub-cylindrical, spiral, reddish, with longitudinal striae, and spotted; sutures crenulated; pillars sinuated and truncated. St Domingo.

parporea. 43. B. ventricose, rugged, and longitudinally streaked; aperture ovate, with a pointed lip, and deep black border within. Africa, in rice fields.

spira. 44. B. ovate, thin, brown, and rough.

foliata. 45. B. solid, red, varied with violet; margin red; spire a little prominent.

sericea-pulchra. 46. B. inflated, glabrous, horny; cinnamon colour; five rows of dots; pillar sinuated, with an acute lip; extremity thin and ovate.

fabra. 47. B. ovate, rough, slightly carinated on the back, and marked with decussated striae; white with rosy lines; pillar scalloped, reflected. Java.

chora. 48. B. ovate, pellucid, with a truncated channelled crown; 6 lines long. Norway seas, Banff in Scotland, and near Portsmouth.

foliata. 49. B. cylindrical, horny, transversely striated, with a retuse top or crown; whirls margined; channelled.

carnea. 50. B. ovate, flesh-coloured, gibbous; lip arched, thickened and toothed within. Shores of Africa.

parula. 51. B. smooth, glossy, white, pellucid, oblong, involuted; aperture large, terminating in a short canal, most contracted at the top; length 1 inch. Weymouth.

halictis. 52. B. sub-oval, thin, pellucid, white, resembling a halictis; a little wrinkled; aperture oval; length $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch. Weymouth.

flumata. 53. B. ovate, oblong, depressed, pellucid, thin; strongly wrinkled concentrically; length $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch. Milton sands, Devonshire. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 214.

costata. 54. B. pellucid, white, finely striated transversely; the striae, magnified, have the appearance of the links of a chain; one-tenth inch diameter. Devonshire.

* 55. B. oblong, oval, smooth, white; apex rounded, umbilicated; aperture very narrow; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Falmouth.

* 56. B. sub-cylindrical, opaque, white; upper part truncated, longitudinally striated, lower plain; apex truncated, and largely umbilicated. Falmouth.

* 57. B. smooth, glossy, pellucid, white, suboval; bo-diaphana, dy large, ventricose; apex pointed; aperture sub-oval; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Salcomb bay. Rare.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell is one-celled, spiral; aperture without a beak, and sometimes effuse; pillar twisted or plaited, generally without lips or perforation.

1. V. contracted, oval, oblong, with a rugged spire; auris-pillar 2-toothed; 4 inches long. India. In marshy under-woods and swamps.

2. V. oval, oblong, with a wide aperture; pillar stomata, one-toothed.

3. V. contracted, oblong, oval, grooved; white-sulcata, dotted with yellow; pillar with two plaits; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

4. V. thin, transversely striated, flesh-colour, with bifasciata, two white bands; pillar one-toothed; not one inch long.

5. V. contracted on the upper part; yellow, with stria, a crenulated lip; pillar with two plaits; $4\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lines long.

6. V. oval, oblong, banded; pillar with three minuta, plaits.

7. V. thin, brown; whirls of the spire cancellated; pusilla, pillar three-toothed; very minute.

8. V. oval, oblong, glabrous, with a reflected groove-glabra, ed lip; pillar one-toothed.

9. V. oval, gibbous, umbilicated; pillar with one auris-filenti, thick, flexuous plait; two inches long.

10. V. contracted, oblong; spires smooth; pillar 3-auris-judice, toothed. Fens of India.

11. V. fusiform, granulate, with an ovate aperture; auris-mol-pillar cut, spreading; three inches long. New Cale-ehi, donia.

* 12. V. oval, pointed at each end, and spirally stri-tornatilis, ated; pillar with a single fold; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Europe, Wales.

* 13. V. thin, brittle, with two small spires; mouth tonensis, rounded, wide. Island of Iona, Scotland.

* 14. V. white, opaque, longitudinally striated. Sand-alba, wich. Very minute.

15. V. contracted, oblong, ovate, opaque, striated; solidula, spire elevated and a little pointed; pillar slightly plaited.

16. V. contracted, ovate, cylindrical; spire a little levata, elevated, obtuse; pillar with five plaits; one inch long. Africa.

17. V. contracted, smooth, with an obtuse spire; coffea, aperture toothed on each side.

B. Subcylindrical, emarginated.

18. V. smooth; spire obliterated at the base; lip re-porphyrus, tute.

tuse in the middle; pillar obliquely striated; five inches long. Brazil.

oliva. 19. V. smooth; spire reflected at the base; pillar obliquely striated. Indian seas.

annulata. 20. V. smooth, white, with a keel-shaped ring on the back; sometimes with reddish waves.

utriculus. 21. V. elongated, smooth, with a prominent spire. Indian and Ethiopic seas.

hiatula. 22. V. thin, with a cinereous spotted back, callous beneath; aperture large; pillar toothed at the base. Shores of Spain.

jaspidea. 23. V. white dotted with greenish brown, or violet; spire prominent; whirls with a band composed of spots at the base; an inch long. Shores of Spain.

nivea. 24. V. snowy, elongated, smooth, banded. Spanish seas.

ispidula. 25. V. smooth with a prominent spire and single margin; pillar obliquely striated; from one to two inches long. India.

carniolus. 26. V. orange with blue bands; spire flattened; aperture white.

daedylus. 27. V. smooth, with decussated striæ, obtuse; pillar with six plaits; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. India.

miliaria. 28. V. slightly emarginated, white, with an obliterated pale yellow spire; pillar obliquely striated. Mediterranean.

monilis. 29. V. entire white with an obliterated white spire; pillar obliquely striated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. China; where it is employed for making beads and necklaces. A variety is found in Africa only $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ lines long, with 8 or 10 thin plaits in the pillar.

exilis. 30. V. obovate, entire, yellowish, with two brown bands; spire prominent; pillar obliquely striated.

perficula. 31. V. smooth, with a retuse umbilicated spire; pillar with seven plaits; lip with a crenated margin: one inch long. African sea.

pallida. * 32. V. shell entire, oblong, ovate, with an elevated spire; pillar with four plaits. African and European shores, Britain.

faba. 33. V. slightly emarginated, smooth, a little plaited; spire prominent; pillar with four plaits; lip with a crenulated margin; one inch long. African ocean.

glabella. 34. V. very entire, smooth, with a levigated spire; pillar with four plaits; lip gibbous; margin toothed: from one to two inches long. African and American seas.

prunum. 35. V. very entire, smooth, with a levigated spire; pillar with four plaits; lip without tooth, or margin; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch long. Island of Goree.

reticulata. 36. V. with slight decussated grooves; lip internally striated; pillars slightly perforated; two inches long. American ocean and Guinea.

onercatoria. 37. V. striated, with an obtuse spire; pillar retuse, toothed; lip gibbous, denticulated; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Mediterranean, American, and Indian seas.

rustica. 38. V. smooth with a prominent spire; pillar retuse, toothed; lip gibbous, denticulated. Mediterranean and American seas.

paupercula. 39. V. entire, smooth, with a striated base; spire a little prominent; pillar with four plaits; lip obtuse. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

mendicaria. 40. V. slightly striated, with a slightly granulated spire; pillar smooth; lip gibbous and denticulated;

size of a kidney bean. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

41. V. entire, plaited, and crosswise reticulated; pil. cancellular with three plaits, slightly umbilicated, and a little produced. African ocean.

42. V. smooth, white, with blue bands and yellow elegant mouth; spire nearly obliterated; pillar six-toothed; scarcely one inch long.

43. V. smooth, greenish white, with numerous ova. bands; lip inflected; pillar with four plaits; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inches long.

44. V. spire obsolete; sides with thickened margins; margins four plaits in the pillar.

45. V. substriated, glabrous; spire obtuse, smooth, nubes. prominent; five plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean.

46. V. conic, white, with hollow punctured grooves conur. at the base; whirls crenated; six plaits in the pillar.

47. V. nearly entire, oblong, smooth, with a prominent excoriated spire; three plaits in the pillar; lip slightly toothed inwardly. Mediterranean.

48. V. slightly emarginated, oblong, smooth; spire cornuella. longish; four plaits in the pillar; lip equal and unarmed. Mediterranean.

49. V. entire, tapering, plaited and transversely stri. virga. ated; three plaits in the pillar, which is perforated. About a finger's length, and marked with about twelve grooves.

50. V. emarginated, striated, and transversely wrink. scabrifra. led; four plaits in the pillar, which is perforated; lip 1/8. notched; two inches long. India.

51. V. nearly entire, transversely wrinkled; four ruffino. plaits in the pillar; lip crenulated. India.

52. V. nearly entire, smooth, yellowish with red nubila. clouds transversely striated; lip crenulated; four plaits in the pillar. Friendly islands.

53. V. emarginated, longitudinally grooved and sanguis. transversely striated; lips smooth; four plaits in the pillar; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

54. V. emarginated, round, smooth; whirls of the caffra. spire with plaited striæ; four plaits in the pillar; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inches long. Asiatic sea.

55. V. slightly emarginated, round, smooth; about morin. three plaits in the pillar.

56. V. tapering, marked with transverse rays of red acus. dots; spire pointed, smooth: scarcely an inch long.

57. V. emarginated, subangular, unarmed, and transf. vulpecula. versely striated; four plaits in the pillar; throat striated; two inches long. India.

58. V. emarginated, angular, anterior angles a little plicaris. spinous; four plaits in the pillar; lip smooth; two inches long. Indian ocean.

59. V. cylindrical, glabrous, reddish, with sublivid bullata. belts; four plaits in the pillar within; aperture effuse. Indian ocean.

60. V. cylindrical with decussated striæ, and impres. crenula. sed dots; white with yellowish clouds; lip and whirls nodulous; margin of the whirls crenulated; eight plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean.

61. V. tapering, black with white spots, transversely scutulus. striated, first whirl a little ventricose; four plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean.

virgata. 62. V. tapering, emarginated, blackish; whirls flat-tish; four plaits in the pillar. Guinea, Greenland.

subdivisa. 63. V. tapering, emarginated, longitudinally ribbed, plaited, and transversely striated; three plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean.

crassata. 64. V. tapering, emarginated, barred and transversely striated with longitudinal knotty ribs, spotted with red; pillar with three plaits. Indian ocean.

exasperata. 65. V. tapering, emarginated, granulous, with decussated striae and longitudinal ribs barred with brown; five plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean.

rugosa. 66. V. tapering, emarginated, transversely striated and longitudinally grooved, with elevated dots and reddish lines; three plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean.

egla. 67. V. tapering, smooth, brown with white bands; six plaits in the pillar, which is emarginated at the base. Shores of Amboyna.

leucogoniata. 68. V. tapering, chesnut, with flexuous white bands; pillar obfoletely plaited: two inches long.

maculosa. 69. V. tapering, white with reticulated and spotted brown bands: one inch long.

nodulosa. 70. V. tapering, brown, cancellated; angles of the section nodulous, and whitish: four plaits in the pillar.

spadicata. 71. V. tapering, chesnut with yellow clouds and spots; eight whirls in the spire, which are longitudinally plaited and transversely striated; five plaits in the pillar.

aurantia. 72. V. tapering, orange; a white band in the four first whirls of the spire; lip denticulated; four plaits in the pillar.

decussata. 73. V. tapering, with decussated striae; the longitudinal one undulated; about four plaits in the pillar.

polyzona. 74. V. tapering, punctured, whirls longitudinally ribbed, and finely striated transversely; three first angular; about five plaits in a slightly umbilicated pillar.

acuminata. 75. V. tapering, cancellated; beak short and cancellated; four plaits in the pillar. Tranquebar.

biplicata. 76. V. tapering, smooth, white with yellow spots and black dots; pillar doubly plaited.

turricula. 77. V. tapering, two plaits in the pillar: whirls turgid, with a band of black dots; first whirl double.

lineata. 78. V. tapering, with perpendicular black lines crossing a white band; 3 plaits in the pillar.

effusa. 79. V. tapering; beneath brown dotted with white; above white, with perpendicular waved yellow stripes; a minute shell.

striata. 80. V. tapering, finely striated transversely; dusky, with red dots, and two paler bands; minute.

fulcata. 81. V. tapering and grooved longitudinally; brown, with a transverse white nodulous band; pillar five-toothed.

levigata. 82. V. tapering, smooth, brown; spire with a paler band; narrow, small.

ocellata. 83. V. tapering, chesnut, with white eyes; minute.

rugosa. 84. V. tapering, red, with rows of black dots; lip prominent; beak reflected.

marmorata. 85. V. tapering, varied with white and brown; lip inflected.

barbata. 86. V. tapering, reddish, finely striated transversely; aperture oblong, oval; spire obtuse; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. American seas.

87. V. tapering, cancellated, with an obtuse spire: clathrata. lip margined; beak reflected. American ocean.

88. V. tapering, gibbous, yellow; each whirl with tricolor. a white band, tessellated with black; 3 plaits in the pillar.

89. V. tapering, chesnut brown, with undulated turrita. brown lines; aperture striated; 3 plaits in the pillar.

90. V. tapering, smooth, white, with perpendicular, syracusana waved, blackish yellow stripes. Syracuse.

91. V. tapering, polished, chesnut; within white; nitens. pillar with 4 plaits.

92. V. tapering, citron, with rufous bands; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ citrina. inches long.

93. V. tapering pale brown, and longitudinally mucronata. striated; spire perforated; pillar perforated, and 4-plaited.

94. V. tapering, a little ventricose; longitudinally rugosa. wrinkled, and transversely striated; whitish with piceous lines.

95. V. tapering, cinereous, striated with red; spire strigosa. glabrous; whirls rather tumid.

96. V. tapering, glabrous; 5 plaits in the pillar; fossilis. has been only found in a fossil state.

97. V. tapering, thin, glabrous; brown surrounded leucostella. with lines of white dots. Friendly islands.

98. V. tapering, whitish, cancellated; whirls with clathrus. a band of yellow spots.

99. V. tapering, transversely ribbed, with a trans- virgata. verse brown band, and longitudinal waved spots; two inches long.

100. V. tapering, cancellated; varied with tawney leucostoma. and white, with waved brown spots; mouth ochraceous.

101. V. tapering, transversely striated; yellow with variegata. a brown band and spots.

102. V. emarginated, tapering, marked with decus- filaris. fated striae, and red threads; pillar 3-plaited.

103. V. cylindrical, whitish, glabrous; spire project- volva. ing, obtuse, emarginated at the base; pillar 4-plaited; 2 inches long. Shores of Guinea.

104. V. ovate, bay, longitudinally wrinkled; be- siervoyelii. neath transversely grooved; spire obtuse, and crenated at the future; 4 plaits in the pillar; lip denticulated.

105. V. ovate, triangular, rugged, knotty, trans- rhinoceros. versely grooved and umbilicated; pillar 3-plaited; lip toothed; throat striated; whirls muricated with knobs. Shores of New Guinea.

106. V. tapering, white; spire with fine transverse costata. striae, and rounded ribs; first whirl with 3 brown bands; 4 plaits in the pillar.

107. V. ovate, white; spire spotted with brown; spuria. 6 brown bands in the first whirl; tail emarginated; lip impressed; pillar 6-plaited.

108. V. emarginated, striated, and marked with pertusa. hollow punctures; lip denticulated; 5 plaits in the pillar; 3 inches long. India.

109. V. emarginated, transversely striated; white cardinalis. with rows of tessellated chesnut spots; pillars 5-plaited. Indian ocean.

110. V. emarginated, smooth; margin of the whirls episcopalis. entire; lip denticulated; 4 plaits in the pillar; 5 inches long. India.—The animal of this shell is said to be poisonous when it is eaten, and has the power of inflicting a wound on those who touch it, with a kind of pointed trunk. The natives of the island Tanna employ the shell as a hatchet, fixing it in a handle.

papalis. 111. V. emarginated, transversely striated; margins of the whirls and lip denticulated; pillar 4-plaited. Indian ocean.

patriarchalis. 112. V. obovate, solid, transversely striated, marked with nodulous plaits; whirls crowned with tubercles. India.

musica. 113. V. margined, with obtuse spines in the whirls; lip smooth and very thick; pillar 8-plaited. American ocean. The plaits in the pillar are from 9 to 12 in some varieties.

vespertilio. 114. V. emarginated, with acute spines on the whirls; lip smooth; pillar 4-plaited; from 3 to 6 inches long. Indian seas.

arabica. 115. V. emarginated; whirls tuberculated, and marked with black characters; 5 plaits in the pillar.

hebraea. 116. V. emarginated; whirls with subacute spines; 5 stronger and 3 obsolete plaits in the pillar; 6 inches long. India, Jamaica. Very rare.

turbinellus. 117. V. nearly entire, turbinated, with conic somewhat erect spines; upper ones larger; pillar 4-plaited; 3 inches long. Indian ocean.

capitellum. 118. V. ovate, rugged, knotty; 3 plaits in the pillar; 2½ inches long. Indian and American seas.

ceramica. 119. V. ovate, acute, with divergent spires; about 5 plaits in the pillar; spines on the outer whirls gradually lessening into tubercles. Coromandel and Ceylon.

pyrum. 120. V. obovate, slightly tailed, with striated whirls on the spire; tip produced and quite glabrous; pillar 3-plaited; 7 inches long. Tranquebar and Ceylon.

laponica. 121. V. obovate, smooth, with a pointed spire, and ventricose; pillar 5-plaited. Indian and American seas.

vexillum. 122. V. ventricose, yellowish-white, with orange bands; first whirl tuberculated and larger than the rest; pillar 6-plaited. Indian ocean. Very rare.

flavescens. 123. V. pyriform, smooth, with yellowish clouds; spire varied with chestnut spots; 4 plaits in the pillar.

rupetris. 124. V. elongated, ribbed; ribs crossed with fine transverse lines; lip margined; spire papillary at the tip; many plaits in the pillar; 4 inches long.

nassa. 125. V. ventricose; spire ribbed with fine transverse striae crossing the ribs; lip margined, umbilicated; 3 plaits in the pillar; 1 inch long. Mauritius and Guinea.

craticulata. 126. V. tapering and transversely striated; white with longitudinal chestnut ribs; lip denticulated, striated; 3 plaits in the pillar; 3 inches long.

spiralis. 127. V. longitudinally ribbed, and finely striated transversely; a row of acute tubercles on the two first whirls; 3 plaits in the pillar. Indian seas.

magellani. 128. V. ventricose, ochraceous, with white and brown lines; lip subulate; whirls of the spire convex; first largest; 2 inches long.

filosa. 129. V. finely reticulated and striated, with elevated transverse belts; lip crenated; 4 plaits in the pillar, which is a little umbilicated.

fuscata. 130. V. coarse, brown, smooth; base transversely striated; spire obtuse; first whirl ventricose, with 4 narrow bands; the rest with a broad white band; pillar with 3 plaits and umbilicated.

anthiopia. 131. V. emarginated; spire crowned with vulted spines; 4 plaits in the pillar; 7 or 8 inches long. Persia, Asia, and the Cape of Good Hope.

132. V. emarginated; whirls of the spire with cymbia grooved margins; 4 plaits in the pillar; lip callous. Spain, Africa, and America.

133. V. emarginated; spire smooth; pillar 3-plaited; 4 inches long. Spain, America, Philippine isles.

134. V. elongated, with a broad aperture; lip a-cuspid; whirls of the spire scarcely visible; 1 inch long.

135. V. emarginated; covered with a brown cuticle, under which it is reddish; lip a little prominent; 4 plaits in the pillar; 4 whirls in the spire; 8 inches long; nearly as broad. Persian gulf.

136. V. emarginated; lip a little prominent; pillar nearly 4-plaited; 2 inches long.

137. V. elongated, yellow, with a long tubercle at papilla the tip, which is sometimes oblique.

138. V. elongated, yellow, with 3 bands of brown indus dots; 4 plaits in the pillar. India.

139. V. coarse, clouded, with zig-zag brown lines; scapha lip subulate, pillar bluish with 4 plaits. Cape of Good Hope. Very rare.

140. V. ovate, glabrous; whitish with longitudinal cymbia red lines; whirls knotty; 3 plaits in the pillar; 2 inches long. Indian ocean.

141. V. subovate, testaceous, with reddish bay-pray spots, emarginated at the base; 4 plaits in the pillar. Coromandel coast.

142. V. cylindrical, yellowish, emarginated; aperture effuse, spreading; 3 plaits in the pillar. Eastern shores of Africa.

143. V. white, smooth, reticulated with gold, c-reticulated; 4 plaits in the pillar; spire conic; first whirl cylindrical and ventricose; 2 inches long. Java.

144. V. brownish yellow, striated with brown; 2 special plaits in the pillar; 5½ inches long. Straits of Magellan.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax; the shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aperture ovate, terminating in a short canal, leaning to the right, with a reticulate beak or projection; pillar lip expanded.

A. Inflated, rounded, thin, subdiaphanous, and brittle.

1. B. roundish, surrounded with obtuse grooves, between which is an elevated line; aperture without teeth; 4 inches long. Indian sea.

2. B. obovate, surrounded by grooves which are gales, double on the fore-part; aperture without teeth; pillar umbilicated. Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.—This shell is nearly as large as a man's head.

3. B. ovate, inflated, slightly grooved, and undulately reticulated with white; aperture without teeth; 6 inches long. India, America, Weymouth.

4. B. ovate, surrounded with obtuse grooves; aperture toothed: 2½ inches long. Java, Amboyna, Mexico.

5. B. ovate, surrounded with remote obtuse grooves; dorsum beak a little prominent. Sicily, Africa, India.

6. B. ovate, surrounded with rounded ribs; beak a little prominent; ¼ inch long.

7. B. Snowy, ribbed; outer whirls of the spire scarcely prominent.

8. B. ovate, longitudinally wrinkled and transversely plaited; with a short recurved beak; pillar lip crenated and grooved within.

9. B. pyramidal or sharp-pointed at bottom; white, with dark brown spiral lines; very small. Cornwall.

10. B. white, with 5 whirls, which are longitudinally ribbed, and transversely striated. Pembrokeshire coast.

11. B. with 5 spines, spirally striated, and transversely ribbed; less than a pea. Norway, England.

12. B. white, opaque, with 3 spires; aperture oval. Fevertham creek, England. Minute and rare.

B. With a short exserted, reflected beak; lip outwardly unarmed.

13. B. white, opaque, with three whirls, which are longitudinally ribbed; very minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

14. B. smooth, with 3 whirls and a long beak; very small. Pembrokeshire coast.

15. B. smooth, with 3 whirls, and a long beak; aperture contracted; very minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

16. B. with 4 tuberculated belts and prominent beak. Adriatic and Mediterranean seas.

17. B. a little plaited forwards, marked with decussated striae; aperture toothed; beak recurved. Jamaica.

18. B. Great spiked casket. Turbinated, or crowned with spines; aperture toothed, beak recurved; from 9 to 12 inches long. India.

19. B. Red helmet. With decussated striae, and knotty belts, between which is a double line; aperture toothed; beak recurved. America and India.

20. B. Persian whelk. With two tuberculated belts, and recurved beak; 10 inches long. American ocean.

21. B. slightly plaited and crowned; aperture toothed; beak recurved; 5 inches long. American ocean.

22. B. obovate, with decussated striae, and elevated longitudinal ones; aperture toothed; beak recurved; 4 inches long. America and India.

23. B. with decussated striae, and covered with small square scales; aperture toothed; beak recurved. Africa, Mediterranean.

24. B. Small diced casket. Substriated and surrounded with four rows of square spots; aperture toothed; beak recurved; 3 inches long; outer pillar lip with a toothed inner margin. India, Mediterranean.

25. B. ovate, smooth, bluish, with transverse yellow bands; spotted with brown, and intermediate brown characters. New Zealand.

26. B. with sometimes transverse, striated and waved spots; spire obtuse; inner lip glabrous.

27. B. ovate, smooth, and covered with hollow punctures; spire elongated; lips toothed; beaks recurved. India.

28. B. thin, cinereous, with white bands tessellated with brown; whirls with 5 rows of tubercles; 6 inches long. South seas. Very rare.

29. B. white, with variegated yellowish, chesnut, and white bands; beaks recurved. India.

30. B. with four spotted bands; whirls a little prominent, and longitudinally ribbed; the first crowned with tubercles; 3½ inches long.

31. B. transversely striated; spire obtuse; whirls bilineatum with a spotted band and 2 lines. Weymouth.

32. B. coarse, transversely striated and wave spot-gibbous; spire acute, pyramidal; 2 inches long.

33. B. ventricose, striated, pillar lip thin; beak ventricose-short.

34. B. transversely striated; spire acute; the 2 first strigosum. whirls crowned with spines; outer pillar lip spotted within, and emarginated without.

35. B. smooth, with undulated spots; spire rugged rugosum. and striated; beak with 5 plaits; outer pillar lip strong and straight.

36. B. coarse, and with a slightly prominent, acute ponderosum. spire; first whirl crowned with tubercles; outer pillar sum. ribbed within.

37. B. smooth, and marked with a band of rufous recurvispots; spire a little prominent; first whirl inflected; rostrum. 2½ inches long. Barbadoes.

38. B. transversely striated, and spotted here and trifasciatum. there, with three equal bands; aperture bluish within; tum. outer pillar lip toothed; inner with rows of tubercles; 3 inches long.

39. B. finely striated transversely, and with three senegal. spotted bands; second whirl of the spire surrounded cum. with a turgid ring; outer pillar lip crenated. Senegal.

40. B. ochraceous, transversely striated; first whirl ochroleu-. crowned with spines; outer pillar lip toothed; inner cum. repand; 2½ inches long.

41. B. transversely striated; spire depressed; outer striatum. whirl knotted at the margin; aperture toothed; beak recurved. America.

42. B. obovate, umbilicated, fulvous, with nume-. rous transverse striae; pillar lip membranaceous; united lip of the aperture acute. Mediterranean.

43. B. ovate, transversely grooved, whitish with strigatum. reddish bands, varicose; spire conic, with decussated striae; aperture oblong, toothed; inner pillar lip plaited, granulated; lip of the aperture fringed, spotted. India.

44. B. globular, yellowish, grooved and striated; tyrrenum. spire conic; aperture white; lip margined, and slightly toothed within. Seas round Tuscany.

45. B. ovate, white, transversely striated, and grou-. abbreviated; spire conic; lip of the aperture doubled, and tum. toothed within; pillar lip reflected and wrinkled; beak very short. India and America.

C. Lip prickly outwardly behind.

46. B. Small curled casket. A little plaited, and erinaceus. crowned with papillae. America, India.

47. B. Smooth gray casket. Smooth, crowned with glaucum. papillae; 5 inches long. Indian sea.

48. B. Smooth spotted-lipped casket. Entirely smooth, vibex. with yellowish, waved, brown spots. America, India.

49. B. ventricose; whirls of the spire with a band tesselatum. at the base, tessellated with black.

50. B. slightly plaited and crowned with papillae; nodulosum. lip smooth, with two rows of sharp spines behind; 1 inch long.

51. B. grooved, with an acute spire; whirls with fimbria. rows of tubercles.

papillosum. 52. B. Small bugle netted whelk. Covered with tubercles, in rows; 2½ inches long. Indian sea. Rare.

glans. 53. B. smooth, inner pillar lip with two teeth; 2 inches long. Indian ocean. Very rare.

D. Pillar lip dilated and thickened.

arcularia. 54. B. plaited and crowned with papillæ. Indian ocean.

pullus. 55. B. Small coffer shell. Gibbous, obliquely striated and tuberculated; aperture wrinkled; not an inch long. Mediterranean and European coasts, Britain.

gibbosulum. 56. B. gibbous, smooth, snowy, tinged or spotted; small. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

mutabile. 57. B. smooth, rugged; spire exerted; inner lip extended forward, and thickish. Mediterranean.

neritum. 58. B. convex, obtuse, smooth; inner pillar lip obsolete; size of a pea. Mediterranean.

E. Pillar lip appearing as if worn flat.

harpa. 59. B. Muscal-harp shell. With equal, longitudinal, distinct mucronate veins; pillar lip smooth; from 3 to 5 inches long. Indian sea.

costatum. 60. B. with equal, longitudinal, crowned mucronate veins; pillar lip smooth. Falkland islands. Very rare.

perficium. 61. B. flat, with the lip crenulated, and the pillar flat; 4 inches long. India, and Persian gulf.

monodon. 62. B. rough with a crenulated lip; pillar flat, protruding obliquely a subulate spine; gray, white within. America.

patulum. 63. B. muricated; the lip crenated without; the pillar falcated; 4 inches long. America and Ethiopia.

hæmostoma. 64. B. slightly muricated; lip striated within; the pillar rather flat; throat fulvous; 2 inches long. Mediterranean and Ethiopic seas.

topillus. * 65. B. Purple whelk. Ovale, acute, spirally striated, without protuberances; pillar flatish; 1½ inch long. The colour is white, cinereous, or yellowish; the shell is often transversely bored or grooved; it is sometimes thin and without teeth in the aperture, and sometimes more solid, and the aperture toothed. Shores of Europe, Britain.—This is one of the species which yields a fine purple dye.

smaragdulus. 66. B. ovate, acute and glabrous; pillar flatish and slightly plaited; grooved; shines with a green gloss, and like mother-of-pearl.

tuba. 67. B. fusiform, yellowish brown; the spire cancellated; first whirl smooth, and three times longer than the rest; ventricose above. India.

pyrum. 68. B. turbinated; aperture red; pillar smooth; the spire short; first whirl ventricose. India, Red sea. Very rare.

spadicum. 69. B. oblong, turbinated; chestnut, with transverse undulated white lines.

fossile. 70. B. convex, transversely plaited; spire short; pillar callous. Found fossil in Germany.

umbilicatum. 71. B. oblong, turbinated and plaited; spire knotty; aperture grooved within; pillar slightly umbilicated.

candidum. 72. B. oblong, turbinated; solid, smooth and white.

scala. 73. B. oblong; aperture oval, emarginated, four-toothed; base white; spire acute; the whirls distant; the first with four glabrous ribs.

74. B. ventricose, coarse, gray, glabrous; aperture cross-shaped oval; pillar callous; base with two callosities; spire scarcely prominent; has 5 whirls.

75. B. subglobular, glabrous; aperture oval, marginated on each side; lip toothed; pillar a little striated; spire scarcely prominent. Found in a fossil state.

76. B. panderous, convex, glabrous; whirls dilabryrant and margined; aperture oval, ample; pillar ob-thus, slightly plaited. Holland.

77. B. coarse, ovate, oblong, white with transverse rufous brown striae; aperture oval; beak prominent; first whirl ventricose. India, Africa.

78. B. ovate, coarse, yellow, with elevated knotty, varix transverse darker ribs; aperture oval, without teeth.

79. B. ovate, whitish, surrounded with red threads; filiform, spire a little prominent; aperture oval; lip striated with red; pillar slightly umbilicated.

80. B. ovate, striated, whitish with chestnut shades; coronet a white band in the middle, edged with brown spots on each side; gibbous in the middle.

81. B. subglobular; whitish with leek-green and squallid lurid tessellated spots in rows; 4 whirls in the spire.

82. B. subcylindrical, transversely striated, reddish cross-shaped with chestnut bands; lip denticulated. Ceylon.

83. B. striated; brown, spotted and barred with fornix. white; whirls channelled with 4 rows of knots; 1½ tum. inch long.

F. Smooth, and not included in the former divisions.

84. B. Diced whelk. Smooth; whirls 6 or 7 in the spiratory spire, separated by a canal; pillar abrupt and perforated; 2 inches long. India and China.

85. B. with transverse plaits and undulated striae; pyramidal the base and spine a little prominent; each of the whirls with a fulvous band; the first double.

86. B. oblong, finely striated, pale brown with leuciferous darker bands; aperture oval, terminating in a canal; lum. first whirl gibbous and large; whirls 5 or 6. India.

87. B. smooth, black, with rows of white spots and ocellular dots; spire prominent; first whirl ventricose.

88. B. obtusely pyramidal and transversely striated; pyramidal white, with blackish and brown clouds and stripes. dale. Tranquebar.

89. B. quite glabrous and minute; sometimes with glabrous a tessellated band on the two first whirls. muni.

90. B. minute, transversely striated; toothed or strigose spotted in the aperture.

91. B. glabrous with 3 broad red bands within; trifasciata first whirl of the spire ventricose; 1 inch long. tum.

92. B. glabrous, and marked with a white band and leucochestnut lines. Minute. nian. [?]

93. B. glabrous, with decussating bands and lines. canescens

94. B. glabrous, ochraceous; spire with an obtuse obtusum blue tip; first whirl ventricose; two inches long.

95. B. glabrous, with obtuse whirls; the lowest glabrous slightly channelled and produced at the base; 4 inches long. America, Africa.

96. B. glabrous; 5 or 6 whirls distinct; lip prominent; base obliquely striated. stromboides.

97. B. ovate, smooth, black with a carious spire; prorsum pillar glabrous; size of a bean; crowned jagged, abrupt. Southern Europe.

98. B. oblong, smooth, thin, banded; aperture o-amphistoma oval, entire; 3 inches long. Rivers of New Zealand.

arbus. 99. B. ovate, thick, whitish, transversely ribbed and grooved; aperture oval; lip plaited within; pillar lip flat. Shores of New Zealand.

targidum. 100. B. obovate, slightly umbilicated; yellowish, with rows of red spots; lips sinuated. New Zealand.

G. Angular, and not enumerated in the former division.

undosum. 101. B. ovate, with transverse, elevated, glabrous striae; belly obtusely 5-angular; lip striated within; 2 inches long. Malacca.

efus. 102. B. ovate, with transverse, elevated, glabrous striae; belly cylindrical; lip striated within.

transversum. 103. B. ovate; spire with 12 angles and transversely striated; aperture toothed; lip orange; pillar perforated. Coromandel coast.

versicolor. 104. B. coarse, dirty brown, transversely striated; 2 rows of black dots in the interstices of the striae; 4 channelled whirls in the spire. India.

erassatum. 105. B. transversely striated with red parallelogram spots.

fulvatum. 106. B. ovate; brown with snowy spots; whirls of the spire grooved; lip crenulated; throat striated.

rampfi. 107. B. thin, narrow, ventricose; spire conic, depressed; first and second whirls crowned with spines.

hessar. 108. B. roundish, wrinkled; whirls lamellated on the fore-part; pillar perforated. China.

glaciale. 109. B. ovate-oblong smooth, a little striated; lower whirl slightly keeled; 2 inches long. Northern seas.

undatum. * 110. B. Waved whelk. Oblong, coarse, with deep, transverse, undulated striae; whirls 7, with many curved angles; 3 to 4 inches long. India, Europe; very common on the shores of Britain.—The fishermen, from supposing that it is destructive to the large scallop (ostrea maxima), by infusing its tail, as they term it, into the shell, either use it for bait, or destroy it, when they take it in dredging. The spawn of this species is often found in clusters in many parts of the coast.

striatum. * 111. B. ovate-oblong, with transverse elevated striae, which are undulated near the tip; 4 inches long. Coasts of Britain.

ciliatum. 112. B. elongated, slightly tailed; angular; longitudinally ciliated; pillar slightly plaited; whirls 5; 6 inches long. Greenland seas.

viridulum. 113. B. oblong, pointed, glabrous; minutely striated transversely, and longitudinally ribbed; 4 lines long. Greenland seas.

cerinatum. 114. B. oblong, conic, and transversely striated; upper whirls with many oblique and obtuse angles, lower ones with a single ridge. South sea.

fulvum. 115. B. ovate with unequally distant longitudinal tubercles on the belly; lip channelled and a little distinct; ribs 6; first and second whirls broadest; spire obtuse. Shell whitish mixed with yellow.

tenis. 116. B. oblong, glabrous, brown, with a yellowish band in the middle of the first whirl.

lineatum. 117. B. cinereous, with longitudinal, undulated, and interrupted transverse brown striae; margin white, spotted with brown; aperture white.

naucrois. 118. B. oblong, with waved spots and clouds; spire short; first whirl gibbous; tail narrow, prominent.

foliorum. 119. B. thin, with a short, acute, slightly ribbed spire; the first whirl a little globular; 1 inch long.

India, among the leaves and branches of maritime shrubs.

120. B. ventricose, cancellated; whirls distant; 1 textum. inch long.

121. B. oblong; longitudinally plaited, and trans-striatum. transversely striated; the striae brown and black, and striated with white; ventricose; aperture ribbed; pillar slightly plaited; 2 inches long.

* 122. B. oblong, with transverse elevated striae; 6 anglicum. brown whirls in the spire; a little ventricose. Britain.

* 123. B. ventricose, ribbed, brown; the first whirl porcatum. covering the next. Britain.

124. B. glabrous, white; spire bluish at the tip, ob- laevistum. laevistum; first whirl largest, ventricose.

125. B. oblong, narrow, glabrous; yellowish, with igneum. red waved spots and clouds; outer whirls perpendicularly striated.

126. B. oblong, narrow, chestnut with darker belts; plumatum. throat narrow, black or blue, with striated teeth; lip striated within; spire acute. South American islands.

127. B. oblong, narrow, horizontally ribbed; ribs lyratum. transversely striated; pillar smooth.

128. B. ovate, ventricose, hoary; longitudinally clathra- ribbed, and transversely plaited; lip grooved within; tum. spire acute; beak short, recurved.

* 129. B. Reticulated whelk. Oblong, ovate, trans-reticula- versely striated, and longitudinally wrinkled; aperture tum. toothed, glossy; size of a nut. European and Ethiopic seas, Britain.

* 130. B. with 5 whirls, spirally striated and trans-minutum. versely ribbed; less than a pea. Norway, Britain.

131. B. ovate, cancellated, white; 5 whirls, first niveum. ventricose; 1 inch long. Tranquebar.

132. B. yellow, with pale brown bands; spire with sculare. 6 whirls cancellated; whirls flat, distant, the first a little convex; aperture triangular; lip toothed; pillar plaited, verrucose, umbilicated. A very rare shell.

133. B. with decussated striae, brown, within white. indicum. India.

134. B. white, varied with brown; transversely stri-nodulosum. ated; here and there knotty. Shores of American islands.

135. B. cancellated and nodulous in the angles of piscatori- the section; aperture toothed on each side, and acute. um. India.

136. B. white, within yellowish; lip 6-toothed; mauriti- whirls crowned with spines, the first with 4 rows. Mauritius.

137. B. oblong; aperture simple, and without teeth; arvulla- each whirl crowned with a row of tubercles. tum.

138. B. oblong; perpendicularly plaited, and trans-plicatulum. versely striated; with alternate white and brown bands; violet within. India.

* 139. B. ventricose, oblong; with longitudinal plait-vulgatum. like striae, crossed with fine undulated transverse ones. Mediterranean, shores of England.

140. B. with party-coloured bands, transversely stri-stolatum. ated; spire horizontally ribbed, part of the first whirl glabrous. Tranquebar.

141. B. white, cancellated; spire acute; minute. nanum.

142. B. narrow, cancellated; aperture large, crena-exile. exile; ted and spotted; small.

143. B. cancellated; with perpendicular ribs; the chaly- interstices.

interstices smooth and flat; aperture ovate; spire hardly prominent; a minute shell.

verrucosum. 144. B. striæ decussated, knotted in the angles of sections; ventricose; pale yellow, with a bluish band on each whirl; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

alatum. 145. B. gibbous, with decussated striæ, knotty in the angles of section, the transverse striæ undulated; lip winged; 1 inch long.

nigro-punctatum. 146. B. narrow, rugged; wrinkles tuberculated with white, and dotted with black; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

nitidulum. 147. B. ovate, oblong, polished; barred and marked with longitudinal rugged striæ; lip slightly toothed within. Mediterranean.

levigatum. 148. B. ovate, oblong, polished, striated with brown, and smooth; aperture without teeth or pillar lip; spire without plaits. Mediterranean.

lamellosum. 149. B. slightly plaited, transversely ribbed, grooved, tuberculated, lamellous; barred with chestnut, brown, and white. New Zealand.

scutulatum. 150. B. smooth, chestnut-brown, veined, with flattish whirls, and obtuse beak. New Zealand.

hastorium. 151. B. ovate, ventricose, black, with a short spire; pillar depressed, white; throat white; lip striated and crenulated within. New Zealand.

ventricosum. 152. B. ovate, oblong; brown striated with white, and slightly plaited.

testudineum. 153. B. ovate, smooth, with alternate whitish and brownish spots in interrupted rows. Shores of New Zealand.

catarrhacita. 154. B. ovate, rough, with crowded transverse grooves, and flame-coloured undulations. New Zealand.

tahitense. 155. B. tapering; transversely ribbed and grooved; with a nodulous spiral stria at the future of the whirls; aperture ovate; lip slightly plaited. Otaheite.

lamellatum. 156. B. imperforated, lamellated; white, within purple; lip white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

H. Tapering, subulate, smooth.

maculatum. 157. B. somewhat spindle-shaped, with smooth, undivided, entire whirls; spire with 14 or more whirls. Asia, Africa.

subulatum. 158. B. subulate, smooth, undivided, very entire; first whirl not gibbous; 5 inches long. Indian ocean.

crenulatum. 159. B. whirls of the spire bifid, with a crenated margin; 5 inches long. Africa and India.

hecticum. 160. B. whirls of the spire bifid; upper margin compressed, tapering; 4 inches long. Africa.

vittatum. 161. B. substriated, with a double crenated future on each of the whirls; 2 inches long. Africa and India.

frigilatum. 162. B. whirls of the spire 16 or 20, bifid and obliquely striated; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Southern seas of Africa.

duplicatum. 163. B. whirls of the spire biparted and striated; 4 inches long. India.

lanceatum. 164. B. smooth with entire whirls, and longitudinal testaceous lines; thin; spire acute. India.

dimidiatum. 165. B. whirls of the spire bifid, smooth; 4 inches long. Africa and India.

murinum. 166. B. whirls of the spire subangular, with 3 muricated striæ; black; base gibbous; whirls white at the base. Africa.

tigrinum. 167. B. pellucid, white with reddish dots; the whirls slightly emarginated, on the back; a very minute shell.

168. B. acute, whitish, with undulated horizontal acuta lines; whirls bifid, crenulated, and wrinkled; pillar spirally twisted; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

169. B. subulate, horizontally striated; whirls girt; fuscum white or straw colour. Indian ocean.

170. B. subulate, varied with yellow or reddish comm. patches; whirls flattish, transversely striated, and fuscum rounded with an elevated belt.

171. B. ventricose; whirls perpendicularly striated fuscum with alternate brown and white bands; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

172. B. white, with brown bands of hollow dots. acicula

173. B. whirls of the spire longitudinally ribbed, the phallus base with a rugged future; lip a little prominent and emarginated above; 9 whirls in the spire; ribs a little curved. India.

174. B. whirls of the spire convex, distant, transverse-fuscum ly striated; upper ones horizontally ribbed; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Found in fresh waters.

175. B. whirls of the spire ribbed, and transversely asperum striated, the first gibbous; beak a little prominent, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

176. B. reticulate, wrinkled, with an incurved murinum spire; aperture crenated; pillar wrinkled; lip thickened.

177. B. the whirls surrounded with a row of tuber-tuberculatum cles; minute.

178. B. subulate, punctured, transversely striated; punctatum aperture obovate; whirls of the spire surrounded with tum. a band, the first ventricose; 1 inch long.

179. B. subulate, smooth, thin, and finely striated acicula. transversely; whirls of the spire contiguous; tapering to a point. In fresh waters.

180. B. aperture ovate, oblong; whirls ventricose, fuscum distant and horizontally striated; the striæ elevated and tum. separated by an intermediate band.

181. B. subulate, smooth, snowy, with two bands; niveum. whirls of the spire contiguous.

182. B. a little ventricose; white, with brown undu-mucronatum lations; aperture oval; whirls 5; 3 inches long.

183. B. coarse, with a subincurred obtuse lip; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch digitellatum long. India.

184. B. whirls of the spire entire, with oblique de-obliquum cussated striæ; a finger's length, thickness of a quill. India.

185. B. subangular, grooved; steel-blue or dotted chalybeum with white and black; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. India.

186. B. thin, with contiguous whirls; beak slightly fluviatile. emarginated; 4 to 5 inches long. India, in the mouths of muddy rivers.

187. B. subulate, whitish with reddish rays; whirls radiatum convex, surrounded with granulated striæ; first largest and ventricose.

188. B. whirls of the spire longitudinally wrinkled, fluviatile and marked with transverse granulated striæ, the first twice as large as the next; 1 inch long.

189. B. whirls spotted; aperture long, without teeth; edentatum pillar plaited.

190. B. longitudinally striated, with punctured spot-pugio. [later] bands between the whirls.

191. B. spotted with 17 grooved whirls. canaliculatum

192. B. whirls of the spire convex, and twice varicosum crowned;

crowned; the first with 3 rows of punctures; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long.

exfidatum 193. B. subulate, spotted; whirls convex, subremote.

cinereum 194. B. subulate, smooth, cinereous, with obsolete bands; whirls undivided and longitudinally striated at the future; whirls 14; 2 inches long.

virgineum 195. B. greenish yellow, with 2 red bands; whirls of the spire flatish; aperture large, oval. Rivers of Virginia.

proximatum 196. B. whirls of the spire bifid; lower one substriated, upper one filiform; subulate, glossy.

mosile 197. B. whirls of the spire bifid; upper one grooved; lower one moniliform; subulate; yellowish white.

cingulatum 198. B. with 3 elevated belts grooved above and beneath; size of a cherry. Iceland.

geminum 199. B. whirls of the spire bifid; the lower one substriated, upper one more protuberant; white; subulate.

obtusulum 200. B. white, glossy, semipellucid; 5 whirls in the spire; aperture oval. Faverham, England.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell univalve, spiral; aperture much dilated; the lip expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left (c).

fusus 1. S. tapering, smooth, with a subulate beak and toothed lip. Red sea.

per-pelica 2. S. Corcorani's Foot; lip with four palmated angular claws; mouth smooth; whirls tuberculated; 2 inches long. European and American seas, shores of Britain.

chirogra 3. S. lip with 6 curved claws, and recurved beak; lip striated; two hind claws divergent and bent outwards; beak tuberculated. Indian ocean. Rare shell.

scarpus 4. S. lip with 4 knotty claws; hinder one very long; 4 inches long.

lambis 5. S. lip with seven straightish claws; mouth smooth. Asia. A large shell.

millipeda 6. S. lip with 10 inflected claws; mouth substriated; back compressed; gibbous. Asia. Rare.

clavus 7. S. tapering, smooth, with a subulate beak, and simple lip.

linguis 8. S. lip thickened and 3-lobed on the fore-part; back warty, and crowned with tubercles; beak obtuse; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Asia, America.

fasciatus 9. S. lip entire; back crowned with 3 rows of protuberances, and rosy between them. Africa.

runicus 10. S. lip thin, rugged, repand above; back orange, transversely striated, and crowned with tubercles; aperture white, polished.

gallus 11. S. lip mucronate on the fore-part, and very

long; back crowned with tubercles; beak straight; 6 inches long. Asia and America.

12. S. lip projecting into a sharp point; back auris-diamuricatus; beak erect and acute; 3 inches long. na. Asia.

13. S. anterior lip prominent, rounded, smooth; pugilis. spire spinous; beak 3-lobed, obtuse. South America.

14. S. anterior lip rounded, prominent, smooth; spire alatus. unarmed; beak 3-lobed, obtuse.

15. S. lip a little prominent; beak entire; back marginat- tus.

16. S. lip a little prominent; back smooth; whirls luhuanus. rounded, equal; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Asia.

17. S. lip a little prominent; beak smooth; whirls gibberulus. gibbous, unequal. Asia.

18. S. obovate, with knotty belts, and a subulate, onifus. smooth projection; an inch long. South America.

19. S. lip rounded, entire on the fore-part; belly lucifer. doubly striated; spire crowned with tubercles; upper ones minute. South America.

20. S. lip rounded, and very large; shell crowned; gigas. belly and spire with conic expanded spines; glossy white; within, a rich rose colour; 10 inches long. South America.

21. S. lip rounded, very large; belly unarmed; latissimus. spire a little knotty; 14 inches long. Asia.

22. S. lip rounded, short; belly smooth; spire a lit. epidromis. knotty; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Southern Asia.

23. S. lip retuse, gibbous; belly and spire with minimus. knotty plaits; aperture 2-lipped, smooth; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. India.

24. S. somewhat heart-shaped; with a round, short, canarium. retuse, smooth lip; pillar smooth; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Asia.

25. S. lip rounded, short; belly smooth; spire e. vittatus. longated; whirls divided by an elevated future; 4 inches long.

26. S. lip rounded, retuse; belly smooth, with asuccinus. pale, linear, punctured belts. Asia.

27. S. lip tapering, entire, slightly plaited, and spinofus. crowned with fine spines; spire prickly. Hitherto found in a fossil state only.

28. S. lip continued into a longitudinal cleft ridge, fissurella. India. Frequently found fossil in Campania.

29. S. lip tapering, retuse, short, striated; belly ureus. and spire with knotty plaits; aperture 2-lipped, unarmed; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Indian ocean.

30. S. thin, white, with orange spots and clouds; tridenta. back smooth, plaited; whirls grooved; lip 3-toothed; tus. beak violet. Indian ocean.

31. S. lip tapering, short-toothed; belly and spire dentatus. plaited; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

32. S. very thick; first whirl crowned with tuber- costatus. cles; interstices of the tubercles plaited; the next whirl transversely ribbed; the rest transversely striated; 6 inches long.

(c) It ought to be observed, that these shells, in their young state, want the lip, and then have a thin turbinated appearance; from which circumstance they have been sometimes referred to a different genus.

bronia. 33. S. conic, with a mucronate, 8-toothed lip; spire knotty; 7 inches long; very rare.

affinis. 34. S. transversely striated, gibbous; spire unarmed; first whirl crowned with tubercles.

lotus. 35. S. lip a little prominent, and twice emarginated beneath; first whirl of the spire smooth in the middle, and transversely striated on each side; the rest crowned with obtuse knots.

levis. 36. S. smooth, silvery, radiated with brown; with obsolete transverse plaits; spire elongated, with inflated, rounded whirls, above 2 inches long.

vexillum. 37. S. solid, subcylindrical, with alternate, reddish and ochraceous bands; lip denticulated within; pillar flat, glabrous, and emarginated at the base. Indian ocean; very rare.

norwegicus. 38. S. oblong, subulate, white, with round whirls; aperture spreading; ovate; beak a little ascending.

tuberculatus. 39. S. oblong, ovate, tuberculated; lip thickened.

palustris. 40. S. smoothish; lip separated behind. Savannahs of the Indian ocean.

ater. 41. S. smooth; lip separated before and behind; 26 lines long. Fens of Amboyna.

lineatus. 42. S. subulate, brown; with 7 spiral impressed lines; aperture ovate; 11 lines long.

punctatus. 43. S. shell subulate, yellowish, with a white band; striated with red near the future; lesser whirls grooved, 6 larger ones smooth; spire with 12 or 13.

vibex. 44. S. subulate, cinereous, transversely striated; whirls 8 to 11, knotty, and marked with red streaks. Coromandel, Friendly islands.

auritus. 45. S. barred with brown; whirls 7, muricated; each with 7 yellow compressed tubercles; aperture ovate; 10 lines long. Africa.

aculeatus. 46. S. brown, tuberculated; whirls 12, with 5 rows of tubercles on each; minute; lip depressed, crenulated; 18 lines long. Marshes of Africa.

agnatus. 47. S. smooth; lip very prominent, and emarginated behind.

dealbatus. 48. S. with black whirls transversely striated; outer ones smooth; margin of the lip and pillar white.

fuscus. 49. S. brown, with numerous tubercles and whirls; lip separated before and behind; within striated with [tus. brown.

marginatoidus. 50. S. brown; lowest whirl edged with white.

striatus. 51. S. subangular, with spinous knots; lip separated on the fore-part; brown, transversely striated.

finister. 52. S. convex, striated, white, with a few fulvous streaks; pillar sinuated, inflected, thin, pellucid; 2½ inches long.

finister. 53. S. whirls reversed, thin, longitudinally striated; 1¾ inch long, with 10 whirls. Hitherto found in a fossil state only in Helvetia.

Gen. Char.—The animal a climax; the shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures; aperture oval, terminating in an entire, straight, or slightly ascending canal.

baustellum. 1. M. ovate, tuberculated; with a long subulate, straight, muricated beak. Asia, America, Red sea.

2. M. Thorny woodcock. Ovale, with a triple row of fetaaceous spines; beak elongated, subulate, with similar spines. Var. 1. With spines shorter than the beak. 2. With spines as long as the beak. This last is rare. Asia, America, Red sea.

3. M. roundish, surrounded with subulate, oblique corneous spines; beak long, subulate, straight, with a few short spines; 8 inches long; spines 2 inches. Africa. Very rare.

4. M. subovate, surrounded with straight spines; beak brand, subulate, straight, obliquely surrounded with spines. Mediterranean, Adriatic.

5. M. ovate, knotty, and surrounded with spines on transverse the fore part; beak short, perforated, truncated. Mediterranean, Jamaica.

6. M. ovate, knotty, with 3 to 7 protuberances; beak broad; coarse and ponderous. Eastern shores of Africa.

7. M. ovate, transversely grooved, with transverse decussate ribs crossed by perpendicular knots; beak imperforated; 7 distinct whirls in the spire. Africa.

8. M. turgid, knotty, transversely striated, with a triacrossed triple row of spines. Found in a fossil state.

9. M. transversely striated with 8 rows of hollow melaceous black spines; spire a little knotty and prickly; beak mathe, subulate.

10. M. white with numerous rows of leafy, black, radiating, undulated spines. A very rare shell.

11. M. white, with rows of spines, and very short candidus beak; some of the spines black; 2 inches long.

12. M. inflated with rows of spines, white, barred with fasciata brown; 4 distinct turgid whirls in the spire.

B. Suture expanding into crisped foliations; beak abbreviated. PURPURA.

13. M. a triple row of foliations; spire contiguous; ramose, beak truncated. America, Asia, Red sea.

14. M. a triple row of foliations; aperture 1-toothed. foliatus. North America.

15. M. 4 rows of foliations; spire capitate; beak scorpius, truncated. Asia. Very rare.

16. M. 5 rows of foliations; spire contiguous; beak saxatilis, abbreviated. Mediterranean, Asia.

17. M. white, diaphanous; 6 rows of foliations, diaphanous which are tipped with black.

18. Ochraceous, transversely striated, with nume-cichoreus rows of foliations.

19. M. varied with white and red; with flat acute verfecler foliations; pointed with black.

20. M. subangular; whirls crowned with tubular erinaceus and subspinous rays; scales or points; beak short and covered; 2 inches long. European seas, shores of Britain.

21. M. 7 rows of foliations, white, with elevated striatus, transverse, brown striae; 7 whirls in the spire. India.

22. M. shell elongated, triangular, with membra-tripectenaceous foliations at the angles; 5 whirls in the spire. Found fossil in Campania.

23. M. umbilicated with muricated ribs; whirls facellum, flattish above, with acute margins; lip crenated; beak straight, ascending. Nicobar.

24. M. triangular, knotty, transversely grooved, with motocella, a triple row of tubercles; beak long, subulate, straight; mouth white. India.

25. M.

trigaster. 25. M. long, subulate, triangular; ribs reticulated; beak straight, closed; spire pyramidal, with 6 whirls.

C. With thick, protuberant, rounded sutures.

gratus. 26. M. protuberances crossed by smooth belts; aperture ovate.

rosa. 27. M. rough, with opposite, impressed protuberances, with one or two muricated belts. Asia.

gyrus. 28. M. protuberances opposite, continued, and barred with tuberculated dots; aperture orbicular. Mediterranean, Atlantic, India.

effus. 29. M. turgid, with opposite continued protuberances; spire pointed; whirls surrounded with a crown of tubercles; the outermost glabrous.

lampas. 30. M. protuberances nearly opposite, gibbous, with longitudinal tuberculated protuberances; from 4 to 14 inches long. Indian ocean.

cleariam. 31. M. protuberances alternate, and numerous tubercles; back unarmed and striated behind; aperture toothless. Mediterranean and African seas.

semorale. 32. M. protuberances decussated, triangular, wrinkled and knotty on the fore-part; aperture ovate, toothless; from 5 to 7 inches long. Asia, Guinea, and America.

canocus. 33. M. with a single protuberance; angular, and a little wrinkled with knots; pillar perforated; aperture toothed; 3 inches long. Barbary, Guinea, South America.

horium. 34. M. protuberances decussated, angular, with longitudinal tuberculous knots; beak flexuous; aperture toothed. Mediterranean.

pilare. 35. M. protuberances decussated, and a little wrinkled with knots; aperture toothed; beak subascending. Mediterranean.

bifonius. 36. M. fix opposite, continued, vaulted protuberances, and knotty belts; beak oblique. A rare shell.

pyram. 37. M. varicose, ovate, transversely grooved and knotty; beak long, flexuous, subulate. Indian ocean.

condatur. 38. M. thin, transversely striated; beak subulate; spire a little prominent, tipped with brown; whirls grooved; first gibbous.

robula. 39. M. protuberances decussated, obtuse, with knotty wrinkles; belly equal; aperture toothed. Africa, India, South America. Rare.

fronculata. 40. M. protuberances hollowed, smooth, nearly opposite; aperture toothed. Mediterranean.

reticularis. 41. M. protuberances nearly opposite, reticulated with tuberculated spots; pillar almost toothless; beak ascending; 6 inches long. Mediterranean, America.

lamellifus. 42. M. protuberances membranaceous, continued through the spire, and terminated with a spine. Falkland islands.

nodatus. 43. M. whirls knotty; aperture violet; lip toothed; beak straight. New Holland.

essur. 44. M. protuberances and lips membranaceous, dilated; gibbous and reticulated with tubercles; aperture sinuous; beak erect; 3 inches long. Mediterranean and Asia.

miliaris. 45. M. varicose, with tuberculated belts; aperture a little toothed; beak elongated; whirls ventricose.

senegalensis. 46. M. transversely striated, with spinous protuberances; the spines decreasing towards the head; 2 1/2 inches long. Senegal.

varinatus. 47. M. ventricose, with 5 or 6 whirls, forming an-

gular ridges; aperture femicircular; beak a little reflected; 4 inches long. Europe, Britain.

D. More or less spinous, and without manifest beak.

48. M. obovate, with subulate spines in rows; a-ricinus. aperture and lip toothed; 1 1/2 inch long. Asiatic ocean.

49. M. obovate with conic spines; lip toothed; nodus. pillar smooth, coloured; 3 1/2 inches long.

50. M. knots in numerous rows; lip with pointed neritoidens angles; pillar flattish. India.

51. M. coarse, ventricose, transversely striated, with fucus. 4 rows of knots; pillar impressed; outmost whirls flatish.

52. M. obovate and knotty on the fore part; aper-loco. ture suborbicular, toothless; 4 or 5 inches long. Chinese shores. Yields a purple fluid.

53. M. subovate, with acute spines in 4 rows; aper-lustris. ture toothless, repand.

54. M. ovate, with obsolete spines, which are mancinella blackish: aperture toothless; pillar transversely striated.

55. M. ovate, striated, with 3 or 5 rows of obtuse hippocastaspines or tubercles; aperture transversely striated. num. Guinea, India.

56. M. Small prickly whelk. Tapering, longitudi-senicofus, nally ribbed, and transversely cancellated; aperture striated; ribs prickly; 2 inches long. Indian ocean.

57. M. obovate, glaucous, with a subspinous whirl; melongera. spire somewhat prominent; aperture smooth; 5 1/2 inches long. India, America.

58. M. thick, ventricose, transversely grooved and confus. knotted; aperture repand, ovate; lip sinuous, inwardly plaited and denticulated. India.

59. M. brown, subovate, slightly beaked with lima. crowded, nodulous, paler belts. George's bay.

E. With a long, straight, subulate, closed beak, and unarmed with spines.

60. M. without beak, slightly plaited, ovate, point-cariosus. ed; lip carious. Found in the aqueduct at Seville.

61. M. tapering with acute spotted belts, and straight babylonius. tail; lip cleft; 4 inches long. Indian and American islands.

62. M. tapering, with immaculate knotty belts; lip javanus. with a separate scoop. India.

63. M. ventricose, pointed with a cancellated, re-finensis. flected beak; aperture oval; whirls with transverse, granulated stria; base crowned with spines. Senegal.

64. M. spire with elevated rings; interstices fill-stramineus. ed with short, straw-like projections; whirls crowned with tubercles at the base; 3 inches long. Southern ocean.

65. M. ovate, longitudinally striated; lip undulated; australis. whirls channelled; first turgid, and 4-plaited; the next 3-plaited; 2 1/2 inches long. South sea.

66. M. spire pointed, and transversely striated; uncinatus. first whirls with a callus, armed with hooks in the middle, 5 and 6 ribbed, the rest glabrous.

67. M. tapering; whirls crowned with tubercles, turris. and surrounded with a granulate belt; the first finely striated transversely.

68. M. beak a little reflected, and obliquely striated; costatus. 3 first whirls of the spire ribbed; other, 4 cancellated; first

69. M. longitudinally plaited, and transversely ribbed; spire a little prominent; aperture ovate; lip crenulated.

asper. 70. M. tapering, striated, knotty; carinated, with a long straight beak; lip crenulated; beak 3 inches long. Indian ocean.

colus. 71. M. black, with a white band; beak dilated; pillar wrinkled; whirls knotty; 6 inches long. Africa.

morio. 72. M. beak dilated; whirls of the spire flat above. Indian ocean.

cochlidium. 73. M. beak long, spire mucronated; whirls convex above. Tranquebar.

spirillus. 74. M. beak dilated; whirls of the spire separated by a small canal. Canada, Frozen sea.

canaliculatus. 75. M. beak dilated; whirls separated by a small canal; first crowned with knobs at the base.

fusus. 76. M. transversely striated; beak dilated; spire a little prominent; whirls crowned with spines at the base; 8 inches long.

carica. 77. M. solid, umbilicated, with a triple row of knots transversely striated; aperture largely striated. India.

ropea. 78. M. beak dilated; whirls of the spire separated by a small groove; the first with transverse carinated ribs. Brazil.

niveus. 79. M. hemispherical, glabrous, diaphanous; beak straight, spreading; crown papillary. North America.

granum. 80. M. beak dilated; spire crowned with spines. New Guinea.

aruanus. 81. M. beak dilated and repand; spire recurved and slightly crowned. American ocean. Exceedingly rare.

perversus. 82. M. beak dilated; shell oblong; 8 round whirls, first ventricose; 4 to 6 inches long. European seas, Scotland.

antiquus. 83. M. oblong, striated, and somewhat rugged; beak dilated; whirls 8, with two elevated lines; five inches long. European seas, shores of Britain.

despectus. 84. M. ovate oblong; beak dilated; whirls ventricose; a little angular and longitudinally striated; 7 inches long. Greenland seas.

fornicatus. 85. M. oblong, transversely wrinkled, and longitudinally striated; lip denticulated within, and thickened without.

incrassatus. 86. M. oblong, longitudinally ribbed; beak a little reflected, emarginated and truncated; very minute; whirls 6. Coasts of Europe, and shores of Britain.

truncatus. 87. M. narrow, oblong, ribbed; spire pointed. Shores of England.

acuminatus. 88. M. gibbous, with transverse tuberculated ribs; brown, with darker bands; within white; aperture ovate.

argus. 89. M. cancellated, yellow, with alternate white bands, and chestnut patches; 11 round whirls in the spire. India. Very rare.

maculosus. 90. M. ventricose, umbilicated, transversely striated; whirls of the spire with parallel ribs; the first large. Straits of Magellan.

magellanicus. 91. M. ovate, solid, opaque, cinereous; whirls of the spire cancellated, and separated by a groove.

92. M. whirls surrounded with grooves, and tubercles above; tip of the tubercles and aperture white.

93. M. ventricose, tapering, spotted with black; lenticular; beak short; pillar with a single plait; spire with 8 prickly whirls.

94. M. subtriangular, cancellated; spire with 7 in-triginate flattened contiguous whirls; the first with a large distinct tubercle; 2 inches long. Senegal.

95. M. longitudinally ribbed, and finely striated; transversely; spire with flattish distant whirls, with rows of tubercles; aperture semilunar; 1 inch long. Senegal.

96. M. rounded with annular grooves; aperture subcaudal; oval; first whirl of the spire turgid; 1½ inch long. Senegal.

97. M. ventricose, oblong, smooth, with rounded tritons; whirls; aperture toothed; beak short; 16 inches long. India and the South seas.—This shell is used by the natives of New Zealand as a musical instrument, and by the Africans and many nations of the East, as a military horn.

98. M. ventricose, oblong, smooth; spire striated; with rounded whirls; aperture smooth; beak short; 1½ inch long. Mediterranean and Africa. Rare.

99. M. ventricose, oblong, smooth; whirls rounded; with a double suture; pillar with two plaits; beak dilated, striated. South America.

100. M. oblong beak, and grooved with longitudinal membranaceous plaits. Iceland.

101. M. solid, black or pale brown, with a white nassa, subdiaphanous band; whirls knotty; pillar a little plaited.

102. M. whirls of the spire plaited and knotty.

103. M. umbilicated with distant, wedged, ribbed, and transversely striated whirls; aperture heart-shaped.

104. M. angular, longitudinally plaited, and transversely striated; lip toothed; mouth violet; beak straight, short. China.

105. M. fastigated with brown and yellowish bands; beak straight, entire. Mexico.

106. M. ovate, with a few elevated obtuse belts on the spire; size of a walnut. The ocean.

107. M. oblong, slender, white; margins of the cornu; whirls complicated; aperture toothless; 3 inches long. British and North seas.

108. M. oblong, coarse, with obtusely knotty whirls; aperture toothless; beak short.

109. M. oblong, obtusely angular, with slightly trapeziform knotty whirls; aperture toothed; six inches long. Indian ocean.

110. M. solid, ventricose, smooth, with an oblong oval aperture; beak and crowned spire striated; four inches long. Indian ocean.

111. M. thin, diaphanous, ventricose, and transversely striated; middle of the beak smooth; spire with obtuse, undulated knots; pillar 3-plaited.

112. M. ventricose, longitudinally ribbed; ribs; transversely striated; spire a little prominent; whirls distant.

113. M. fusiform, transversely striated; white, with a brown tip to the spire, which has 8 whirls, distant, and crowned at the base with knots. China.

114. M. oblong, with striated plaited whirls, covered with.

vered with tuberculated ridges; aperture toothless; beak short. Mediterranean; rare.

craticulatus. 115. M. oblong, with rounded, plaited, and transversely reticulated whirls; aperture toothed, striated within. Mediterranean.

ferpax. 116. M. nearly without beak; fusiform, smooth, pale, with longitudinal brown striae; lip toothed; very small. Mediterranean.

ternatensis. 117. M. transversely striated, with distant undulately tuberculated whirls; aperture oblong; beak straight; 4 inches long; yellow. Ternate Island.

infundibuliform. 118. M. umbilicated, undulately knotty; striae elevated, brown; perforation funnel-shaped; pillar two-plaited; 4 inches long; very rare.

poligonatus. 119. M. ventricose, undulated with tubercles; striated, grooved, and obtusely angled; black, with an oval aperture, and short beak; 3½ inches long. Indian ocean.

icelandicus. 120. M. transversely striated; spire papillous at the tip, with round whirls; first large and ventricose; 5 inches long. Iceland.

levigatus. 121. M. fusiform; spire transversely striated; whirls distant, flatish; the first round, smooth; 3½ inches long. Found fossil in Campania.

fissilis. 122. M. fusiform, incancellated, with a long beak; 1½ inch long. Found fossil in Campania.

conditus. 123. M. snowy, transversely striated; spire with distant whirls; keeled in the middle, and crowned with tubercles; lip grooved within, and denticulated at the margin; 9½ inches long.

eslatus. 124. M. brown, transversely striated, spire mucronated; whirls distant, convex, and knotty at the base; beak long.

vedutus. 125. M. solid, ventricose, with waved angles; and finely striated transversely; spire mucronate; whirls knotty at the base; lip denticulated; 8½ inches long; ponderous. India.

longissimus. 126. M. thin, striated, with an obtuse, knotty spire, and long straight beak; 9 inches long. India.

lancea. 127. M. narrowed; whirls of the spire transversely ribbed, and longitudinally crenated; aperture ovate; ribbed with white within, and toothed at the margin; pillar 2-plaited. Amboyna.

engastus. 128. M. narrowed; first whorl of the spire longitudinally plaited, and transversely ribbed; the other smooth and round; beak transversely striated.

versicolor. 129. M. subcylindrical; spire obtuse; whirls round and striated; lower ones mostly glabrous. India.

verrucosus. 130. M. umbilicated and surrounded with belts; middle ones more raised; whirls crowned with tubercles, which are spotted with brown. Red sea.

friatulus. 131. M. thin, transversely striated; spire mucronate; whirls round; lip crenulated; 4 inches long.

pardalis. 132. M. rounded, white, with violet spots, longitudinally ribbed, and transversely striated; spire obtuse.

gigas. 133. M. whirls of the spire turgid, gibbous, nodulous and annulated; lip denticulated beneath; 21 inches long.

hyosus. 134. M. whitish; spire obtuse; whirls slightly crowned with wrinkled, unequal tubercles, beak transversely striated; 1½ inch long.

gibbatus. 135. M. tapering, orange; spire obtuse; whirls distant, with longitudinal ribs, and flexuous transverse striae.

136. M. tapering; spire with contiguous whirls, granularis separated by a flexuous line; first ventricose; Adriatic.

137. M. tapering, transversely ribbed; whirls con-vexillum. vex; aperture oval; lip denticulated.

138. M. oblong, ventricose; whirls with a striated vulpinus. margin; aperture glabrous; beak short, and bent outwards.

139. M. ovate, transversely striated; spire with flat-asper. tish whirls; crowned with a row of rounded tubercles; 1½ inch long. Senegal.

140. M. ventricose; spire obtuse, cancellated, with campani-carinated whirls; first ventricose and smooth; beak cus. long and smooth; three inches long. Found fossil in Campania.

141. M. whirls of the spire with decussated ribs, arenosus. the first large, three outermost smooth; lip toothed outwardly; very small. Sandy shores of India.

142. M. narrow, transversely striated; spire mucro-mar-culated; whirls distant, contrary, round, and longitudi-cenfis. nally ribbed; beak prominent; 1½ inch long. Shores of Morocco.

143. M. oblong, whitish, with transverse, reddish lineatus. striae; beak short, straight. New Zealand.

144. M. a little tapering; whirls carinated above, perron. margined and flattened; beak long and straight. Southern ocean.

145. M. cylindrical; spire with a crenated callous larva. belt; upper whirls with plaited knots, lower ones flat-tish; beak short, straight, emarginated.

146. M. solid, thick, coarse; spire exserted; whirls neretoides. transversely striated; aperture semiorbicular and stri-us. ated.

147. M. ovate, angular, iridescent; longitudinally prismati-grooved and plaited; beak short; lip denticulated. cus. India, and South seas.

148. M. ribs longitudinally plaited, and transversely columbari-grooved; angular, spinous, carinated; alternately va-um. ried with white and brown; whirls suddenly diminishing; beak short, straight. Pulo Condor.

149. M. ribbed, varied with brown, yellow and asperrimus white; whirls oblique, with a tuberculated margin, and brown band in the middle; beak short, dilated, as-cending; 2 inches long.

150. M. white, undulated with bay; with grooves undulatus marked with raised striae; whirls nodulous at the margin; beak straight; four inches long. Red sea.

F. Tapering, subulate, with a very short beak.

151. M. whirls of the spire plaited above; pillar vertigus. plaited within; beak ascending; three inches long. India.

152. M. whirls of the spire tuberculated, with a spi-alucos. nous streak in the middle; pillar with a single plait; beak ascending; four inches long. Southern ocean, Red sea, Atlantic.

153. M. whirls surrounded with belts longitudinally annularis. striated; first whorl transversely striated; beak ascend-ing.

154. M. ventricose; spire transversely striated; plicatulus. whirls longitudinally plaited and knotty; aperture oval.

155. M. ventricose, transversely striated and crown-fordidus. ed with black knots; lip dilated.

156. M. spire transversely striated and grooved; cingulatus. whirls

whirls surrounded with three rows of granulations, the first a little knotty. Tranquebar.

fuscus. 157. M. rounded, brown; first whirl of the spire gibbous; the others varicose; the last with numerous spines.

fasciatus. 158. M. transversely striated; spire crowned. Rivers of America.

fluviatilis. 159. M. brown; first whirls of the spire crowned with spines, the others with knots; aperture repand.

olatus. 160. M. reticulated; spire mucronate; first whirl grooved and transversely striated; lip winged.

nodulosus. 161. M. transversely striated, and alternately barred with brown and white; spire mucronate; whirls distant, with undulated knots.

trebellus. 162. M. with a triple moniliform belt on each of the whirls; aperture oval, with curved striae within; 1 to 2½ inches long.

fuscatus. 163. M. whirls crenulated; the upper stria denticulated. Mediterranean.

torulosus. 164. M. whirls of the spire with a slightly knotty zone above; beak short.

rodula. 165. M. whirls of the spire tuberculated, with a double row of punctured striae. Africa.

asper. 166. M. whirls of the spire grooved, transversely striated and muricated. Guinea.

granulatus. 167. M. rough, with decussated tubercles; beak acute, ascending; 2 inches long; white. India.

decollatus. 168. M. whirls of the spire with longitudinal plaited grooves, with the tip seemingly broken off. European seas. Britain.

moluccanus. 169. M. striated; whirls of the spire transversely grooved with undulated, longitudinal plaits; lip dilated, crenulated. Marshes of Molucca islands.

minutus. 170. M. with transverse, undulated striae, crossed by longitudinal lines; aperture orbicular.

frigilatus. 171. M. longitudinally striated; whirls undivided, with a snowy belt at the future, marked with reddish spots.

tuberculatus. 172. M. transversely striated, and surrounded with glabrous knots; lip thickened.

gibbosus. 173. M. whirls of the spire margined; belly gibbous; lip cleft, denticulated; beak short.

atratus. 174. M. black; whirls transversely striated and tuberculated; pillar with one plait.

contrarius. 175. M. four contrary whirls marked with double striae; beak dilated. European and North seas.

eburnea. 176. M. contrary, hyaline, with 6 finely crenulated whirls.

conditus. 177. M. tapering, rough with granulations; lip doubled, emarginated on each side, and toothed within; aperture oval and striated.

clava. 178. M. transversely striated and spotted; whirls with plaited knots; lip double, dilated. Pulo Condor.

hexagonus. 179. M. yellowish, hexagonal, with transverse, granulated striae; first whirl tuberculated. South sea; and is often found fossil.

minutissimus. 180. M. with five whirls, spirally striated, and remote ribs; pellucid; a very minute and elegant shell. Coasts of Wales.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; shell univalve, spiral, more or less conic; aperture somewhat angular

or rounded; the upper side transverse and contracted; pillar placed obliquely.

A. Erict, with the pillar perforated.

1. T. conic, smooth, somewhat umbilicated; a miltoicus. large ponderous shell, with oblique, red, perpendicular striae. Indian ocean.

2. T. conic, tuberculated, with an oblique perforation; inner lip two-lobed. Asia, South America.

3. T. convex, obtuse, margined; the umbilicus per-perspicuous and crenulated, 2½ inches long. Asia, Africa, var. This is a very beautiful shell.

4. T. convex; pillar 2-toothed; perforation crenulated. Mediterranean.

5. T. convex, with callo-punctured striae; pillar 1-cruciate, toothed. Mediterranean.

6. T. obovate, striated; marked with concatenated, pharacoi globular dots; aperture and pillar toothed; umbilicus crenated. European and Asiatic seas.

7. T. convex, obliquely umbilicated; ridges of the magus, whirls rising into obtuse tubercles. European and African coasts, Britain.

8. T. striated, plaited above, and more convex beneath; aperture ovate and 1-toothed. Red sea.

9. T. subovate; grooves moniliform and alternately scaber, larger; shell black; aperture yellowish.

10. T. obliquely umbilicated; convex; whirls varius. slightly margined. Mediterranean.

11. T. ovate, obliquely umbilicated; whirls round-cineraria ed; size of a pea. Shores of Europe. Britain.

12. T. ovate, subumbilicated; perforation nearly divaricated up; lowest whirl more remote. Mediterranean seas, and Greenland seas.

13. T. conico-convex; perforation pervious, exactly umbilico-cylindrical; whirl slightly emarginated. Shores of ris. Europe.

14. T. convex, conic; whirls spinous and margined; selaris. aperture semi-heart-shaped; 2 inches diameter. India and America.

15. T. depressed, oblique; white with brown lines; testus. spire transversely striated, and longitudinally ribbed; first whirl ventricose; aperture orbicular; first whirl large; pillar brown.

16. T. conic, white spotted with red; whirls round, conus. with moniliform belts; first whirl only perforated. India.

17. T. suboval, mucronate; whirls 9, spinous beneath; on each side a linear band of white and black, with a triple row of knots.

18. T. lateritious, spotted with white; the base flat, jubilans. with concentric lines of concatenated dots; whirls channelled, tessellated at the lower margin with white and chefnut. South America.

19. T. plaited with knots, transversely striated, alvarus. with belts of concatenated dots; perforation funnel-shaped; pillar crenulated. India.

20. T. base and continued perforation funnel-shaped; concolor. whirls contiguous, undulated and plaited; aperture denticulated at the margin; 2 inches broad. India.

21. T. surrounded with granulations and knots, verus. green, and whitish towards the tip; the tip varied with black dots. India.

22. T. covered with white, greenish, and buff-co-consperscoloured spots; tip with red and black ones; base white, spotted.

spotted with red; within pearly; whirls with many rows of knots; lower margins glabrous. India.

storiatus. 23. T. wrinkled and plaited; whirls knotty beneath, with concatenated dots in the middle; whirls distant; perforation funnel-shaped. India.

krakeni. 24. T. wrinkled and plaited, obliquely crenated and transversely striated; base flat; white with red dots. India.

statur. 25. T. plaited and wrinkled, sea-green; whirls with concatenated dots; upper ones with a radiated spinous margin. India.

engleri. 26. T. surrounded with rows of ochraceous knots and granulations, waved with red; one part of the base smooth.

statur. 27. T. dots elevated, concatenated; whirls with oblong white knots beneath, and intermediate purple grooves.

equalis. 28. T. rough, with unequal knots and granulations; many rows of knots on the whirls; tubercles larger on the marginal row.

griseus. 29. T. white, with a rosy shade; transversely striated, with many rows of knots; margin of the whirls prominent; perforation funnel-shaped.

errucosus. 30. T. white, radiated with purple; conic; margin of the whirls knotty; perforation funnel-shaped.

flandricus. 31. T. brownish, cylindrical; whirls convex, marked with transverse striae; perforation crenated. Very rare.

radiatus. 32. T. radiated with red; pyramidal; whirls with concatenated dots; perforation funnel-shaped. South America.

ridis. 33. T. green; first whirl with 5 rows of knots, second with 4, the rest glabrous.

obtusus. 34. T. black-brown; obtusely pyramidal. China.

griseus. 35. T. deep black; whirls flatish; spire transversely striated; pillar 1-toothed. China.

annulatum. 36. T. whirls of the spire ochraceous, with spotted tubercles; and with an intermediate, spotted, wrinkled groove.

rigidus. 37. T. ochraceous, varied with black at the tip; pyramidal and transversely striated; whirls of the spire flatish; margin tumid and spotted with red; very small. Shores of Morocco.

gramis. 38. T. pyramidal, with chestnut spots and clouds; margin of the whirls vaulted and nodulous; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 2 inches long.

apensis. 39. T. depressed, varied with white and chestnut; base convex, with a scarlet ring marked with deeper spots. Cape.

typius. 40. T. depressed, white spotted with red; whirls transversely striated and plaited, distant; pillar 1-toothed; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Red sea.

depressus. 41. T. whitish, radiated with red, and red at the tip; depressed; whirls surrounded with a belt of moniliform dots.

levigatus. 42. T. pale brown; base sub-convex; whirls smooth, obsoletely striated transversely; perforation white, funnel-shaped.

gracilior. 43. T. pellucid, flesh colour; base convex; whirls 6; convex and finely striated transversely.

griseus. 44. T. convex, rosy, grooved; perforation very minute; shell small. Cape of Good Hope.

patulatus. 45. T. depressed, brown, with whitish spots; very minute.

viridulus. 46. T. greenish, obliquely radiated with white;

whirls convex, with a belt of moniliform granulations; pillar toothed.

47. T. convex, with numerous rows of granulations; urbanus. perforation denticulated; aperture crenulated.

48. T. clouded with brown and gray; rows of gra-guincensis. nulations numerous, with knots; aperture crenated; perforation toothed; 6 lines long. Guinea.

49. T. cinereous, with moniliform belts of granula-nodulus. tions; perforation white, toothed; aperture crenated.

50. T. depressed, pale flesh colour, with crowded carneus. moniliform belts of granulations; perforation large; 1-toothed.

51. T. transversely striated; whirls distant; numer-tesselatus. ous square spots on the spire. European seas.

52. T. convex, chestnut; whirls of the spire convex, croceus. the outer ones saffron-coloured. Africa.

53. T. depressed, convex, with oblique violet rays; obliquatus. whirls convex. Mediterranean.

54. T. convex, chestnut; whirls with a fillet, varied vittatus. with red and white at the upper margin.

55. T. depressed, pyramidal; base concave; whirls schreeteri. transversely striated and obliquely ribbed, the first with a keeled margin; perforation funnel-shaped. Found fossil in Campania.

56. T. conic-convex; whirls unarmed; aperture indicus. semi-heart-shaped; perforation spiral; scarcely 1 inch high. India.

57. T. depressed, chestnut; whirls transversely stria-infundibul-ated and crenated, with rows of granulations; perfora-tion pervious, crenulated.

58. T. straw colour; whirls convex, with decussated stramineus striae separated by a groove; perforation pervious. Tranquebar.

59. T. white, marked with brownish rays and cre-variegatus. nated striae; perforation crenated, pervious.

60. T. convex, transversely striated; white, with oreolo. square reddish spots; perforation crenulated, whirls of the spire separated by a white streak.

61. T. greenish yellow, with longitudinal plaited ribs inermis. terminated by a spine; aperture compressed; perforation wrinkled.

62. T. conic, olive, covered with rows of raised vio-imperialis. let scales; whirls inflated, with a spinous radiate margin; spire with 7 whirls; large. South seas.

63. T. depressed, straw colour, with darker ribs; planus. whirls of the spire plaited; perforation pervious.

64. T. conic; white, with oblique brown bands; albidus. whirls channelled near the future.

65. T. conic; base greenish gray, spotted with suscatus. brown; whirls round, flatish at the future.

66. T. conic; red, dotted with white; slightly per-corallinus. forated; whirls round, the first with 15, the next with 6 rows of tubercles; 6 whirls in the spire; 4 lines long. Senegal.

67. T. gray, with whitish spots; whirls flatish, and griseus. transversely grooved. Senegal.

68. T. convex; the whirls reversed. Found near ferrugi-neus. Scaphusia, converted into iron ore.

69. T. pyramidal, with contrary round whirls; 3 novus. of them with a quadruple trifarious row of tubercles, the fourth very distant.

70. T. very thin, and of a wax colour; first whirl fragilis. large, with a brown band in the middle.

71. T. obtusely pyramidal; 4 elevated contiguous callosus. whirls, tumid at the margin, in the spire.

asper. 72. T. convex, gray with whitish spots; whirls flatish; 6 lines long. Senegal.

neritoides. 73. T. sub-ovate, convex, depressed; smooth, reddish, glabrous; 2 lines long. Greenland.

perlatus. 74. T. reddish, with elevated dots; unequally ribbed; spire depressed; whirls convex.

terrestris. 75. T. conic; livid; minute. Mountains of Cumberland.

fuscus. 76. T. opaque, brown, margined; aperture roundish; spires 5. Sandwich.

vestiarius. 77. T. conic, convex, with a gibbous callous base; aperture somewhat heart-shaped; very small. Mediterranean and Asia.

labio. 78. T. ovate, sub-striated; pillar 1-toothed. Asia, Africa, New Zealand.

tuber. 79. T. depressed; whirls somewhat keeled, and knotted at the upper and lower margin; 2 inches diameter. Mediterranean and South America.

striatus. 80. T. conic; aperture obovate; last whirl angular; minute. Mediterranean; Falmouth.

conulus. 81. T. conic, smooth; whirls separated by a prominent line. European sea; Britain.

mixiphinus. 82. T. conic, livid, smooth, transversely striated; whirls margined. European and African coasts, shores of Britain.

obeliscus. 83. T. conic; surrounded with numerous rows of white or green moniliform granulations; pillar 1-toothed; 2 inches high. India.

distortus. 84. T. solid, white, polished; striated, distorted, and obtuse at the tip; first whirl gibbous; aperture compressed, ovate.

virgatus. 85. T. pyramidal, with rosy and white stripes, and numerous rows of knots; base with concentric white and red circles. India.

foveolatus. 86. T. cinereous, variegated with greenish, whitish, and reddish; whirls of the spire tuberculated at the lower margin. Red sea.

diaphanus. 87. T. thin, pellucid, with alternate chestnut and white moniliform belts of granulations; 1½ inch high. New Zealand.

iris. 88. T. covered with a smooth coat, under which it is bluish and reddish, shining with iridescent. Southern ocean.

rostratus. 89. T. pyramidal, transversely striated; varied with white and red; tip green, pellucid; 1 inch high. South sea.

notatus. 90. T. striæ decussated; grooved within; tip deep red.

elegans. 91. T. pyramidal, striated, brownish purple. South sea.

melanostoma. 92. T. obtusely pyramidal; spotted with greenish. South sea.

erythroleucus. 93. T. pyramidal; striated with white and red. [tus. Morocco.

punctulatus. 94. T. red, punctulated; very minute. Morocco.

imbricatus. 95. T. pyramidal, obliquely grooved, plaited and ribbed; whirls a little prominent at the margin. South American seas.

americanus. 96. T. ochraceous; longitudinally grooved; whirls transversely striated; lip denticulated. South America.

exclusus. 97. T. sea-green, with protuberances and oblique scaly plaits; whirls of the spire transversely striated

and grooved in the middle; concave spines on the lower margin of the first whirl.

98. T. purple, with plaited tuberculated whirls. purpureus.

99. T. sea-green, with numerous rows of tubercles coeruleus. and oblique undulated plaits; 4 inches long, as broad, and covered with a horny lid. Cooke's bay.

100. T. brownish, with a convex base; whirls with nodulose a single row of tubercles, first with 2. South sea.

101. T. pyramidal; white, varied with reddish and mauritanus. green; whirls spinous; pillar emarginated, plaited. anus. Bourbon and Mauritius islands.

102. T. pyramidal; white; whirls of the spire longifrons. longitudinally ribbed, with transverse moniliform belts of green granulations: 1½ inch wide. Indian and South seas.

103. T. convex on each side, solid; spire smooth; heliceus. 2 first whirls obliquely ribbed. South seas.

104. T. ovate, with undulated ribs and transverse ergyroides. striæ; whirls ventricose; 2 inches broad and high. mut. South sea.

105. T. obtusely pyramidal; black, with a purple finestis. band at the base; pillar white. China.

106. T. black, with a sub-convex granulate base; lugubris. minute, with 5 whirls. South sea.

107. T. obtuse; whirls round, with many rows of asper. tubercles, grooved and transversely striated; pillar toothed.

108. T. conic, convex, transversely striated, with teffellus. oblong square spots disposed in rows; pillar lip spotted with black. Mediterranean, Africa.

109. T. conic, convex; citron, with angular black citrinus. lines. Asia.

110. T. pyramidal, white, variegated with scarlet; granatus. 2 first whirls very large; 2 inches high. South seas.

111. T. smooth, conic, white with a saffron tip. crecatus.

112. T. whirls round, and obsoletely plaited; aper-conchiglo- ture compressed, brownish; 2 inches high. South phorus. America.

113. T. convex; white, with green, brown, and ful-pantheri- vious spots; 2 rows of tubercles on the whirls; 8 lines us. long. Senegal.

114. T. rough, with concatenated globules; base grandis. convex, with concentric, granulated striæ; lip double- tus. toothed. Palmerston island.

115. T. depressed, with belts dotted with white be- inequali- neath; whirls crowned with spines. Friendly islands.

116. T. gray, with red stripes, and transversely stri-tigris. striated with white. New Zealand.

117. T. conic, brown, obliquely striated with black. pulligo. George's bay.

118. T. conic, white; whirls 4, tuberculated. Pern- parous. brokeshire coast.

C. Tapering, with an exserted pillar, and falling on the side when placed upon the base.

119. T. imperforated, striated; pillars spiral: 4-tele- inches long. Indian ocean. pium.

120. T. umbilicated, glabrous; pillar with recurved dolabratus. twisted plaits. South America.

121. T. glabrous, imperforated; whirls reversed; perversus. small. Mediterranean.

122. T. flat at the base; finely striated transverse- pusillus. ly; whirls reversed; ½ inch long. Indian seas.

123. T. flat at the base; longitudinally ribbed; undulatus. whirls reversed. Indian shores.

• 124. T. cancellated, glabrous at the base; whirls reversed; upper ones ventricose; very small. Indian sands.
• 125. T. aperture nearly square; whirls reversed, and ribbed on each side; small. Indian sands.
• 126. T. sub-pyramidal, umbilicated, smooth; white, with a reddish tip; whirls separated by a groove.
• 127. T. whirls with a triple row of prominent dots; imperforated; size of a barleycorn. Southern Europe, Africa.
• 128. T. imperforated; longitudinally and obliquely striated; small. Mediterranean.
• 129. T. substriated, and marked with darker angular lines; whirls 5 or 6.
• 130. T. whirls 5, reversed; convex, smooth, umbilicated.
• 131. T. white, with a reddish band; pyramidal, nearly imperforated. In gardens in warmer climates.

Gen. 28. TURBO, the Wreck.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell univalve, spiral, solid; aperture contracted, orbicular, entire.

SPECIES.

A. Pillar margin of the aperture dilated and imperforated.

• 1. T. roundish, smooth, very obtuse; above ventricose. North seas.
• 2. T. ovate, glabrous, obtuse; minute. Mediterranean, America.
• 3. T. periwinkley subovate, acute, striated; 1 1/2 inch high; finely striated transversely. Shores of Europe; Britain. The animal of this species is frequently eaten.
• 4. T. pale red; 5 distinct, tumid, striated whirls; first ventricose. England, in woods; very rare.
• 5. T. smooth; whirls 5, distinct, tumid. Western shores of England.
• 6. T. somewhat conic, cinereous; variegated with fine zig-zag black streaks. Western coasts of England.
• 7. T. umbilicated, subovate, acute; surrounded with striae of raised dots; pillar margin a little obtuse; an inch high. Europe, America.
• 8. T. subovate, smooth; aperture lateral, margined; umbilicus covered. Pulo Condor.
• 9. T. subovate, smooth, brown, with paler, flat, dotted belts.

B. Solid, imperforated.

• 10. T. oblong ovate; stria decussated and raised with dots; very minute. Shores of Europe, Britain.
• 11. T. ovate, smooth; variegated with red and white; minute, transparent, glossy. European seas, shores of Britain.
• 12. T. oblong, white, marbled, or banded with black; 6 tumid whirls in the spire; 1/2 inch long. Coasts of Wales.
• 13. T. convex, smooth; aperture somewhat angular. India.
• 14. T. ovate, smooth, glossy; whirls somewhat angular on the upper part. India, South America.
• 15. T. ovate, striated, with one stria thicker on the back. India.
• 16. T. subovate, wrinkled; whirls surrounded with

• two rows of vaulted spines; yellowish, radiated with brown. India.
• 17. T. subovate, wrinkled, with obtuse vaulted spines echinatus, and whirls; pillar lip expanded, crenated. South sea, and Friendly islands.
• 18. T. ovate; spines obtuse, depressed; beneath pa-tellum per-pillous. India.
• 19. T. conic; spines obtuse, concatenated; striae pa-pagodus, pillous beneath; 3 inches high. India.
• 20. T. subconic; variegated with black and gray sulcatus, and covered with hollow scales. Friendly islands.
• 21. T. nearly imperforated, depressed; whirls rough; calcar, with compressed hollow spines above. India.
• 22. T. subovate, striated; whirls rugged above. rugosus, Mediterranean, New Zealand.
• 23. T. subovate, smooth; 3 rows of protuberances marmorata, in the whirls; beak dilated behind. South America.
• 24. T. convex, obtuse; whirls knotty above, and sc-farmaticus parated by a canal. Asiatic and African seas.
• 25. T. convex, obtuse, smooth, angular. India.
• 26. T. whirls and spire round, with decussated striae; cornutus, the first with 3 rows of imbricated spines; a large shell. China.
• 27. T. rugged; whirls round, dilant, transversely radiatus, striated, and armed with small imbricated spines. Red sea.
• 28. T. glabrous, glossy green; within snowy; aper-imperialis, ture silvery; pillar lip callous above; whirls of the spire very convex.
• 29. T. wrinkled; white, with greenish clouds; tice coronatus, orange; whirls crowned with spines and knots; pillar produced into a beak. Seas of Malacca. Very rare.
• 30. T. grooved and transversely striated; whirls 6, canalicu-very convex. India.
• 31. T. whirls of the spire cylindrical; grooved and setosus, transversely striated. India.
• 32. T. oblong, with broad, smooth striae; yellowish sparverius, spotted with brown. India.
• 33. T. oblong, transversely striated; striae spinous; spinosus, aperture silvery. India.
• 34. T. silvery gray, with transverse orange and yellow moltkianus low bands; whirls of moniliform belts of granulations.
• 35. T. variegated white and yellowish; whirls round, spengleri, transversely striated, and separated by a canal. Indian seas.
• 36. T. transversely striated; chestnut brown, spotted cassanea, with white; whirls 5, surrounded with rows of knots. South America.
• 37. T. silvery gray, surrounded with many rows of erenulatus, knots; aperture milk-white within.
• 38. T. ponderous, slightly depressed; smoothish and sinuagodus, obliquely wrinkled; 4 whirls in the spire; first round and larger; 2 inches broad and high. New Zealand.
• 39. T. pellucid, thin and finely annulated; first papya-whirl large, the next with a band varied with red and ceus, white.
• 40. T. transversely grooved; first whirl black, finely athiops, striated; the rest silvery; lips bordered with brown.
• 41. T. brownish, reticulated; whirls surrounded nicobari-with belts; throat golden. Nicobar islands.
• 42. T. smooth, with compressed roundish whirls; cidarit, the first round and very large; aperture compressed, silvery; pillar a little prominent. India, China.
• 43. T.

negerrimus 43. T. smooth, deep black; whirls distant, with a hollowed margin. Southern ocean.

helicinus 44. T. smooth, nearly imperforated; roundish, with contiguous convex whirls; pillar thickened.

punctatus 45. T. ovate, thick, with a mucronate spire; whirls smooth, flattish; the two first very large; 6 lines long. Senegal.

hæmasto-
mus 46. T. ovate, solid, glabrous; whirls 6, striated; aperture margined, oval.

torquatus 47. T. ovate, with convex transverse grooves, and rugged stria; whirls with a knotty belt. New Zealand.

undulatus 48. T. ovate, convex, with longitudinal undulated streaks; spire obtuse; mouth silvery. New Zealand.

niveus 49. T. spiral, snowy, diaphanous, transversely striated; whirls often distorted. Nicobar islands.

helicoides 50. T. horny, subdiaphanous, smooth; ribs 3; whirls distant; aperture triangular. Indian ocean.

nitidus * 51. T. smooth, obtuse; whirls 4; aperture oval. Pembrokeshire coast.

scriptus * 52. T. smooth, opaque; whirls 3, with brown lines resembling characters; aperture roundish; minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

costatus * 53. T. opaque; 4 whirls deeply ribbed longitudinally, and finely striated transversely. Devonshire.

subluteus * 54. T. opaque; 5 longitudinally ribbed whirls; aperture rounded, margined; minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

albulus * 55. T. opaque; whirls 5, longitudinally ribbed; aperture roundish; not margined. Pembrokeshire coast.

reticulatus * 56. T. white, opaque; whirls 4, reticulated. Pembrokeshire coast.

ruber * 57. T. opaque, smooth, with 5 whirls. Cornwall.

interfinc-
tus * 58. T. pellucid, smooth; whirls 5, finely ribbed. Devonshire.

striatus * 59. T. pellucid, white; whirls 5, separated by a fine rib. Plymouth.

subarcua-
tus * 60. T. pellucid, white, curved towards the tip; whirls 10, longitudinally ribbed. Pembrokeshire coast.

arcus * 61. T. pellucid; whirls longitudinally ribbed; brassy between the ribs. Pembrokeshire coast.

elegans * 62. T. pellucid; whirls 6, spirally striated; ribs remote. Pembrokeshire coast.

pellucidus * 63. T. pellucid, white, with 5 reticulated whirls. Pembrokeshire coast.

canalicula-
tus * 64. T. pellucid, whitish; whirls 5, longitudinally grooved. Pembrokeshire coast.

divisus * 65. T. pellucid, white; whirls 4, each divided into 2 parts; upper one smooth; the lower one spirally striated. Pembrokeshire sands.

C. Solid, perforated.

pica 66. T. conic, rounded, smooth; a small tooth near the umbilicus; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches broad. In most seas.

sanguineus 67. T. umbilicated, conic, convex, striated and smooth; whirls slightly grooved; size of a pea. Africa.

argyrosto-
mus 68. T. subovate, with transversely striated lines on the back. India.

margari-
taceus 69. T. subovate, with smooth, elevated, dorsal lines. Indian ocean.

versicolor 70. T. glabrous; finely striated transversely, and varied with green and white. South sea.

71. T. umbilicus rough; whirls, with branched deltoid spines. India.

72. T. depressed, knotty; an unequally tuberculate, nodulose ridge on the back of the first whirl.

73. T. submucronate; covered with smooth spines. distans

74. T. base convex; whirls radiated with spines; stellari 12 larger ones on the first; small. South sea.

75. T. whirls crowned with laciniate spines; the oculeus first with 9 large ones. Nicobar islands.

76. T. base flattened; whirls spinulous at the lower stellari margin.

77. T. whirls convex, and separated by a band, testineus felated with brown and white; colour of a medlar. South sea.

78. T. surrounded with knotty rings; dirty green, granulatus with a reddish tip. Indian and South seas.

79. T. spire annulated; first whirl very large; per-ludus foration spoon-shaped. South sea.

80. T. black, with double, alternate, black, and atratus cinereous moniliform belts of granulations; pillar 1-toothed; size of a nut. Nicobar islands.

81. T. depressed, orbicular; white, varied with denticulatus brown; lower margin of the pillar denticulated.

82. T. dirty green, varied with brown; whirls 4, diadematus first large. New Zealand. A large shell.

83. T. smooth, roundish, cinereous; whirls substri-cinereus flattened, ventricose, flattened at the future.

84. T. thin, diaphanous, white, round; 6 keel-carinatus shaped whirls in the spire; perforations spiral.

85. T. thin, smooth; whirls flattened; 2 lines long. asper, Senegal.

86. T. depressed, smooth, opaque, brown; whirls planus 4; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ line in diameter.

87. T. hyaline, smooth, subcarinated; whirls 6, marginatus rounded; lip fringed, reflected. luteus.

88. T. whirls rounded; perforation deep, wide, and helicoides funnel-shaped.

89. T. pyramidal, with foliaceous wrinkles; perfo-fo-liaceus ration large.

90. T. transversely striated; within margaritaceus onigonus ovis.

91. T. granulated, slightly umbilicated; within porphy- tes margaritaceous. New Caledonia.

92. T. white, glabrous, striated green. New Zea-smarag- land.

D. Cancellated.

93. T. navel flattish, spreading; whirls round, with crinitus crenated stria.

94. T. umbilicated, somewhat oblong and obtuse; therma- whirls round, smooth; 4 whirls. Minute. Fresh water near the baths in Tuscany.

95. T. wentle-trap; conic; whirls distant, longitu- scularis dinaly ribbed. Var. 1. perforated with 8 whirls. 2. Imperforated with 10 whirls; 2 inches long. Barbary, Coromandel.—The wentle-trap is a very rare shell, and therefore greatly esteemed among collectors. As a proof of this, in the year 1753, four specimens which were disposed of at the sale of Commodore Little's shells in London, brought 751. 12s. Two were sold at 16 guineas each; one at 18 guineas, and the fourth at 231. 2s.

* 96. T. falsse wentle-trap; taper, not umbilicated; clath- spire with longitudinal ribs; whirls smooth, ventricose, and separated by a deep canal; from 1 to 3 inches long.

long. Indian and European seas, Britain, Falmouth, South Devon.

* 97. T. dusky, with 12 finely tuberculated whirls. Northumberland coast.

* 98. T. tapering, perforated; whirls contiguous; smooth, ribbed. Mediterranean.

* 99. T. taper, subcancellated; whirls 8-ribbed, contiguous; crenated above.

* 100. T. taper; striae crowded, longitudinal, raised; size of a barley-corn. Mediterranean.

* 101. T. subcancellated, taper; whirls contiguous; belts interrupted, varicose; size of a barley-corn. Mediterranean.

* 102. T. ovate, obtuse; whirls contiguous, imbricated, and longitudinally striated, $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. South America.

* 103. T. umbilicated, rounded, rather acute; whirls round, with decussated striae; aperture reflected.

* 104. T. oblong, obtuse, with wrinkled striae; aperture with a dilated, flat, crenated border; 8 lines long. Jamaica.

* 105. T. white, cylindrical, reticulated; aperture remote.

* 106. T. oblong, umbilicated, brown, striated with convex dots; lip white, dilated; 15 lines long. Jamaica.

* 107. T. ovate, imperforated, ventricose; finely striated spirally; 6 lines long. Woods of Europe, Britain.

* 108. T. umbilicated, convex, a little prominent; whirls round, substriated; aperture reflected. Southern Europe.

* 109. T. umbilicated, oblong; whirls equal; striae decussated; aperture dilated.

* 110. T. subovate, wrinkled, perforated. Coromandel.

E. Tapering.

* 111. T. whirls of the spire imbricated downwards; 4 inches long. American islands.

* 112. T. smooth; whirls imbricated upwards; 3 inches long. Tranquebar.

* 113. T. with a single prominent, acute, transverse rib; 4 inches long. Tranquebar.

* 114. T. whirls with two prominent, acute, transverse ribs; 5 inches long. Coromandel, shores of Britain.

* 115. T. whirls with 2 prominent, obtuse, distant, transverse ribs; 2 inches long. Europe, Guinea, shores of Britain.

* 116. T. whirls 6, prominent, acutely striated; from 2 to 6 inches long. Shores of Europe, Africa and China; Britain.

* 117. T. with 8 smooth whirls nearly obsolete. Minute. Shores of Anglesea.

* 118. T. white, with 8 whirls transversely striated.

* 119. T. whirls of the spire flattish, with 7 obtuse striae; 2 to 3 inches long. South America, Barbary.

* 120. T. whirls of the spire with 10 obsolete striae; 2 to 4$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. European, Mediterranean seas.

* 121. T. whirls of the spire ribbed; aperture ovate. Denmark.

* 122. T. imperforated, glabrous; whirls rounded, striated. Depths of the Greenland seas.

* 123. T. whirls with a prominent, margined suture; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

* 124. T. pellucid; whirls contrary; sutures subcre-bident. nated; aperture 2-toothed behind; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Europe; roots of trees, Britain.

* 125. T. pellucid; whirls reversed, not crenated; perversus, aperture 3-toothed, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Europe, Britain, among moss, and in old walls.

* 126. T. obtuse; grooves curved; whirls 11; $7\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ fusus. lines long.

* 127. T. obtuse; groove straight; whirls 9; aper-fusus. ture toothed.

* 128. T. obtuse, white; grooves oblique; aperture fulcatus. nearly square; whirls 8; 12 lines long.

* 129. T. whirls 9, recurved; aperture 4-toothed; quadridens. 5 lines long. Bombay, Italy.

* 130. T. whitish; whirls 7; aperture 3-toothed; 5 tridens. lines long. Italy.

* 131. T. ovate, obtuse, pellucid; 4 to 6 whirls; muscorum. aperture toothless, oval; 1 line long. Among moss, Britain.

* 132. T. deep brown, spires 4; first ventricose; a-uvae. perture oval; size of a grain of wheat. Britain.

* 133. T. imperforated, smooth; whirls 5, nearly ob-trifasciatus folet; tranversely barred. Minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

* 134. T. smooth; whirls 5, obliquely barred; aper-membra-ture suboval. Minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

* 135. T. whirls 5, subobtuse, roundish; minute. interruptus. Pembrokeshire coast.

* 136. T. smooth; whirls 5, somewhat angular a-subrufus. hove. Pembrokeshire coast.

* 137. T. whirls 3; the first with 3 transverse ridges; strigatus. minute. Seafalster, England.

* 138. T. whirls 7, ridged; aperture oval. Seafal-albidus. ter. Rare.

* 139. T. carinated; whirls 7; aperture contracted, carinatu-lus. marginated. Sandwich. Rare.

* 140. T. whirls 6; aperture oval, margined; mi-clathratu-lus. nute. Sandwich. Very rare.

* 141. T. thick, barred; whirls 5; aperture round, crassus. margined; minute. Sandwich. Rare.

* 142. T. nine whirls, dotted, reversed; aperture con-punctatus. tracted; minute. Sandwich.

* 143. T. whirls 6, reticulated; aperture oval, sub-sheppea-nus. margined; minute. Sheppey island.

* 144. T. whirls 3, elegantly reticulated; aperture sandvicen-fr. oval, toothed; minute. Sandwich.

* 145. T. whirls 5, distinct, transversely striated, bar-obtusus. red with white.

* 146. T. white, smooth; aperture with a flattish, auriscal-concave, obtuse, reflected lip. Mediterranean. pium.

* 147. T. imperforated, glabrous; aperture oval; politus. size of a barley-corn. Mediterranean.

* 148. T. flattish; whirls annulated, and crested on daelylius. the back; minute. In stagnate waters in Europe.

* 149. T. two obtuse, approximate ridges on the obsoletus. whirls of the spire.

* 150. T. subumbilicated, whitish; whirls 12; aper-quinque-dentatus. ture 5-toothed.

* 151. T. pyramidal, ventricose, horny, pellucid; pyramida. aperture compressed; above one-fourth of an inch long. lira. Germany.

* 152. T. conic, smooth, glossy; whirls 5 or 6; a-unidentatus. aperture suboval; pillar furnished near the middle with tus. 1 tooth; two-tenths of an inch long. Salcomb bay. Gen.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle; aperture contracted, semilunar, or roundish.

scarabaeus. 1. H. ovate, both edges keel-shaped; aperture toothed. Mountains of Asia, and the Friendly Islands.

lepicida. * 2. H. umbilicated; convex on each side; aperture transverse, margined, ovate; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch in diameter. Rocks, woods, and hedges in Europe, Britain.

marginata. 3. H. subumbilicated, a little depressed; obliquely striated; aperture transverse; 9 lines in diameter.

cicatricosa. 4. H. umbilicated, depressed and wrinkled; whirls reversed.

agophthalmos. 5. H. umbilicated, depressed, greenish, immaculate; whirls 7; an inch across. India, South America.

oculus capri. 6. H. subcarinated, umbilicated, convex; aperture margined. Trees in Asia.

albula. * 7. H. umbilicated, flattish; gibbous beneath; aperture somewhat heart-shaped. Europe, Britain, rocks and dry banks.

maculata. 8. H. perforated, flattish, subcarinated; white, dotted with brown; gibbous beneath, with linear bands; 5 lines across.

albina. 9. H. perforated, flattish, white, gibbous beneath; aperture quadrangular.

striatula. 10. H. subcarinated, umbilicated, convex, striated; more gibbous beneath; aperture roundish, lunated; minute. Water-falls of Lombardy.

algira. 11. H. subangular, umbilicated, convex, whirls 6; navel pervious.

leucas. 12. H. subcarinated, umbilicated, convex, smooth; beneath gibbous; navel very minute; aperture roundish, lunate.

leuipes. 13. H. perforated, subcarinated, contrary, convex, pale with a rufous band, united to a white one; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch in diameter.

exilis. 14. H. perforated, depressed, subcarinated; pale with a rufous band joined to a white one; whirls striated; 10 lines across. Tranquebar.

vermiculata. 15. H. subglobular, depressed, rough, imperforated; dotted with white; lip reflected, white. Italy and Portugal.

candida. 16. H. umbilicated, convex on each side; aperture not margined.

spadicæa. 17. H. perforated, umbilicated, chestnut; whirls 5; 7 lines high.

incarnata. 18. H. perforated, subglobular, subcarinated; whirls 6; lip flesh-coloured; 6 lines broad. Woods of Denmark and Germany.

sericea. 19. H. perforated, subglobular, convex on each side; tomentose. Denmark, in gardens.

coronulata. 20. H. perforated, globular, subcarinated and striated; white, with a brown band; 3$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lines wide. Lyons.

planorbis. * 21. H. subcarinated, umbilicated, flat; above concave; aperture oblique; ovate and acute on each side. Ponds and rivers of Europe and Barbary, Britain.

complanata. 22. H. carinated downwards, umbilicated, convex;

flat beneath; aperture semi-heart-shaped. Ponds and rivers of Europe.

23. H. subcarinated, imperforated, convex, with an ringens inverted, ringent aperture; lip 4-plaited behind; 1$\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch wide. India.

24. H. imperforated, subcarinated, reddish brown, sinuata, with a white ridge; aperture transverse; toothed and 3-plaited behind; 9 lines in diameter. America.

25. H. imperforated, white; flattish above; beneath lucerna gibbous; aperture transverse, 2-toothed; 13 lines broad.

26. H. imperforated, flattish above, beneath gibbous; lampet, whirls feared. A rare shell.

27. H. imperforated, a little convex on each side, careola, with a white transverse lip. India.

28. H. imperforated, top-shaped, white, with fulvous helmac bands; aperture transverse, 2-toothed.

29. H. subglobular, umbilicated, subcarinated; yclops, lowish, with a whitish band; aperture transverse, 2-toothed, and sinuated behind.

30. H. subcarinated, imperforated, convex; aperture cornuta with a white margin. India.

31. H. subcarinated, with flame-coloured, red, and pellucida white bands; beneath surrounded with 4 rows of dots; pentis, aperture fringed. Warm parts of America.

* 32. H. flat, thin, concave above; aperture oval, vertes, flat; 3 lines wide. Ponds and rivers of Europe, Britain.

33. H. subcarinated, imperforated, ovate, pointed, scabra, and striated.

34. H. convex on each side; horny, with subferru-gothica, ginous bands. Woods of Sweden.

35. H. imperforated, depressed, with decussated striae; guattura, aperture acute on each side. India. A land species, ana, very rare.

36. H. top-shaped, acuminated, with convex spiral tricaria, striae, and triple ridge; aperture dilated; 11 lines nata, wide.

37. H. brownish, depressed; first whirl round; aper-ifogona, ture contracted; nearly triangular; 3-toothed and mar-mosana, gined. Virginia and Alsace.

38. H. depressed, umbilicated; whirls contiguous; oculata, the first large; aperture oblong, ovate. munis.

39. H. umbilicated, convex on each side; variegata, affinis, ted with white and chestnut; aperture winged and slightly margined.

40. H. umbilicated, obliquely striated; convex a-margina, bove; beneath a little depressed; first whirl carinated; 1$\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ inch broad.

41. H. subcarinated, imperforated; convex on each sinuosa, side, with hollow dots; aperture transverse; 7-toothed; whirls 6.

42. H. umbilicated, subcarinated, obliquely striated maculata, and a little depressed; aperture lunated, with a margined lip.

43. H. subumbilicated, subcarinated, aperture trans-paniculata, verse, oblong; lip margined, 3-toothed.

44. H. ovate, glabrous; whirls 5; the first gib-vidrea, bous, the rest carinated; aperture oblong-ovate; 2 inches high.

45. H. umbilicated, depressed, white; whirls 4, annulata, the first gibbous and doubly carinated; aperture ovate; 2 lines in diameter.

46. H. umbilicated, white, depressed above; whirls rhombica, carinated

carinated and irregularly striated, the last brown. Rhine.

47. H. depressed, umbilicated; white, with longitudinal black spots above, and 5 bands beneath. Santa Cruz.

48. H. umbilicated, wrinkled, and obliquely striated; aperture lunated. Jamaica.

49. H. imperforated, smooth, saffron with brown margin, and base of the whirls; aperture blue. Ota-heite.

50. H. rounded, brown; whirls carinated; aperture sinuous. New Zealand.

51. H. striated, carinated; whirls 3; aperture sub-oval; minute. Fresh water near Fevertham, Eng-land.

B. Umbilicated; whirls rounded.

52. H. above umbilicated, flat, blackish; whirls 4. Fresh waters, Europe, Coromandel, Britain.

53. H. concave on each side, flat, whitish; whirls 5, rounded; 1½ line diameter. Stagnant waters, France, Germany.

54. H. flattish, orbicular; aperture oval; lip fringed.

55. H. subumbilicated, flat on each side, equal; aperture linear, arched; 1 to 2 lines wide. Stagnant waters of Europe.

56. H. polished, yellowish, above convex, umbilicated; flat beneath, perforated; 1 to 3 lines in diameter. Ditches of Denmark.

57. H. white, umbilicated on each side; aperture dilated; 1 to 2 lines wide. Denmark, aquatic plants.

58. H. pellucid, umbilicated above; striated with dots. Ditches in Denmark and Berlin.

59. H. umbilicated, flattish; aperture oval; 12 to 16 lines in diameter. China.

60. H. umbilicated, convex, hispid, diaphanous; whirls 5; aperture roundish, lunated. Woods of Europe, Britain.

61. H. subumbilicated, subglobular, glabrous; whirls above more ventricose; aperture large, ovate, oblong; 1 to 5 inches wide. Asia and America.

62. H. globular, perforated; reddish brown; whirls four. Fifth ponds of Denmark.

63. H. globular, perforated; aperture rolled spirally inwards. Lakes of Germany.

64. H. globular, horny, with an obtuse crown; 1 to 2 lines wide. Seas of Denmark.

65. H. subumbilicated, subovate, obtuse; aperture roundish, semilunar; reddish brown, with obsolete, paler bands. Woods of Europe, Britain.—This species was a favourite dish among the Romans. It is still used as an article of food in many parts of Europe, during the season of Lent. It was introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, as a cure for consumption.

66. H. umbilicated, roundish, pointed; lip margined; aperture oval.

67. H. subumbilicated, convex, obtuse; yellowish, with a brown band; from 12 to 18 lines wide. Woods of Jamaica and China.

68. H. perforated, subglobular, dull chestnut, with a rufous band united to a white one; whirls 7, striated.

VOL. VI. Part II.

69. H. perforated, subglobular, with hollow dots and a red band; first whirl larger; 8 lines wide.

70. H. globular, subumbilicated, white; lip reflected-globular. ed; whirls 5.

71. H. imperforated, depressed; gray, with white laclea. dots; aperture red brown. Jamaica and Portugal.

72. H. depressed, umbilicated, white, with a cut incisa. margin.

73. H. umbilicated, convex, pointed; aperture sub-arbusto-orbicular, a little reflected at the rim, brown, with a rufous single black spiral band; 9½ lines wide. Shrubberies and hedges, Britain.

74. H. nearly imperforated, globular, pellucid; fulvous, with a white lip; 1 to 3 lines wide. Woods of Denmark.

75. H. subimperforated, subglobular, striated; whirls epistylum. 73, 12 lines in diameter.

76. H. subimperforated; white, with rufous lip and cinclia. bands; whirls 5; 18 lines wide.

77. H. subimperforated, subglobular; white, with ligata. rufous bands; whirls 4; 14 lines wide. Italy.

78. H. subimperforated, subglobular; pale yellow, aspersa. with 4 rufous bands, interrupted with white spots; whirls 4; 12 to 18 lines in diameter. Italy.

79. H. subimperforated, subglobular; pale, imma-estensa. culate; aperture large; whirls 4, distant.

80. H. perforated, globular; white, with subinter-pisana. rupted red bands; lip rosy; 5 to 7½ lines wide. Barbary, Italy.

81. H. perforated, with a depressed crown; white, firigata. with rufous bands, and numerous lines; lip white on each side; 10 lines wide.

82. H. perforated, globular, polished; white, with nemoren- brown bands; 15 lines wide. India.

83. H. umbilicated, convex, slightly depressed; a-zonaria. perture rather oblong and margined; whirls 5; first ventricose; 11 to 13 lines in diameter. Barbary, Europe, Britain.

84. H. umbilicated; subdepressed, striated, white; striata. 6 lines wide. Italy.

85. H. umbilicated, depressed, yellowish, with a ericeto- brown band or bands; 4 to 11 lines wide. Europe, rum. Britain.

86. H. umbilicated, subdepressed, fulvous, horny, nitens. or yellowish green; substriated; aperture large; whirls 4 or 5; 1 to 4 lines wide. Wet woods of Europe, Britain.

87. H. umbilicated, cinereous; whirls 4; rib transf-costata. versely plaited; aperture circular; 1 line wide. Highlands of Denmark.

88. H. umbilicated, subdepressed; aperture circi-pulchella. nate; lip white, reflected; whirls 4; 1 line wide. Moist woods of Denmark.

89. H. umbilicated, subdepressed, with elevated, rotundata. transverse lines, and ferruginous spots; 2½ lines wide. Moist places, and rotten wood, in France, Germany, and Denmark. Common.

90. H. umbilicated, depressed; yellowish, polished; cellaria. white beneath; aperture large; whirls 5; 3½ lines wide. Cellars in Germany.

91. H. umbilicated, depressed on both sides; whirls obvoluta. obvoluted. Var. 1. Whitish, glabrous, with a triangular aperture. 2. Brown, hispid, with a linear aperture; 4 to 5 lines wide. Italy.

strigofulva. 92. H. perforated, subdepressed, striated; white, with a rufous band; 5 lines wide. France.

radiata. 93. H. perforated, striated; convex beneath; radiated. France and Virginia.

crystallina. 94. H. perforated, depressed, glossy white, diaphanous; 4 to 5 whirls; 1 line wide. Denmark, among moss.

ungulina. 95. H. umbilicated, convex; aperture margined, suborbicular, and elongated above; of the shape of an apple; 16 lines wide. India.

varica. 96. H. globular, umbilicated, whitish yellow; whirls 5, reversed; the outermost divaricated; 19 lines wide.

fruticum. 97. H. umbilicated, globular; aperture without pillar lip; 7½ lines wide. Hedges of Denmark.

lucena. 98. H. subglobular, umbilicated; gibbous beneath; lip reflected, white; whirls 5, the first very convex.

vittata. 99. H. Subglobular, subumbilicated; white, with crowded chefnut bands and blue crown; lip reflected, white; 9 lines in diameter. Coromandel.

rosacea. 100. H. subglobular, subumbilicated; flesh colour, and transversely striated; whirls 5; 19 lines wide.

itala. 101. H. umbilicated, convex, obtuse; whirls 5, round; navel wide; size of a nut. Southern Europe. A land species.

lustranica. 102. H. umbilicated, perforated, convex, obtuse; whirls 5, round, and yellowish white; umbilicus spreading; size of a small apple. Southern Europe. A land species.

mammolaris. 103. H. umbilicated ovate; whirls 3; striated; aperture large, ovate, and united to the tip. Rivers of Africa.

hispana. 104. H. umbilicated, convex; whirls 5, round; umbilicus thin, perforated; aperture suborbicular. Southern Europe.

lutaris. 105. H. umbilicated, ovate, oblong; finely striated; aperture white within.

ovalis. 106. H. perforated, ovate, ventricose, and streaked; tip ribbed and rosy; lip of the same colour; pillar white; whirls 6; 4 inches long.

oblonga. 107. H. perforated, ovate, oblong, striated; lip and pillar rosy; whirls 6; aperture oval; 3 inches long. South America and India.

flammea. 108. H. perforated, oblong; white, with longitudinal, rufous bands; pillar reflected; straight; 18 to 20 lines long. Guinea.

pileus. 109. H. top-shaped, white with rufous bands; whirls 6; aperture transverse, large; 15 lines long.

nucleata. 110. H. top-shaped, umbilicated; convex on both sides; brown, with prickly ribs; lips whitish; ¼ line wide. Woods of Denmark.

volvulus. 111. H. top-shaped, umbilicated, acuminate; aperture circinate; 11 to 22 lines wide.

involutus. 112. H. top-shaped, umbilicated, pointed; white, with spiral, convex striae; aperture circinate; 13 lines wide.

neritina. 113. H. glabrous, hardish, umbilicated; chefnut, with white bands; whirls flat beneath; aperture ovate, oblong; 1 inch long.

turturum. 114. H. umbilicated, rounded, thin; aperture femilunar. Woods of Europe; Britain.

oliveto-rum. 115. H. umbilicated, a little depressed, yellow; aperture compressed; first whirl flattish, round. Olive groves, Florence.

116. H. umbilicated, subglobular, smooth; aperture broad, linear; 1 inch high.

117. H. subumbilicated, smooth; whirls convex; aperture lunated; 10 lines high.

118. H. subumbilicated, conic, white, with chefnut pilose bands; aperture femilunar; tip obtuse.

119. H. rounded, subumbilicated, thin; aperture fusiform, femilunar. Thuringia.

120. H. umbilicated, with an obtusely mucronate terref spire; first whirl very large, the rest gradually decreasing; aperture margined, femilunar; whirls 6.

121. H. rounded, umbilicated, thin, glossy white; nives. aperture femilunar.

122. H. flat on both sides, umbilicated; whirls 6, media the first round; aperture suborbicular. Germany.

123. H. umbilicated, very thin, flat, polished, and tenella convex above; aperture compressed, femilunar; whirls 5, contiguous.

124. H. umbilicated, depressed, white; whirls 6, crescent round, 3d and 4th brown, the last reddish at the tip; larva. aperture femilunar, smooth. Guinea.

125. H. umbilicated, pellucid; beneath hemispherical, white; whirls reversed. Shores of Guinea.

126. H. umbilicated, obtusely subtriangular, rough, avella plaited and silvery within; aperture smooth, cored; first whirl with an elevated circle; size and colour of a nut; pillar lip white. Southern ocean.

127. H. inflated, subumbilicated, fragile; whirls 5; first very large; aperture femilunar; 6 lines wide. Rivers of Hamburg.

128. H. umbilicated, obtusely subpyramidal; whirls 4, convex; the first with an elevated circle; the rest surrounded with a groove; aperture femilunar; minute.

129. H. umbilicated, oblong; whirls round and large; smooth; aperture orbicular.

130. H. umbilicated, pellucid; whirls 3, divided by a groove; aperture orbicular and not margined. The animal, besides the two tentacula, is furnished with a crest. Waters of Strasburg and Paris. Very rare.

131. H. umbilicated depressed; first whirl villous, lobes flat; aperture triangular, margined; whirls 6; ¼ inch wide. France and Switzerland.

132. H. thin, fragile, white, umbilicated; first whirl large, round, inflated; whirls 6; ¼ inch wide. Waters of Hamburg.

133. H. umbilicated, pellucid, horny, transversely striated, and convex; whirls 6, gradually decreasing; aperture femilunar; 4 or 5 lines in diameter.

134. H. cartilaginous, horny, pale yellow, subpellucid, gibbous. Kurile islands.

135. H. depressed, deeply umbilicated. Leaves and branches of trees, Senegal.

136. H. pyramidal, white, umbilicated; whirls 6, acute, flattish, and margined. Barbary and Southern Europe. A land snail.

137. H. pyramidal, smooth, white, obtuse; base imperfect, perforated, convex. South sea islands.

138. H. pyramidal, subcarinated, very finely striated; lip reflected, 2-toothed. Botanic garden at Strasburg.

139. H. pyramidal, subimperfected, varied with yellow and rufous. Coromandel.

• 140. H. conic, ovate, white, with 3 brownish bands in the first whirl; aperture fringed; lip white, dilated. Tranquebar. A land species.
• 141. H. conic, ventricose, perforated, pellucid, with a black tip; first whirl with 3 yellowish bands. Bengal.
• 142. H. top-shaped, perforated, polished; longitudinally striated; whirls reversed, the first keel-shaped; aperture angular.
• * 143. H. umbilicated; whirls 3, bristly; aperture roundish; minute. Boggy ground, Pembrokeshire.
• * 144. H. whirls 3, longitudinally striated; tube at the base margined; minute. Coast of Pembrokeshire.
• * 145. H. subumbilicated, smooth; whirls 3, first more ventricose; aperture dilated; minute. Sandwich and Tenbigh.
• * 146. H. umbilicated; whirls 2, transversely striated; minute. Pembrokeshire coast.
• * 147. H. slightly umbilicated, smooth; whirls 2; minute. Pembrokeshire coast.
• * 148. H. subglobular, umbilicated; mouth roundish; margin thorny; minute. Near Feverham. Rare.
• * 149. H. subumbilicated, reticulated; mouth rounded, margined; minute. Reculver. Very rare.

C. Rounded and imperforated.

• 150. H. subumbilicated, ovate, oblong; whirls 5 to 8, contrary; 18 to 28 lines long. India.
• 151. H. conic, yellow; lip reflected, white; whirls 6 to 7; aperture ovate; 18 to 22 lines long.
• 152. H. conic, a little pointed; whitish with a rufous band and streaks; lip reflected; whirls 7; 2 1/2 inches long.
• 153. H. conic, pointed; whirls 8, obliquely streaked, contrary; 2 1/2 inches long. Mauritius and Bourbon islands.
• 154. H. conic, pointed, white with fulvous streaks; lip white, reflected; whirls 7; 22 lines long.
• 155. H. conic, pointed; whirls contrary; white, with undulated, interrupted, brown streaks; 15 lines long; very rare.
• 156. H. subcylindrical, glabrous, contrary, barred; pillar yellow; lip slightly reflected; 12 to 16 lines long; very rare.
• 157. H. glossy, whitish, thin, longitudinally striated; spire contrary, hemispherical; minute. Armenian coast.
• 158. H. globular, chestnut-brown, barred with white; lip fringed, white; crown obtuse. Jamaica.
• 159. H. subglobular, depressed; base concave; aperture lunated. Rhode island.
• 160. H. oblong, polished, white, diaphanous; whirls 8; aperture ovate, toothless; 11 lines long. India.
• 161. H. oblong, a little wrinkled, rosy; whirls 6; aperture toothless; 20 lines long.
• 162. H. nearly imperforated, roundish, obtuse, diaphanous and very brittle; aperture dilated behind, with an emarginated lip; 1 inch broad and high. In most seas.—The animal which inhabits this shell shines in the night, and stains the hand with a violet or purple dye.
• 163. H. imperforated, roundish, solid, with a depressed spire; whirls 6, contiguous.
• * 164. H. imperforated, ventricose, subovate, obtuse; whirls 5 to 6, very convex; aperture nearly orbicu-

• lar; 1 1/4 inch long. Stagnant waters of Europe, Britain. This species is viviparous.
• 165. H. ovate, ventricose; white with 3 shining fasciata. red bands; whirls 5; spire acute; 9 to 15 lines long. Italy.
• 166. H. subovate, pointed, yellowish-white, with a diffinilis. black lip; whirls 6. Tranquebar.
• * 167. H. perforated, roundish, thin, pellucid, and nemoralis. marked with variously coloured transverse bands; whirls 5, from 9 to 11 lines wide. Woods of Europe, Britain.
• * 168. H. Garden Snail; imperforated, globular, pale, hortensis. with broad, interrupted, brown bands; lip white; 7 to 8 lines wide. Gardens and orchards, Europe, Britain.—This species is extremely destructive to the tender leaves of plants, and fruits. It is oviparous; the eggs are round, and about the size of small peas.
• 169. H. imperforated roundish, smooth; whitish, lucorum. with rufous streaks and bands. Southern parts of Europe.
• 170. H. imperforated, subovate, obtuse, gray with grisea. two pale bands; aperture rather oblong. Woods of Europe.
• 171. H. imperforated, roundish, brown, with a longitudinal white band; whirls 5, round, first large; ma. aperture pure purple; 1 1/4 inch broad. Ceylon.
• 172. H. imperforated, subovate, brown striped; pulla. whirls 4; aperture oblique, margined, whitish; 2 inches broad.
• 173. H. imperforated, subovate; sulphur with a venusta. white band margined with red; whirls 4; lip reflected, margined; 10 lines broad.
• 174. H. imperforated, subglobular, glabrous; whirls picta. 4, round, first ventricose, the others depressed; aperture lunar. Italy.
• 175. H. imperforated, subovate, covered with a variegata. brown cuticle, under which it is barred; aperture white within. Italy.
• 176. H. imperforated, solid, ovate; whirls 6, round, solida. contiguous; pillar thickened; 1 inch long.
• 177. H. imperforated, subglobular, finely striated aperta. longitudinally; whirls 3, first ventricose; aperture lunar; pillar spiral.
• 178. H. imperforated, roundish, and transversely versicolor. striated; whirls round, the first ventricose; aperture ovate.
• 179. H. imperforated, ovate; whirls 6, flattish, con- afra. tiguous; aperture unequal, 5-toothed; 3 lines long. Senegal.
• 180. H. imperforated, ovate, transversely striated nucleus. with black belts; aperture sinuous. Otaheite.
• 181. H. imperforated, ovate, smooth, red; aperture coccinea. pale yellow. New Zealand.
• * 182. H. imperforated, subpellucid, smooth, with variegata. red lines; whirls 4, the first more ventricose; minute. Welch coast.
• * 183. H. whirls 3; aperture rounded, margined; mi-fulgida. nute. Welch coast.
• * 184. H. striated; aperture suboval; whirls reflected striata. on the back; minute. Sandwich. Very rare.

D. Tapering.

• * 185. H. imperforated, tapering; spire mutilated, decollata. truncated; whirls 4 to 7, first large; 6 to 15 lines long. Europe, Asia, and Africa; Britain.

scalaris. 186. H. conic, tapering, imperforated; whirls 5, ventricose, remote; spire obtuse; aperture ovate.

circinata. 187. H. hyaline, transversely ribbed, perforated, and a little tapering; whirls distant; aperture circular; 6 lines high.

subcylindrica. 188. H. imperforated, tapering, subcylindrical, obtuse; whirls 4; aperture ovate; size of a grain of rye. Fresh waters, north of Europe.

flagorum. 189. H. subperforated, and a little tapering; whirls 5; aperture ovate; minute. Fresh waters.

clona. * 190. H. subperforated, tapering; whirls 8; aperture roundish; 4 lines long. America, Europe, Britain.

tenera. 191. H. tapering, convex, striated; pillar sinuated, inflected; whirls 7 to 8, with incumbent margins; aperture ovate, oblong; 2½ inches long.

columna. 192. H. tapering, white, with a fulvous tip; whirls 7 or 8, contrary, spotted; aperture oblong; 27½ lines long.

pella. 193. H. imperforated, ovate, pointed, transversely striated; brown, with yellow bands; band on the first whirl double, on the rest single. Iceland.

plicaria. 194. H. subulate, semipellucid, longitudinally plaited; whirls 10, round; aperture ovate.

undulata. 195. H. subulate, smooth, finely striated transversely; whirls about 12, round; aperture ovate; pillar glabrous.

fuscata. 196. H. subulate, smooth, finely striated transversely; whirls about 10, round; aperture ovate; pillar smooth.

priapus. 197. H. imperforated, tapering, glabrous; pillar somewhat depressed; pillar inflected.

folliculus. 198. H. tapering, pellucid, glabrous; whirls 5 or 6, round, equal; aperture ovate; pillar slightly plaited; size of an oat. Barbary.

sepium. 199. H. tapering, milk-white, longitudinally striated; whirls 7, contiguous; aperture ovate; ¼ inch long. Mountains of Southern Europe.

splendida. 200. H. thin, glossy, pellucid; whirls 6; aperture oblong; ¼ inch long. France.

nira. 201. H. shell tapering; whirls 8 or 9, distant ribbed; first round, the rest flattish; aperture ovate; 1 inch long.

atra. 202. H. black, tapering, minutely striated; whirls 7, rather convex; aperture oblong, oval; 2 inches long.

cuspidata. 203. H. tapering, horny, finely striated transversely, and longitudinally plaited; lip acute. Rivers of India.

crenata. 204. H. tapering, white, transversely substriated, and surrounded with a crenulated belt near the future. Rivers of India.

carinola. 205. H. white, tapering, somewhat umbilicated; first whirl a little keel-shaped, with a blackish band.

crocea. 206. H. cylindrical, glabrous, yellowish orange; lip obtuse.

lancheau-rica. 207. H. tapering, very glabrous, chestnut-brown with darker spots; throat whitish. Fresh waters, Coromandel.

obtusata. 208. H. white, densely striated, subcylindrical; whirls a little convex; lip margined; 3 inches long.

purpurea. 209. H. ovate, oblong, purplish, tessellated with purple; within iridescent. New Zealand.

E. Ovale, imperforated.

210. H. coarse, nearly imperforated, ovate, oblong; pupa. whirls 6; aperture oblong, lunated. Mauritania.

211. H. coarse, oblong, imperforated; whirls 8; barbare aperture roundish, lunated; size of a barley-corn. Algiers.

212. H. oblong, imperforated; whirls toothed, spi-amaracnous; 10 lines long. Rivers of India.

* 213. H. transversely grooved; white, striated with navia. black; whirls flattish, the first large and round; spire pointed; an inch long. Southern ocean, Plymouth dock.

214. H. pointed, cinereous, transversely striated; aspere. whirls 7 to 8, toothed, marked with red streaks, and armed with sharp spines; 5 to 8 lines long. Coromandel.

* 215. H. imperforated, ovate, tapering to a point; flagella somewhat angular, by several longitudinal wrinkles; whirls 6 to 7, first ventricose; aperture oblong, oval; 2½ inches long. Still waters of Europe, Britain.

* 216. H. imperforated, ovate, tapering to a point; fragile. spire acute; whirls 5 to 7; aperture oblong, oval; 11 lines long. Still waters of Europe, Britain.

217. H. cylindrical, pointed, horny; aperture o-glabre. vate; whirls 8; 4 lines long. Moist meadows of Denmark.

* 218. H. oblong, pointed, brown; aperture ovate; palustris. whirls 5 to 6. Meadows of Europe, Britain.

219. H. ovate, oblong, whirls 5, truncated upwards; truncata. aperture ovate; 2 to 5 lines long. Greece.

* 220. H. subconic, horny, with a sharp point; aper-peregre. aperture ovate; 2 to 8 lines long. Stagnant waters of Denmark, Britain.

* 221. H. ventricose, diaphanous, with an obtuse pro-glutinous jection; 2 to 3 whirls; aperture wide; 2 to 4 lines long. Denmark, chiefly on the leaves of nymphaea lutea. Marshes at Deal.

* 222. H. imperforated, obtuse, ovate, yellow; whirls putris. 3, the first large, the others minute; aperture ovate; 1 to 8 lines long. Ponds in Europe, Britain.

223. H. conic, pointed, white, with a red band; acuta. whirls 7; aperture ovate, toothless; 4 lines long. Italy.

224. H. conic, perforated; striæ rugged; aperture papillosa. transverse; whirls 6; 10 lines wide.

225. H. subcylindrical; whirls 5; aperture tooth-minutes. less, oval. Greece. Not a line long.

* 226. H. conic, white, with transverse rufous lines; detrita. whirls 6; aperture ovate; 8½ lines long. Saxony, Britain.

227. H. conic, pale, striated; whirls 7; the 4 outer-ventricose; most nearly of equal width; 8½ lines long. Greece.

* 228. H. conic, brown; whirls 6; aperture oval, obscura. toothless; snail white; above dusky, eyes only black. Roots of trees, Europe, Britain.

* 229. H. conic, fulvous, polished; whirls 5 or 6; lubrica. aperture toothless; 2½ lines long. Moss and wet rotten wood, Britain.

* 230. H. imperforated, somewhat oblong, pellucid; limosa. aperture ovate. Wet meadows of Europe, Sandwich, river Avon.

231. H. turbinated, cinereous, nearly imperforated; contorta-plicata. crown truncated; whirls 5; aperture circinated.

232. H.

232. H. imperforated, greenish; whirls 5, spirally angular; throat wide; 12 lines long. China.

* 233. H. imperforated, ovate, obtuse, clouded with brown; whirls 4 or 5; aperture subovate; 1-4 lines long. Ponds and still waters of Britain.

* 234. H. imperforated, ovate, gibbous, with a depression in the middle of the lip; whirls 3-5; the first ventricose; spire acute, short; aperture much dilated; 2-15 lines long. Ponds of Europe, Britain.

* 235. H. whirls 2; first ventricose; the other minute, and placed laterally; pale red, pellucid. Europe, Devonshire.

236. H. imperforated, ovate, pointed; whirls 4; wrinkles elevated; aperture ovate, dilated. Shores of the Baltic.

237. H. imperforated, convex, longitudinally striated; aperture roundish.

238. H. imperforated, convex, ovate; without lip; aperture extending to the tip. Mediterranean.

239. H. imperforated, depressed, with waved striæ; aperture oval; open all the way down; whirls 4, lateral. Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian and North seas.

240. H. imperforated, subdepressed, white; whirls 6; 6 lines wide. France.

241. H. cylindrical, glabrous; whirls 4 or 5; round, reversed; aperture square, 6-toothed; 1 line long. In decayed wood. Denmark.

242. H. hyaline, subconic, glabrous; whirls 5, round; aperture ovate, with three teeth within.

243. H. subimperfected, convex; grooves remote, compressed; aperture semi-orbicular. Mediterranean sea.

244. H. imperforated, ovate, black; aperture ovate. Waters of Greece.

245. H. subcylindrical, with decussated striæ; whirls 7, reversed; 3 very large, depressed in the middle. Guinea.

246. H. marbled with white, cinereous and blue; whirls 5, round; aperture ovate, $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Rivers of Strasburg.

247. H. chestnut, pellucid, thin; whirls 4, narrow; aperture ovate.

248. H. ovate, pointed, pellucid, transversely striated; whirls 7, first largest; aperture oblong, ovate; 9 lines long.

249. H. ovate, conic, subimperfected; 2 last whirls in the centre of the first; aperture orbicular; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ line long.

250. H. white, solid, opaque; first whirl twice as large as the rest; aperture large, margined. River Unstrut.

251. H. white, opaque, pointed; aperture oval. Waters of Hamburg.

252. H. ovate, pointed, subimperfected; first whirl ventricose, large; aperture semicircular; 6 or 7 lines long. Stagnant waters.

253. H. ovate, pointed; whirls 5; first large, aperture ovate, oblong. Aquatic.

254. H. obtuse; whirls 4, distant, inflated in the middle; aperture orbicular, margined; 2 lines long.

255. H. bluish, ovate, pointed; whirls 4, a little ventricose; aperture oblong, rounded; 2 lines long.

256. H. inflated; whirls 4, short; two lower ones cinerea, distant; aperture orbicular, not margined; 2 lines long. Allace.

257. H. imperforated, oblong, white with longitudinal red undulations; whirls 6-7, first thrice as large as the next; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

258. H. imperforated, oblong, thin, brown; whirls 4; first ovate, and thrice as large as the next; aperture ovate.

259. H. subimperfected, oblong, finely striated with substriata, white; whirls 5; first twice as large as the next; aperture oval, margined; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

260. H. smooth, brown; aperture triangular, marginated; minute.

261. H. ventricose, pointed, cinereous; first whirl tumida, large; aperture oval, large; margined on one side; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

262. H. oblong, pointed, longitudinally ribbed, acicula, and transversely striated; whirls 10, equally decreasing; aperture oval; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Coromandel.

263. H. ovate, imperforated; whirls 8-9, round, peregrina, distant, and equally decreasing; aperture oval; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. American islands.

264. H. oblong, imperforated; whirls distant, ventricose; aperture orbicular; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Danube.

265. H. oblong, imperforated, smooth, pointed; turbinata, whirls inflated; the first larger, the rest gradually decreasing; aperture suboval, margined; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Danube.

266. H. oblong, curved, subimperfected; aperture oval, margined; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches in diameter. Danube.

267. H. thin, smooth, white, with chestnut bands; exilis, spire obtuse; whirls flattish; 8 lines to one inch long.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax; the shell univalve spiral, gibbous, flattish at bottom; aperture semi-orbicular, or semilunar; pillar lip transversely truncated, flattish.

1. N. smooth; spire slightly pointed; umbilicus canrena, gibbous, and bifid. India, Africa, America.

2. N. with decussated striæ, and impressed dots; cancellata, spire subclavate; umbilicus gibbous, bifid. American Iata, islands.

* 3. N. smooth, glossy, faintly wrinkled; spire rather glaucina, obtuse; umbilicus rather closed by the pillar lip, which is gibbous and two-coloured; 2 inches long. Barbary, Europe, Britain.

4. N. subglobular; umbilicus perforated, equal. In-vitellus, dian ocean.

5. N. convex; umbilicus somewhat heart-shaped, albumen, with a flattened lobe. Cape of Good Hope, Barbary, Indian islands. Extremely rare.

6. N. ovate, glabrous; umbilicus partly covered; mammilla, whirls 4 or five; aperture ovate.

7. N. subglobular, solid, bay with white bands; leucozona, spire somewhat depressed; whirls 4 or 5; an inch long.

8. N.

spadicosa. 8. M. subglobular, solid; tip bluish; lateritious bands in the throat, and a white one on the beak. Mauritius island. Rather large.

rufa. 9. N. thin, rufous; umbilicus darker, with a white border; throat with a reddish band. Mauritius island.

fulminea. 10. N. subglobular, with angular, tawny lines, and flattened lobe; white or yellowish. Africa. Rare.

stercus-muscarum. 11. N. smooth, snowy, with rufous spots and specks; umbilicus gibbous, bifid. Mediterranean, American seas.

orientalis. 12. N. subglobular, polished very smooth; base of the spire a little wrinkled; pillar snowy. Eastern seas.

cruentata. 13. N. subglobular, white, with red spots; lip obtuse and bluish; umbilicus spiral.

rugosa. 14. N. wrinkled; within glabrous; umbilicus bordered with white. American islands.

marochienfis. 15. N. subglobular, smooth, light green, brownish within; livid at the tip; wrinkled at the angle of the whirls. Africa.

fulcata. 16. N. subglobular, obliquely plaited; spire with 4 whirls, mucronate; umbilicus bifid.

arachnoidea. 17. N. white, reticulated with reddish lines, and blackish at the tip; umbilicus nearly covered; whirls convex.

vittata. 18. N. subglobular, brown, with a double white filament in the middle; reticulated and denticulated on each side. Africa.

melano-stroma. 19. N. thin, pellucid, smooth, oblong; first whirl ventricose, flat and large; umbilicus half closed; 2 inches long. Indian sea.

pallidula. * 20. N. semitransparent, horn-colour; whirls prominent; aperture semilunar, and patulous; umbilicus large; a small shell. Coasts of Kent and Dorset.

papilla. 21. N. pellucid, thin, oblong, with decussated striae; dirty yellow; whirls 4; aperture suboval; pillar white; umbilicus half closed. Tranquebar.

clathrata. 22. N. depressed, ovate, transversely undulated and longitudinally ribbed; ribs flat, oblique, and semilunar; spire papillary. Fossil in Campania.

valvata. 23. N. flattish, with a circinate aperture. N. seas.

icelandica. 24. N. globular, subacute, thick; whirls 4, separated by deep grooves. North seas.

affinis. 25. N. globular, thick; spire submucronated; whirls 3. New Zealand.

corona. 26. N. whirls of the spire crowned with spines; minute. India, America.

radula. 27. N. grooved, with equal, tuberculated ribs; size of a walnut. Indian islands.

cornea. 28. N. obsoletely striated; white or pale violent. Red sea.

fluviatilis. * 29. N. rugged, spotted, streaked, or mottled with white and purplish brown or pink; mouth closed with a testaceous operculum; 4 lines long. In flow rivers of Barbary and Europe, Britain.

littoralis. * 30. N. smooth, with a carious crown; whirls 4 or 5, first large; size of a horse bean. Europe, shores of Britain. Common.

lacustris. 31. N. smoothish, horny, or blackish, ending in a very fine point. Still waters and warm springs of Europe; supposed to be only a variety of N. fluvialis.

magdalena. 32. N. grooves wide and black; within white;

whirls 3; lip smooth, 2-toothed; 6 lines long. Magdalena islands.

33. N. thin, with decussated striae; tuberculated; margins black, with ochraceous spots; subglobular; aperture ca. margined outwardly.

34. N. thin, pellucid, ovate, polished; dull yellow dubia, varied with black; outer lip acute; inner glabrous; crown prominent; very rare.

35. N. smooth, pellucid; whirls 3; very minute. pellucida. Pembrokeshire coast.

* 36. N. smooth, somewhat pellucid; whirls 2; very alba, minute. Pembrokeshire coast.

37. N. smooth, coarse, with an excavated eye-like pulligera small spire: inner lip smooth, crenulated; whirls 2, one large, terminating in an acute tooth; 14—16 lines long. Rivers of India.

38. N. thin, smooth, undulated, with an obtuse undulata crown; outer lip substriated, and toothless; inner one a little denticulated. India.

39. N. thick, opaque, globular; deep black with atterrea coloured lines; outer lip glabrous; inner lip tuberculated, wrinkled.

40. N. smooth, subglobular; white, with yellowish larva brown bands; crown obtuse, lip slightly denticulated; middle fixed. Amboyna. Rare.

41. N. smooth, roundish, milk-white; whirls with pupa transverse, parallel, black striae; lip flat; teeth scarcely visible.

42. N. smooth; inner lip 2-toothed: size of a pea. bidentis.

43. N. smooth, green; inner lip crenulated in the viridis middle. Minorca and Jamaica.

44. N. smooth, ovate, inner lip denticulated; 2 to virginica 10 lines long. India, South America.

45. N. smooth; crown obliterated; lip toothed on polita each side; brown. India, South seas.

46. N. striated; lips toothed; inner one flattish and pelorosa wrinkled. American islands.

47. N. striated; lips slightly toothed; inner one tu- albicella berculata. Cape of Good Hope. Indian ocean.

48. N. grooved, transversely striated; inner lip tooth- histrio ed; ribs 30, unequal.

49. N. grooved; 17 to 20 transverse ribs; outer plicata lip 5 or 6 teethed within; inner convex, wrinkled, with three long, strong teeth, beside lesser ones. India.

50. N. grooved, lips toothed; inner lip with a vel-grossa low spot, and 3 or 4 teeth; convex and wrinkled. Molucca islands.

51. N. with 20 grooves, varied with undulated al-chama ternate black and white rays; lips toothed; inner one leon, wrinkled and tuberculated. Indian ocean.

52. N. grooves 30; ribs about 30, flattened; lips undata toothed; inner one wrinkled and tuberculated. Indian seas.

53. N. grooved, with 15 to 19 ribs; lips toothed; excurvis inner one tuberculated. India.

54. N. solid, thick, glabrous; undulated with black maxima and yellowish rays; outer lip toothless; inner one concave, 4-toothed; a very large shell.

55. N. angular black lines; with 16 crenated ribs textilis and grooves; outer lip crenated without, and toothed within; inner lip wrinkled above, and tuberculated beneath.

56. N. deep black, glabrous, and thinly striated atrata above;

above; both lips white; outer one finely grooved, and slightly toothed within. Atlantic and South seas.

refinita. 57. N. with 16 white grooves; ribs spotted with white; crown a little prominent; outer lip glabrous on each side; inner one concave, yellowish and toothed. Ascension island; a large shell.

refinita. 58. N. mouth and lips white; whirls round, surrounded with black, parallel striae; outer lip striated within. Malacca seas.

refinita. 59. N. with blackish bluish, red and white square spots, and bands, spotted with red and white; inner lip striated within, and toothed on each side. Antilles islands.

refinita. 60. N. white, radiated with black without; striae transverse, rounded, smooth; inner lip wrinkled and 4-toothed. Indian seas.

refinita. 61. N. yellowish within, subglobular, surrounded with thicker striae; interstices snowy; lips white, toothed; outer one crenated without. Nicobar islands.

refinita. 62. N. subviolet with a yellowish tip; white within, with elevated black striae; lips toothed; outer one grooved within; inner one wrinkled. Red sea.

refinita. 63. N. grooved, yellowish within; crown a little prominent; outer lip unarmed and crenulated outwardly; inner lip yellowish, smooth. Malacca.

refinita. 64. N. subglobular, black; white within; grooved and striated; lips wrinkled and denticulated. Antilles islands.

refinita. 65. N. subglobular, with crowded transverse striae; white, with purplish undulated rays; outer lip grooved within; inner lip wrinkled above.

refinita. 66. N. subglobular, with crowded transverse striae; deep black with ochraceous rays; lip slightly denticulated; inner one tuberculated in the middle. American islands.

refinita. 67. N. obtuse, transversely striated; the striae marked with nearly square black and white spots; both lips denticulated; outer lip slightly striated within, inner lip with one or two teeth; concave, glabrous, and denticulated beneath. Islands between Africa and America.

refinita. 68. N. blackish with 2 gray bands; crown white. India.

refinita. 69. N. subglobular, white, with various characters; inner lip crenulated, toothed. India.

refinita. 70. N. ovate, solid, smooth, violet dotted with white; inner lip denticulated beneath.

refinita. 71. N. ovate, obtuse, deep black; whirls 3, the first turgid, with 25-30 grooves; the two others very minute; 1 inch broad. Senegal.

refinita. 72. N. black, ovate, pointed; whirls 3, with 30 grooves; left lip wrinkled. Africa.

refinita. 73. N. variegated with red, black, and white; right lip with 10 teeth; left lip glabrous, with three large emarginated teeth; 9 lines long.

refinita. 74. N. surrounded with belts; spire reversed; aperture 8-toothed. Found only in a fossil state.

refinita. 75. N. bands alternately white and black; within white; crown much elevated; outer lip acute; whirls 4. Fresh waters in Antilles islands.

refinita. 76. N. blackish, transversely striated; the striae spinous; inner lip flattish, smooth, and slightly toothed. India.

Gen. 31. HALIOTIS, Sea-ear.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax; the shell is uni-

valve, dilated, ear-shaped, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface; spire lateral and nearly concealed.

SPECIES.

1. H. Midas ear; roundish, both sides polished; midas. orifices from 8 to 10; 7 to 9 inches long. Indian ocean, Cape of Good Hope.

2. H. subovate; outside transversely grooved, rug-tuberculated and tuberculated; wrinkles on the outside undulata. The inner margin of the shell has a ridge the whole length, which terminates in one spiral turn at the end. This ridge is beset with tubercles, the last 6 of which, or from 6 to 9, are open. The inside is open, concave, and of a beautiful mother-of-pearl: the length is from 3 to 4 inches; breadth from 2 to 3. It is found on the shores in the south of England, after violent storms. It is common in the island of Guernsey, adhering to the rocks at the lowest ebb. The fish is eaten by the inhabitants, and the common people adorn their houses, with the shells, by sticking them on the outside with plaster.

3. H. ovate, ferruginous, transversely wrinkled, and striata. longitudinally striated; 4 or 5 orifices open. Asia, Barbary.

4. H. ovate, longitudinally striated; larger striae varia. tuberculated; orifices 20 to 30; 4 or 5 open. India.

5. H. oval, longitudinally striated, with obsolete marma. transverse ones; orifices about 30, 4 or 5 open; 2 to 4 rata. inches long. Africa, India.

6. H. asses ear; smoothish, oblong; margin some-asinum. what falcated; nerves on the outside elevated; orifices about 30, 5 to 7 open; 3 inches long. India.

7. H. ovate, red, with an elevated angle on the parva. belly; orifices 30, 4 or 5 open. Africa, India.

8. H. ovate, greenish, spotted with brown; striae bifriata. elevated, double, transverse; 6 orifices open. Africa.

9. H. varied with gray, bluish, and red; ovate; australis. spire prominent, inflated; 7 to 9 orifices open; 3 inches long. New Zealand.

10. H. ovate, somewhat convex, solid, with decuf-guineensis. fitted striae; orifices flattened; 6 open; 2 1/2 inches long. Guinea.

11. H. ovate, imperforated, with prickly ribs; spire imperfo. exserted; 1 inch long. India. Extremely rare.

12. H. ovate, imperforated; margin oblique above, perversa. and tuberculated within; spire reversed; 1/2 inch long. Fossil.

13. H. transversely plaited on the outside; margin plicata. broad, thick, and finely striated longitudinally; 1/4 inch long. Fossil near Hildesheim.

14. H. ovate, smoothish, solid; varied with white glabra. and green; 6 orifices open; 2 1/2 inches long.

15. H. roundish, varied with rosy and white; outer pulchra. lip crenated; orifices 30, 6 pervious; 7 lines long. rima. South sea islands.

16. H. ovate, with decufiated undulated striae; un-virginia. der side iridescent; 6 orifices open; 1 1/2 inch long. New Zealand.

17. H. suborbicular, depressed, wrinkled; varied ovina. with white, chestnut, and yellowish; orifices in the middle pervious.

18. H. oval, rugged, varied with white and red; gigantea. spotted; inner lip with a very broad margin; 3 to 7 orifices open.

19. H.

19. H. ear ventricose, fulvif brown, with transverse wrinkles, and longitudinal, tuberculous plaits; under side iridescent; $4\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. New Zealand. Extremely rare.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax; the shell univalve, subconic, shaped like a bason, without spire.

1. P. orbicular, perfoliated outwardly; lip vaulted, perpendicular; 1 inch wide. Indian and American seas.

2. P. ovate; tip subspiral; lip lateral; size of a cherry; inhabitant red.

3. P. subconic, smooth; lip somewhat lateral. Mediterranean and Indian seas. On oysters in Salcombe-bay, Devonshire.

4. P. oval; tip recurved; lip placed behind and flattened. India and Goree.

5. P. oval, obliquely recurved behind; lip placed behind, and concave. Barbadoes, Mediterranean.

6. P. oval, brown, with prickly striae; crown recurved. American islands.

7. P. conic, longitudinally plaited; internal lip lateral. Tranquebar and Falkland islands.

8. P. roundish, with radiated grooves, and striated; crown recurved; internal cavity ear-shaped. Borneo, Santa Cruz.

9. P. ovate, thin, obfoletely wrinkled transversely; margin unequal; lip unequally repand; above 1 inch long. China. It is generally found on the buccinum spiratum.

10. P. oval, flat, thin, white, glossy, lamellated on the outside; 5 to 6 lines in diameter. Rocks at Goree.

11. P. granulated with white, and fine perpendicular, oblique ribs; lip thin, oblique, and covering half the cavity. Rare.

12. P. white, finely striated; crown inclining downwards and dilated, behind which the shell is depressed.

13. P. conic, ochraceous, with ferruginous rays within; with longitudinal, transversely striated plaits.

14. P. white, conic, striated; grooves undulated; crown a little lateral.

15. P. twisted, pellucid, with ferruginous spots; thinly plaited and transversely grooved above; lip undulated, repand; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

16. P. conic, prickly; within glabrous. Found fossil near Crignon.

17. P. oval, flattish, smooth; lip semilunar, flat behind. Mediterranean.

18. P. rays unequal, elevated; thicker and obtuse, on the outside. India.

19. P. angular, with 7 keel-shaped, obtuse ribs. Jamaica and Barbadoes.

20. P. toothed, with 19 elevated, vaulted, and muricated rays. Falkland islands.

21. P. toothed, with elevated, angular, imbricated striae; 2 inches long. Southern Europe, and Cape of Good Hope.

22. P. angular, with numerous muricated striae; granular; 1 to 3 inches long. Jamaica, southern Europe.

23. P. with about 14 obsolete angles, and dilated, acute, crenated margin; crown central; 2 inches high. Marine rocks of Europe and India, Britain.

24. P. oblong with about 14 angles; crown lateral, depressed. Rocks of Europe, Britain.

25. P. crenated, subangular; striae numerous, unequal; beneath blue; blackish, on the outside. Mediterranean.

26. P. conic, tuberculated; tubercles white, in tubercular rows; slightly toothed; retuse behind. lata.

27. P. roundish, pectinated; rays imbricated, tuberculated, and transversely striated; crown incurved; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Chili, Falkland islands.

28. P. oval, three-ribbed; white; striated at the trigonal fides; internal margin flattish, a little jagged. Indian ocean.

29. P. carinated, rounded on the fore-part, with undulated striae; brown and pearly within; hinder margin crenated; 1 inch long. South America.

30. P. toothed, oval, conic, somewhat compressed; ovate, ribbed; brown between the ribs; brown within, with white grooves; 9 lines long.

31. P. angular, ovate, depressed; rays 10, elevated, stellate, ed, with short, intermediate ribs; 8 lines long.

32. P. solid, ovate, gibbous; unequally ribbed; glabrous within, with alternate, cinereous, and horny rays; margin crenated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Shores of Iceland.

33. P. oval, subpellucid; ribs 16 to 20; tuberculate, and foliaceous on the outside; 1 to 3 inches long. Shores of Cyprus.

34. P. ovate, a little gibbous, white; ribs 20 to 25, keel-shaped, crowded, unequal, tuberculated; 2 inches long.

35. P. ovate, dusky; ribs smooth, unequal, white, crowded; crown usually brown; 1 inch long.

36. P. a little rugged, white, with brown, flexuous striae, branching outwards; 2 brown spots in the bottom of the hollow.

37. P. convex; ribs 11 to 16; 8 larger, tuberculate, elevated; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. American islands.

38. P. toothed; red under the brown skin, with elevated, rounded striae, and lesser imbricated ones; within white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

39. P. ovate, gibbous, thin, toothed; liver-colour; striae elevated, keel-shaped and obtusely spined; crown white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

40. P. subconvex, brown, with 12 larger rays, each surrounded by a rib, and as many lesser ones; $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long.

41. P. flattish, brown, with 10 elevated striae; crown of a different colour; bottom of a pale liver colour; spatulated spot, edged with glaucous and gold; inner margin brown; 2 to 3 inches long.

42. P. flattened; forepart narrow and rounded; yellowish, spotted with brown; crown white; rays 10 or 11 equal, rounded, flat; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 1 inch long.

43. P. suboval, flattened, varied with brown; ribs flat, rounded; crown and bottom differently coloured; 1 to 2 inches long.

44. P. ovate, obscurely edged with white; radiated, ed,

ed, striae distant, pectinated outwardly; crown gray; 1 to 2 inches long. North America.

45. P. ovate, wrinkled, chesnut; crown with a white circle; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

46. P. oval, brown, radiated with white on each side; striae elevated, pectinated; crown white; bottom yellowish; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

47. P. ovate, olive-coloured; within brown varied with white, with elevated unequal striae; margin with 2 rows of unequal spines; brown, pale yellow; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

48. P. ovate, wax-colour on both sides; perpendicularly striated; ribs 13, flattened; bottom white; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

49. P. ovate, with striae elevated, transverse, brownish; spotted with white, and reaching half way down; crown with a white, impressed circumference; and 3 brownish spots; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

50. P. ovate, solid, citron undulated with brown; striae elevated, crowded, wrinkled; bottom white; 1 inch long.

51. P. ovate, denticulated, cinereous, with three black belts; within milk-white, with elevated, unequal striae, nodulous on the outside, and spinous at the margin; 1 inch long; crown acute, reddish or whitish.

52. P. ovate, white; ribs flattened, of unequal lengths; interstices brownish; crown obtuse, with a brown belt; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

53. P. thin, ovate; margin knotty; within pearly, with elevated chesnut striae; crown pointed, brown; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Straits of Magellan.

54. P. ochraceous, with three yellow bands, and elevated, acute, unequal striae; crown white; 1 inch high.

55. P. white, denticulated; striae unequal, elevated, acute; crown surrounded with a double row of cinereous dots, and a dusky gray band; 1 inch long.

56. P. yellow, radiated with brown; striae unequal, elevated, knotty; crown and bottom white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

57. P. toothed, cinereous; striae unequal, elevated; interstices brown and rugged; crown pointed; milk-white or silvery.

58. P. whitish, rays brownish, and striae unequal, elevated, rounded; interstices rugged; crown obtuse, white, with a broad, interrupted brown band, and another marginal one; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

59. P. cinereous and brown, with decussated striae, and 2 rows of tubercles; crown yellowish; bottom with a spatulated white spot; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Jamaica.

60. P. rounded, smooth, yellowish, with a broad, citron, marginal band, spotted with brown, and another narrower one; margin dilated, acute; crown varied with bluish and white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

61. P. smooth, thick, silvery; rays 11, brown; margin silvery; crown pale yellow; bottom ivory, with a double white ring; 2 inches long. Very rare.

62. P. white, with strong, rounded, brown ribs; pearly within; crown and bottom copper-coloured; 2 inches long.

63. P. pale liver-colour on both sides; ribs keel-shaped, alternately larger and less; crown flat, white; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

64. P. brown, glabrous above; striae beneath ele-

vated, crowded, white; crown obtuse, white; border fulvous; bottom fulvous; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

65. P. yellowish, varied with brown; ribs unequal, flaveola, flattened; crown obtuse; bottom varied reddish and white; 1 inch long.

66. P. denticulated, compressed on each side; round, infundibuloid, yellow, perpendicularly striated; ribs keel-shaped; lum. bottom varied, white and cinereous; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Rare.

67. P. rounded, glabrous, white; a small shell. cyathus.

68. P. ovate, entirely yellow, with undulated grooves; finica. perpendicularly striated within; margin scalloped here and there; 3 inches long. China.

69. P. roundish, white, with many coloured dots; punctata. radiated at the base, and surrounded with 2 brown rings; margin flexuous.

70. P. ovate, with annular striae; black with ele. lugubris. vated, unequal striae; margin crenated; crown and bottom white.

71. P. ovate, toothed, yellowish, with elevated flat-ulyssop-tened striae; crown pointed, orange. Lisbon. nensis.

72. P. oblong, red, with elevated, unequal, white umbella. striae; margin crenated. Africa.

73. P. thin, pellucid, striated, blackish with olive crenata. rays; within glaucous or cinereous; crown pointed; margin crenated, bottom milk-white. Shores of Africa, Malaga, Lisbon.

74. P. ferruginous, with angular or undulated ruffet ferruginea. lines and cinereous belts; within milk-white, with elevated, knotty striae; crown pointed; margin plaited.

75. P. oval, ochraceous, with elevated black striae; melano- within silvery, spotted; crown pointed, white, smooth, gramma. bottom with a straw-coloured spot.

76. P. ovate, thin; margin flexuous; within silvery, repanda. with brownish rays, and thin, undulated striae, with bay granulations. Seas of Magellan.

77. P. oval, white, thinly striated, and varied with angulosa. red spots and dots; margin with 8 angles.

78. P. oval, smooth, polished, pellucid, striated with tigrina. 7 yellowish ribs; bluish olive dotted with brown; margin with 7 angles.

79. P. oblong, flattish; bay striated with white; monopis. within milk-white, with 11 elevated, unequal striae; crown rounded, white. American islands.

80. P. ovate, toothed, brown dotted with green; chlorostic- with 11 elevated, hollow, broader striae, and as many ta. narrower ones; crown white.

81. P. thin, white, unequally striated, within pear-margari- ly; crown with an orange mark, surrounded with a tacea. yellow ring; margin crenated. Iceland.

82. P. oval, thin, ochraceous, with angular chef-tenuissima. nut lines, and 10 to 12 elevated, obtuse, hollow, unequal striae.

83. P. solid, subconic, transversely plaited; margin mitrula. flexuous. Barbadoes.

84. P. ovate, toothed, with 30 elevated, obtuse, plicaria. undulated, and transversely wrinkled striae. Shores of Magellan.

85. P. whitish, obtusely pentangular; margin cre-pentagona. nated, dilated; crown obtuse; bottom reddish.

86. P. ovate, tender, pellucid; striae elevated; aenea. crown and bottom copper-coloured; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Straits of Magellan.

87. P. thin, oblong, ovate, with fine undulated conchacea. striae;

striæ; yellowish with elevated dark rays; crown recurved. South America.

scanea. 88. P. ovate, silvery; striæ elevated, flattened; crown obtuse, copper colour; bottom with an oval bay mark; margin flexuous; 1 inch long.

candidissima. 89. P. suborbicular; striated; white, with a brownish band; dotted with brown; margin transversely wrinkled.

C. With the tip or crown pointed and recurved.

lunaria. 90. P. entire, conic, pointed, striated, with a hooked, revolute crown; 2 inches high. America, Mediterranean, and Asiatic seas; shores of Britain.

imbricata. 91. P. entire, oblong, imbricated; the crown placed behind.

mammillaris. 92. P. entire, conic, striated, subdiaphanous, with a smooth reflected crown. Shores of the Mediterranean and Africa, Britain.

tricarinata. 93. P. substriated, with 3 ribs on the forepart; 2½ inches high.

pectinata. 94. P. entire, ovate, with wrinkled, slightly branched striæ; crown nearly central; 2 inches long. Mediterranean.

lutea. 95. P. entire, oval, convex, striated, with a submarginal, reflected, mucronate crown; size of a melon seed. India.

crisata. 96. P. crown revolute; back crested, keel-shaped.

lacustris. 97. P. entire, oval, membranaceous, with a central, mucronate, reflected crown; 1½ to 2½ lines long. Fresh waters of Europe, Britain.

fluviatilis. 98. P. entire, oval, a little horny, with a marginal, mucronate crown; aperture oval; 2½ lines long. Rivers of Europe, Britain.

cacca. 99. P. entire, with elevated dots and striated; crown acute, straight. Bays of Norway, on stones.

virginea. 100. P. entire, white, with 18 red bands. Bays of Norway, on fuci.

teffellata. 101. P. entire, whitish, tessellated with red. Norway, on rocks and fuci.

fulva. 102. P. entire, orange, with a mucronate and nearly vertical crown. Norway.

subspiralis. 103. P. ovate, with an obtuse nearly spiral tip. Norway.

ambigua. 104. P. ovate; margin slightly toothed; pointed reflected, somewhat acute. Norway.

rubicunda. 105. P. entire, subconic, smoothish, and reddish; 2½ lines long. Deep of Greenland.

borniana. 106. P. ovate, entire, finely striated longitudinally; white with red veins; 6 lines long.

calyptra. 107. P. entire; ribs somewhat imbricated; crown hooked; margin sinuated. North America.

melanoleuca. 108. P. striated, entire, alternately black and white; 1 inch long.

pectunculatus. 109. P. oblong, convex, slightly toothed, within polished; striæ knotty, elevated; crown bent forwards; 1 inch long.

fusciata. 110. P. ovate, white, with a brown band; striæ elevated, acute; margin dilated, crenated, and cinctuous within; 1 inch long.

elegans. 111. P. with decussated striæ, white radiated with red; denticulated; crown gray; 2 inches long.

squamosa. 112. P. striæ elevated, and transversely undulated on the outside; brown, silvery towards the margin; crown hooked and bronzed; 3½ inches long.

squalida. 113. P. entire brown, whitish within; margin bluish, radiated with brown, with elevated, obsolete striæ; crown knotty.

114. P. smooth, subangular, yellow radiated with striæ, brown; crown obtuse, white; 1 inch long.

115. P. ovate smooth, white on both sides, with a candid, rosy belt on the outside; crown lateral; ½ inch long.

116. P. compressed, convex in the middle, cancellated, white, with a brownish band on the outside, and margined within; crown marginal, obtuse; ½ inch long.

117. P. rounded, convex, thin; whitish with red spots; minute crown obtuse, white, marginal; ½ inch long. Ferro islands.

118. P. ovate, thin, pellucid, with fine crowded striæ; chefnut with white scales, within milk-white; barita, with a brown spot at the bottom, and azure spot on the crown. Tranquebar.

119. P. oblong, horny, very thin, pellucid, glabrous, perversus with a ferruginous base. Africa.

120. P. with decussated grooves; thin, pale flesh-cerous colour; aperture oblong.

121. P. entirely white, flat; point of the crown incurved, twisted.

122. P. oval, depressed, brownish, with green dots, interpositi disposed in oblique, interrupted rays; crown with an obtuse hook; 1 inch long.

D. Entire, and not pointed at the tip or crown.

123. P. conic, striated, greenish or pale brown; ostrea within white; crown glabrous, white, obtuse; margin glabrous. Island of Goree.

124. P. conic, white, with brown rays marked with lutiæ; striæ granulated with black; crown acute, surrounded with a chefnut ring; very small. Portugal, on the sea rocks.

125. P. rounded, convex, gray, with decussated striæ; radiæ crown pointed, central, and marked with 12 orange, radiated lines; bottom horny. Jamaica.

126. P. pyramidal reddish gray, with thin, circu-areolæ lar striæ crossed by longitudinal ones; crown violet.

127. P. ovate, with fine annulated striæ, reddish flavæ gray, with undulated brown rays; crown acute, central; white in the middle.

128. P. reddish gray, with radiated striæ, glabrous, indica, narrower on one side; crown acute, smooth, surrounded with a reddish ring; 3½ inches long. India.

129. P. thick, subovate, yellowish, with black rays, surina and longitudinal, unequal striæ; and surrounded with menis. knotty belts; crown obtuse, smooth, white. Surinam.

130. P. ovate, yellow; base unequally striated; vitellina crown whitish, obtuse.

131. P. ovate, convex, white, solid, with flexuous, sanguineæ elevated, longitudinal striæ, intermixed with capillary tenta. ones; crown lateral, surrounded with a broad ring, dotted with red. Africa.

132. P. ovate, yellow, within bluish white, with ob-lævigæ lique flattened striæ, alternately thicker and thinner; crown white, smooth, polished.

133. P. rounded, white, with many-coloured dots, panflæ radiated towards the base, and surrounded with 2 brown rings.

134. P. entire, obovate, gibbous, pellucid, with 4 pellucid blue rays; size of a walnut. European and northern seas, shores of Britain.

135. P.

• adina. 135. P. entire, acute, smooth, glabrous. Indian and North seas.
• adina. 136. P. entire, ovate, striated; crown obtuse, nearly central; 14 lines long. Greenland seas.
• opressa. 137. P. entire, oval, oblong, striated, smooth; compressed on the back; 14 inches long. India.
• laca. 138. P. entire, conic, with 50 obtuse striae; three inches long.
• la. 139. P. entire, ovate, obtuse, with 39 cinereous, filiform, elevated striae.
• laca. 140. P. entire, striated, with a submucronate, erect crown; within white, with a black, heart-shaped spot, white in the middle; minute. Mediterranean.
• laca. 141. P. entire, oval, subconvex; brown, with a white cross; 1 inch long.
• luculata. 142. P. entire, conic, compressed, with reticulated veins.
• luculata. 143. P. oval, entire, gilded; within silvery, with somewhat imbricated striae; margin with plaited teeth. Straits of Magellan, and Falkland islands.
• lucifera. 144. P. oval, entire, striated; black brown radiated with white; within silvery. Friendly islands and New Zealand.
• lucifera. 145. P. entire, oval, pellucid, depressed, striated, horny, and radiated with black spots. New Zealand.
• lucifera. 146. P. roundish; the inside silvery; the outside with reddish streaks, and a yellowish border. Indian and American seas.
• lucifera. 147. P. entire, roundish, diaphanous; depressed with yellowish rays within; crown pale yellow; margin very acute; 4 inches long. Indian ocean.
• lucifera. 148. P. thin, oval, depressed, radiated, white, dotted with red; within smooth; 6 lines long.
• lucifera. 149. P. ovate, conic, solid; brown divided into partitions, by perpendicular white lines; within smooth, white; margin cut archwise; 6 lines long.
• lucifera. 150. P. ovate, convex, with fine decussated striae; white, with two broad yellow bands; within whitish, with a milk-white bottom; crown brownish; near 2 inches long.
• lucifera. 151. P. oval, with decussated striae, longitudinal ones alternately brown and white; within pearly, with a white bottom; 1 1/2 inch long. Cape of Good Hope.
• lucifera. 152. P. coarse brown, orbicular, with the crown near the margin. Deep of the seas of Norway.
• lucifera. 153. P. finely striated and varied with dots of different colours; bottom dusky; 1 1/2 inch long.
• lucifera. 154. P. glabrous, lead colour, with a white, horse-shoe-shaped band within; 1/2 inch long. Ferro islands.
• lucifera. 155. P. oval, thin, black, with white perpendicular flattened striae; crown gray; bottom with a brownish spot; not an inch long.
• lucifera. 156. P. white, flattish; one part narrow, channelled within, with a bluish callus, shaped like a horse-shoe; the other part rounded; 1 to 2 inches long.
• lucifera. 157. P. oval, thin, depressed, cancellated, radiated; 1 to 1 1/2 inch long.
• lucifera. 158. P. oval, convex, varied with red, and slightly toothed, with elevated, unequal rough striae; 1 to 2 inches long.
• lucifera. 159. P. depressed, thin, hyaline, dotted with red, with chesnut rays outwardly, and crowned thinner, and granulated thicker striae; an inch long.
• lucifera. 160. P. oval, flat, with crowded longitudinal striae, of unequal thickness and all granulated; an inch long.

• 161. P. somewhat convex; white, with crowded red decussata dots; within radiated with red and white, with decussated glabrous striae, and a few longitudinal, thicker, white ones; 1 1/2 inch long.
• 162. P. thin, depressed, white, dotted with red; hematoitic within brownish, striated; crown varied with cinereous striae, and brownish; near an inch long.
• 163. P. flattish, cancellated, cinereous, with a chesnut star, and rays towards the margin; crown smooth, gray, surrounded with brown dots; an inch long.
• 164. P. oval, somewhat convex, thin; striae crowd-ovalis; gray, with blackish rays and spots; an inch long.
• 165. P. a little convex, striated, reddish; crown rubella, whitish, spotted with red; bottom whitish; 1 1/2 inch long.
• 166. P. flattish, a little wrinkled; striated, reddish spectabilis, white, with a chesnut band towards the crown, and another bay one at the margin; 3 inches long.
• 167. P. solid, flattish, striated; black, with cine-conspureaceous dots; within bluish; crown dirty yellow; twota, inches long.
• 168. P. solid, flattish, striated; whitish, with cine-melanostic- reous rays and black dots, disposed in 5 or 6 belts; sta. crown pointed and whitish.
• 169. P. black, striated, with a paler crown; bot-atra. tom with a brownish mark, surrounded with a white horse-shoe-shaped band; 1 1/2 inch long.
• 170. P. oval, convex, solid, glabrous; liver colour specularis. within, and the crown brownish; the latter surrounded with a white border, and interrupted, whitish band.
• 171. P. oval, black, within bluish, striated; the canescens. larger striae flattened and gray; crown obtuse, brownish, with a whitish area; 2 inches long.
• 172. P. oblong, flattish, dilated on each side and virescens. striated; olivaceous, radiated, and spotted with white; within blue; 1 1/2 inch long.
• 173. P. rounded, convex, longitudinally striated and pulla. transversely wrinkled, brownish; within ruffet brown, with whitish and brownish rays, and two milk-white bands above; 1 1/2 inch long.
• 174. P. suboval, crenated, striated, ochraceous, with revoluta. red spots and rays, broader on one side; margin revolute; an inch long.
• 175. P. ovate, convex, striated; the striae scaly, va-squamata. ried with white and black; crown gray, nearly central; an inch long.
• 176. P. ovate, finely striated, testaceous, with testacea. transverse brownish rings; within pale yellow, with a whitish bottom; an inch long.
• 177. P. ovate, thin, brown, with darker bands capillaris. and paler striae; within brownish; crown and bottom white; 1/2 inch long.
• 178. P. ovate, narrower on one side, finely striat-glaucia. ed; bluish, with a white band towards the margin, and another bluish one; crown and margin white; 1/2 inch long.
• 179. P. ovate, flattish, striated; varied with yel-obscura. lowish and brown, and dotted with green; within brown; crown bay; scarcely 1/2 inch long.
• 180. P. oval, subconvex, unequally striated; whitish, exoleta. with a few black lines, reaching half way; near an inch long.
• 181. P. oval, flattish, solid, with a few black rays, affinis. reaching

reaching half way; bottom with a spatulated white spot; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

rotalis. * 182. P. white, opaque, flat, round; margin regularly toothed. Sandwich. Rare.

fuscata. 183. P. ovate, convex, finely striated and varied with brown.

mellea. 184. P. rounded, solid, glabrous, honey-colour; white within; crown brownish; margin spotted with brown, and silvery within; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

anceps. 185. P. solid, glabrous, pointed, pale chestnut; pale flesh-colour within.

guineensis. 186. P. ovate, convex, smooth; one side broader and chestnut; the other with the crown pale yellow; margin flesh-colour on each side; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Guinea. Rare.

complanata. 187. P. depressed, hemispherical; obsoletely cancellated, varied with white and brownish; margin white on one side.

virgata. 188. P. ovate, longitudinally striated; whitish, with brown rays and crown; pearly within.

nivea. 189. P. subconic, solid, glabrous, snowy; with 7 to 8 transverse concentric rings; crown rounded; 4 lines wide. Africa.

grisea. 190. P. oval, with crowded radiated grooves, polished within; crown nearly central; an inch long. Africa.

navicula. 191. P. narrow, with decussated striae; rosy, with a whitish callous belt on one side in the middle; margin acute, revolute on each side; an inch long.

cingulata. 192. P. somewhat oval, obsoletely striated, ferruginous, with two elevated, obscurely barred belts; crown nearly central.

scapha. 193. P. clear white, with undulated striae, narrow; broader side with an acute callus; narrower side repand; crown towards the narrower side; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

parva. * 194. P. small, entire, without glos, whitish, faintly radiated with red; rather larger than a pea. Devonshire coasts. Very rare.

E. With the crown or tip perforated.

fissura. * 195. P. oval, conic, with reticulated striae; cleft on the fore-part; crown recurved; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. European and Barbary coasts, Devonshire.

fissurella. * 196. P. grooved and perforated on the fore-part; crown recurved; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lines long. Iceland seas, Falmouth harbour.

pustula. 197. P. oval, gibbous, convex, with reticulated striae; margin crenated; perforation near the posterior margin. Mediterranean and Indian seas.

graca. * 198. P. ovate, convex, reticulated; crown not much elevated; perforation oblong; margin crenulated; length $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch. Foreign specimens $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch. European seas, Sandwich.

nimbofa. 199. P. ovate, striated, rugged, brown; perforation oblong; 2 inches long. Mediterranean and Atlantic.

nubecula. 200. P. subovate, rugged, white radiated with red; perforation ovate. Mediterranean.

picla. 201. P. ovate, solid, clouded white and green, with oblique, undulated, alternate, violet and white rays; $3\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. Straits of Magellan.

barbadensis. 202. P. oblong, unequally striated; within smooth; milk-white with greenish bands; margin crenated; perforation circular, and surrounded with a chestnut ring. Barbadoes.

203. P. whitish, transversely annulated with longi-jamaica; striae longitudinal, covered with foliaceous tubercles; perforation oblong. Jamaica and Barbadoes.

204. P. ovate, compressed, striated; finely annula-coffra, and radiated with black; bottom milk-white; perforation nearly central.

205. P. A little convex, transversely wrinkled; perforation brownish, with straw-coloured rays and spots; striae longitudinal, and alternately larger and scaly; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

206. P. oblong, compressed, unequally striated; porphyritic white, with 5 purple, interrupted belts; greenish white zones within; perforation minute, surrounded on the inside with a red circle. North America.

207. P. thinly striated with alternate rosy and white refra. rays; perforation oval, and surrounded with a red ring on the inside. Minute.

208. P. repand on each side, compressed; perforation radiated with grooves; from 1 to $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

209. P. thin, white, and finely striated; perforation oval, oblong, and divided by a ligament.

210. P. ovate, convex, white; striae elevated, thick-spiny, towards the margin, and marked with four rows of tubercles; exterior tubercles spinous; perforation oblong.

211. P. ovate, gibbous; whitish, radiated with denticul. brown; green within; striae elevated, somewhat rugged, and alternately larger; margin denticulated; crenated within; perforation in form of a parallelogram.

212. P. ovate, convex; striae elevated, knotty, nodulose, crossing thinner transverse ones; within white; crown black.

213. P. depressed, white; striae elevated, every 4th angusta, of which is larger; perforation narrow, surrounded with a chestnut band on the outside, and a green one within; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

214. P. ovate, convex; striae decussated; perforation iniqua, surrounded with an elevated ring and red line; 1 inch long.

215. P. oval, pyramidal, reddish, with 12 elevated minute. white striae; bottom white; perforation oval and nearly central.

216. P. ovate, convex, striated; yellowish, with conspers. red dots and 3 oblique rays; crown central; perforation linear.

217. P. oval, striated, reddish, with a white band rubescens in the middle; margin entire; perforation linear; 1 inch long.

218. P. oval, thin, red; within greenish white; sanguine. striae longitudinal, crossing finer transverse ones, which are rugged outwardly; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

219. P. oval, ventricose, with red decussated striae; ventricose. crown depressed; perforation orbicular; an inch long.

220. P. oval, flattish, striated; white, with 3 brown triradiat. rays; crown central; perforation linear; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

221. P. pellucid, oval, a little convex; longitudinal- tenuis. ly striated; white, with 5 half brown rays; perforation with a cinereous margin; not $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

222. P. convex, rosy, with an interrupted black band, melanos. and elevated, unequal, white striae; crown pointed; nias. perforation orbicular, and surrounded within with an elevated gray ring; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

223. P.

223. P. convex, rosy, with elevated, knotty, white, and alternately larger striae; perforation round and large; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

224. P. convex, chesnut; striae unequal, crowded, decussated; within smooth, with alternate green and white bands; perforation round, surrounded with a chesnut ring, and an elevated white one within; above an inch long.

225. P. convex, white shaded with red; here and there striated with red; within smooth, white; perforation oval.

226. P. convex, above clear white, and cancellated; longitudinally striated towards the margin, with a rosy band; perforation orbicular; an inch long.

227. P. convex, white; striae glabrous, acute, unequal; crown rosy; perforation large, orbicular; an inch long.

228. P. convex, rosy, striated; ribs 12, smooth; within smooth, and greenish white; one and one-fourth of an inch long.

229. P. narrow, alternately radiated with chesnut and white; striae unequally thick, lamellated; margin inflected; perforation oblong; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

230. P. convex, white, with red lines outwardly, and elevated, rugged, contrary striae; 10 of them larger; margin repand, inflected; crown reddish; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

231. P. above brown, striated, terminated by a knotty belt; beneath radiated with red, with acute, knotty ribs; perforation orbicular; three-fourths of an inch long.

232. P. convex, with nodulous, unequal ribs; larger ones yellowish brown, and marked with black dots, disposed in interrupted circles; crown cinereous; perforation surrounded within with an elevated, grass-coloured ring, and a brown circle.

233. P. a little convex, narrow, white, with red lines; outwardly spotted with black, with elevated, convex, unequal striae; perforation oblong, with a chesnut margin within, with a reddish ring; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

234. P. white, chesnut towards the margin, with 20 alternately larger ribs; crown reddish, with an oblong perforation; near an inch long.

235. P. ovate, pointed, white; above smooth, with an elevated belt in the middle; dotted with ferruginous towards the margin; with elevated, unequal, smooth striae; perforation narrow, orbicular; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

236. P. flattish, white, suborbicular, with 20 elevated, alternately less and shorter striae, perforation round, and surrounded on each side with a reddish circle; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long.

237. P. thin, effuse, pointed, finely striated, yellowish, with 6 brown rays; crown cinereous; perforation oblong.

238. P. convex, obsoletely striated, and furnished with concentric, imbricated wrinkles; perforation oval, or nearly round; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch diameter.

239. P. solid, ovate, compressed; within white; crown a little recurved, and obtuse; perforation linear; 6 lines long.

240. P. convex, with decussated lines and black rays. Falkland islands.

Gen. Char.—The animal a terebella; shell univalve, tubular, straight or slightly curved, with an undivided cavity open at both ends.

1. 1. D. with 10 ribs, slightly curved and striated; 4 elephantini- inches long. Indian and European seas. num.
2. 2. D. with 10 ribs, smooth, and slightly curved. aprinum. Indian seas.
3. 3. D. ribbed, curved, subulate, of one colour, arcuatum. greenish.
4. 4. D. with 8 ribs and 8 striae, pointed; green, tip-striatulum. ped with white. Sicilian seas. [lum.
5. 5. D. ribs 6, striated. Found fossil at Loretto. sexangu-
6. 6. D. with 20 striae, slightly curved, interrupted; dentalis. red, tipped with white. Mediterranean.
7. 7. D. finely striated, slightly curved; gray, with fasciatum. darker bands; thickness of a crow quill. Sicily.
8. 8. D. straight, doubly or triply striated, and annu-rectum. lated.
9. 9. D. roundish, somewhat obtuse; finely and equally fossile. striated. Fossil near Loretto.
10. 10. D. round, obliquely striated. Found fossil. annulatum.
11. 11. D. slightly curved, somewhat obtuse; striae de- radula. cussated, longitudinal ones granulated; an inch long. Found fossil in Piedmont.
12. 12. D. striae decussated, all of them smooth; longi- interruptum. tudinal striae with finer interrupted ones. Found fossil in Piedmont.
13. 13. D. round, slightly curved, continued, with politum. crowded, annular striae; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Indian and European seas.
14. 14. D. white, smooth, round, slightly curved, with eburneum. remote rings. India.
15. 15. D. round, slightly curved, smooth, glossy, ta- entalis. pering to a small point; pervious; $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Indian and European shores; western coasts of England.
16. 16. D. round, curved, continued and smooth. arietinum. Scandinavia.
17. 17. D. round, slightly curved, interrupted, opaque; corneum. $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. African ocean.
18. 18. D. curved, very smooth, white, with fulvous nebulosum. clouds and spots. Sicily.
19. 19. D. horny, flexible, straightish, round and smooth; pellucidum. $2\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inches long. North seas.
20. 20. D. hyaline, glabrous, slightly curved, and ta- vitreum. pering gradually; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Found fossil in Piedmont.
21. 21. D. round, straightish, smooth, minute; not minutum. larger than a bristle. Mediterranean.
22. 22. D. white, opaque, transversely striated and im- imperfora- perforated; minute. Sandwich, Falmouth harbour. tum.
23. 23. D. subpellucid, subarcuated, tapering to a small gadus. point; pervious, contracting a little towards the larger end; white, glossy, and smooth. British channel; called by the mariners hake's tooth. It is frequently brought up with the sounding line.
24. 24. D. subcylindrical, arcuated, marked with regu-trachea. lar, strong, transverse striae; aperture round, tapering to

to the other extremity, which is closed; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long, resembles the trachea of an animal. Milton, Devonshire. Rare.

glabrum. * 25. D. cylindric, arcuated, smooth, glossy, without striae or wrinkles; aperture orbicular; the other end closed, rounded; length one line. Devonshire coast. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 497.

Gen. 34. SERPULA.

Gen. Char.—The animal a terebella; shell univalve, tubular, generally adhering to other substances; often separated internally by entire divisions at unequal distances.

SPECIES.

nautiloides. * 1. S. flattish, minute, confluent, verrucose, spiral, with very thin, internal, semilunar divisions. Seas of Norway, and on the byssus of the pinna ingens on the coast of Devonshire.

seminulum. 2. S. regular, oval, loose, glabrous, not larger than a grain of sand. Adriatic and Red seas; and is sometimes found fossil.

planorbis. 3. S. orbicular, regular, flat, equal; resembles a round scale; adheres to shells.

spirillum. * 4. S. regular, spiral, orbicular; whirls round, gradually decreasing. Found in the ocean, on zoophytes, on the corallina officinalis from Milton rocks, Devonshire.

spirorbis. * 5. S. regular, spiral, orbicular; whirls slightly channelled above and inwardly, and diminishing gradually towards the centre. Found in most seas, adhering to fuci. Shores of Britain.

triquetra. * 6. S. strong, opaque, irregularly twisted and contorted; triangular; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 1 inch long. Found in the ocean, adhering to marine substances, stones, and the bottoms of ships. Coasts of Britain.

intricata. * 7. S. filiform, rough, and intricately twisted; greenish white, a little rugged and coarse. European and Indian seas; shores of Britain, on shells.

flograna. 8. S. capillary, fasciculated, unbranched complications, and cancellated; forms a beautiful kind of network; 4 inches long. Mediterranean.

granulata. 9. S. round, spiral, glomerated; 3 elevated ribs on the upper side; size of a coriander seed. North seas, in masses adhering to shells and stones.

contortuplicata. * 10. S. angular, rugged, and irregularly entwined; transversely striated; 3 to 4 inches long. European and American seas; shores of Britain.

glomerata. 11. S. round, glomerated, with decussated wrinkles. European and Atlantic seas.

lumbricalis. 12. S. round, flexuous, with a spiral, acute tip; transversely ribbed, and longitudinally wrinkled; 3 to 5 inches long. Atlantic and Indian seas, in large masses.

polythalamia. 13. S. round, diaphanous, smooth, straightish, with numerous internal divisions. Mediterranean and Indian seas, under the sands.

arenaria. 14. S. jointed, entire, distinct, flattish beneath. India and Africa.

anguina. 15. S. roundish, somewhat spiral, with a longitudinal, jointed cleft. Indian ocean.

vermicularis. * 16. S. round, tapering, curved, wrinkled; 2 to 3 inches long. European seas; coasts of Britain.—The animal which inhabits this shell is of a bright scarlet

colour, and is furnished with elegant feathered tentacula, from the midst of which arises a trumpet-shaped tube, and a lesser simple one.

17. S. Watering-pot; round, straight, taper, with a penis, dilated, radiated, larger extremity; the disc is covered with cylindrical pores; 3 to 5 inches long. Indian ocean.

18. S. roundish, flexuous, rosy, with numerous rows echinæ of prickles, obtuse at the end; aperture margined; size of a crow quill.

19. S. brown, roundish, striated. Indian ocean, adhering to corals.

20. S. polished, smoothish, with annulated plaits, a processus, little tapering towards the end; size of a quill. Indian and American seas.

21. S. round, with decussated striae, slightly wrinkled, decussated, flexuous, red; within smooth, white.

22. S. smooth, white, the broader part straight, and proboscis transversely plaited; 2 to 4 inches long. dea.

23. S. substriated, yellowish brown, round, twisted asra. into 3 whirls, with a central tip.

24. S. long, narrow, round, smooth, yellowish; many cereolar. times twisted. America.

25. S. conic, spirally twisted, yellowish, with brown cornuea bands; the middle round and twisted; aperture orbicular.

26. S. round, cancellated, yellow, within horny; 8 gorengs to 9 inches long. Goree.

27. S. triangular, twisted, tuberculated, with hollow infundibula dots; 8 to 9 inches long. Africa.

28. S. round, white, transversely striated, and thrice infundibula twisted; the first turn, seemingly composed of 5 fun- lums. placed in each other. Indian ocean; fixed to stones.

29. S. cinereous, convex above, beneath flat; pyra-pyramidal midal, and many times twisted; an inch long; open lis. at the narrower end. Indian sea.

30. S. white, round, subulate, straight, and toothed denticula at the sides; with a longitudinal, glabrous rib in the via. middle; tip glabrous, a little incurved; $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ inch long. Found in the lepas tintinnabulum.

31. S. roundish, twisted, umbilicated, with decussated melites striae, and longitudinal, knotty ribs; within smooth, with numerous divisions. Found fossil in Malta.

32. S. round, smooth, incurved; base nearly obso- norwegi lete, undulated; mouth obliquely truncated. Norway.

33. S. round, smooth, polished, ascending in a flexu- porrectio- ous manner from the spire or base.

* 34. S. round, regular, spiral, orbicular, wrinkled, vitrea. with a thickened aperture. Greenland seas; shores of Britain.

35. S. spiral, glomerated, with three grooves, the cancellat- lower interrupted by transverse ribs; aperture 2-toothed. Greenland seas.

36. S. sub-orbicular, umbilicated, convex, radiated stellari- with wrinkles. Greenland seas.

37. S. somewhat triangular, and a little flexuous, gigantea. gradually tapering, violet; within smooth and pale. yellow; aperture white, with undulated striae, and armed with a conic tooth; a foot high, and as thick as the little finger. Africa and America.

38. S. filiform, glabrous, conglomerated, perforated, cinerea. Shores of Massilia.

fulvosa. * 39. S. whirls 2, deeply and spirally grooved; greenish; minute. Coast of Pembrokeshire, on the roots of fagus digitalis.

ovalis. * 40. S. suboval, with 2 bends, imperforated; minute. Found at Denbigh.

regularis. * 41. S. regular, rounded; margin reflected at the aperture; minute. Pembrokeshire sands.

cornua. * 42. S. regular, rounded, pellucid, with three whirls; horny. Pembrokeshire coast.

bicornis. * 43. S. femilunar, ventricose, white, opaque, glossy; minute. Sandwich and Reculver.

perforata. * 44. S. white, opaque, glossy; femilunar and perforated; minute. Sandwich. Rare.

lutescens. * 45. S. oval, thin, smooth, pellucid, with milky veins; minute. Sandwich; very rare.

lignosa. * 46. S. round, striated, grooved, with a narrow neck, like an oil flask; minute. Sandwich and Sheppey.

recurvata. * 47. S. rounded, margined, with a slender recurved neck. Sandwich; rare.

intercostata. * 48. S. straight, with 3 close whirls at the smaller end; minute. Sandwich.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a terebella, with two calcareous, hemispherical valves, cut off before, and two lanceolate ones; the shell tapering, flexuous, and penetrating wood.

1. T. Ship-worm; shell thin, cylindrical, smooth; more or less twisted; rather obtuse at the tip; 4 to 6 inches long.

At the smaller end the shell becomes thick and strong, and is furnished within with plaits or laminae, which contract that part, leaving a very small opening. The anterior valves attached to the head of the animal, are of a hemispherical form, one half of the front projecting in a sharp angle, and somewhat pointed. The inside of each valve is white, furnished with a long, flat, curved tooth, projecting inwards, under the hinge, and a short lateral tooth at the extremity of the hinge, corresponding in each valve. The margin opposite the hinge runs to an acute angle, at the point of which, in each valve, is a small knob, which comes in contact when the valves are brought together. Near the extremity of the tail there are two valves, one on each side; a little concave on the inside, and rounded at the end. By their means the extremity of the tube at the thickened part is closed. These are properly to be considered as the shell of the animal, because they are attached to it. The tube, or testaceous sheath, which lines the hole made in the wood, appears only to be formed as an apartment, in which the animal may move with more ease; for it is found that two tubes never come in immediate contact with each other, although the fibres of the wood between them are frequently no thicker than paper. This tube is seldom so long as the animal; the internal part of the perforation is usually not lined with it for the space of 2 inches, and sometimes more; but the smaller end is always even with the surface of the timber which is perforated; but so small, as not easily to be discovered, yet it is sufficient to admit the water, which is regulated by the posterior valves of the animal.

It is found in the sides and bottom of ships, and even

the strongest oak, which has been some time under water. This testaceous animal was originally a native of the warmer climates, and was brought to Europe, where it has been produced, and has proved extremely destructive to the bottoms of ships, and to works constructed of wood, which remain for some time constantly under water. It appears, from some piles of solid oak which were examined in the dock-yard of Plymouth, and which had remained under water for about four or five years, that the destructive effects of these animals are very great in that time; for these piles were found to be greatly perforated, which rendered it necessary to remove them, and replace them with others. The bottoms of ships which frequent warm climates, it is well known, are sheathed with copper, to secure them from the effects of these destructive animals. But the method which is adopted about the dock-yards to preserve the timbers which are constantly under water, is to cover them with broad-headed nails; which, by the effects of the sea water are soon incrustated with a coating of rust, which is found to be impenetrable to the ship-worm.

It has been observed that the teredo navalis cuts across the grain of the wood as seldom as possible. After it has penetrated a little way, it turns and continues with the grain, till it meets with another shell, or a knot in the wood. The course which it then takes is regulated by the nature of the obstruction. If this be considerable, it makes a short turn back in the form of a syphon, rather than continue for any distance across the grain.

2. T. solid, cylindrical, undulated; 7 inches long. utricularis. In wood.

3. T. clavated at one end, incurved at the other; clava. narrower, obtuse and perforated in the middle; 2 inches long. Found in the seed-vessels of the xylosteum granatum.

Gen. Char.—The animal a nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head; shell tubular, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances, united to a membrane by a glutinous cement.

1. S. solitary, loose, curved, with lentiform, glossy granular scarpula, nulations; thickness of a swan's quill. India and American islands.

2. S. solitary, fixed by the base, simple, curved, with scabra, radiated, rough granulations. America.

3. S. numerous, parallel tubes, communicating by alveolata, an aperture, forming in the mass the appearance of honey combs; 2 to 3 inches long. European coasts, Britain.

4. S. solitary, subcylindrical, papyraceous, chiefly chrysodon, composed of fragments of shells, thickness of a quill; 2 to 6 inches long. European and Indian seas, shores of Britain.

5. S. straight, conic, composed of minute particles of belgica sand; 2 to 3 inches long. European coasts, shores of Britain.