PATRIARCHS, amongst Christians, are ecclesiastical dignitaries, or bishops, so called from their paternal authority in the church. The power of patriarchs was not the same in all, but differed according to the different customs of countries, or the pleasure of kings and councils. Thus the patriarch of Constantinople grew to be supreme over the patriarchs of Ephesus and Cæsarea, and was called the œcumenical or universal patriarch; and the patriarch of Alexandria had some prerogatives which no other patriarch but himself enjoyed, such as the right of consecrating and approving every single bishop under his jurisdiction.
The patriarchate has ever been esteemed the supreme dignity in the church. The bishop had only under him the territory of the city of which he was bishop; the metropolitan superintended a province, and had for suffragans the bishops of his province; the primate was the chief of what was then called a diocese, and had several metropolitans under him; but the patriarch had under him several dioceses, composing one exarchate, and the primates themselves were under him.
Usher, Pagi, De Marca, and Morinus, attribute the establishment of the grand patriarchates to the apostles themselves, who, according to the description of the world then given by geographers, pitched upon the three principal cities in the three parts of the known world, Rome in Europe, Antioch in Asia, and Alexandria in Africa, and thus formed a trinity of patriarchs. Others maintain that the name patriarch was unknown at the time of the council of Nice; and that for a long time afterwards patriarchs and primates were confounded together, as being all equally chiefs of dioceses, and equally superior to me-
Patriarchal metropolitans, who were only chiefs of provinces. Hence Socrates gives the title patriarch to all the chiefs of dioceses, of whom he reckons ten. Indeed it does not appear that the dignity of patriarch was appropriated to the five grand sees of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, till after the council of Chalcedon in 451; for when the council of Nice regulated the limits and prerogatives of the three patriarchs of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, it did not give them the title of patriarchs, though it allowed them pre-eminence and privileges as such; and hence, when the council of Constantinople adjudged the second place to the bishop of Constantinople, who till then was only a suffragan of Hieraclea, it said nothing of the patriarchate. Nor is the term patriarch found in the decree of the council of Chalcedon, by which the fifth place is assigned to the bishop of Jerusalem; nor did these five patriarchs govern all the churches.
There were, besides, many independent chiefs of dioceses, who, far from owning the jurisdiction of the grand patriarchs, called themselves patriarchs; such as that of Aquileia; nor was Carthage ever subject to the patriarch of Alexandria. Mosheim imagines, that those bishops who enjoyed a certain degree of pre-eminence over the rest of their order, were distinguished by the Jewish title of patriarchs in the fourth century. The authority of the patriarchs gradually increased, till about the close of the fifth century, when all affairs of moment within the compass of their patriarchate came before them, either at first hand or by appeals from the metropolitans. The consecrated bishops assembled yearly in council the clergy of their respective districts; pronounced a decisive judgment on those cases where accusations were brought against bishops; and appointed vicars or deputies, clothed with their authority, for the preservation of order and tranquillity in the remoter provinces. In short, nothing was done without consulting them; and their decrees were executed with the same regularity and respect as those of the princes.
It deserves to be remarked, however, that the authority of the patriarchs was not acknowledged throughout all the provinces without exception. Several districts, both in the eastern and the western empire, were exempted from their jurisdiction. The Latin church had no patriarchs till the sixth century; and the churches of Gaul, Britain, and other countries, were never subject to the authority of the patriarch of Rome, whose authority only extended to the nearer provinces. There was no primacy, no exarchate nor patriarchate, owned here; but the bishops, with the metropolitans, governed the church in common. Indeed, after the name of patriarch became frequent in the west, it was attributed to the bishops of Bourges and Lyons; but it was only in the primary signification, namely, as heads of dioceses. Du Cange says, that there were some abbots who bore the title of patriarchs.