CHINESE LANGUAGE.

THE 214 ELEMENTS OR KEYS.

77 止 tsheo to stop; to finish; to stand still. 96 玉 yo a gem; a knife; precious stone. 116 穴 xien a den or cave. 135 舌 sheu the tongue.
78 歹 tal bad; evil; vicious. 97 瓜 qua a melon; a cucumber. 117 立 lee to erect; to build; firm. 136 舛 tsiuen to actually to move; to err.
79 殳 shoo to kill by a blow; a weapon. 98 瓦 agua earthen vessels; tiles. OF VI STROKES
80 毋 woo the negative particle to prevent. 99 甘 kai sweet; pleasant; one of the five tastes. 118 竹 tsu a reed or bamboo. 137 角 chen a sheep; a horn.
81 比 pee to compare; to equalize. 100 生 siang to produce; life. 119 米 mea rice; or any grain stuff. 138 艮 kiu lewd; hard; stubbornness.
82 毛 mau hair. 101 用 yung to employ; to use. 120 杀 mee to or against close at of the back. 139 色 soo blooming; a fair colour of the skin.
83 氏 shee a family name; an ancestor. 102 田 tien a cultivated field. 121 缶 fon earthen vessel of all kinds. 140 艸 tsao plants; (herb) grass.
84 气 kee air; breath; breath principle. 103 疋 pay the foot; a broad measure. 122 网 wang a net of any kind. 141 虎 hop a tiger.
85 水 shwee water; one of the elements. 104 疒 tsai sickness; a sore or ulcer. 123 羊 yang a goat; a sheep. 142 虫 chang an insect.
86 火 ho fire; one of the elements. 105 疒 pee skin; the hairy side of a skin; a animal. 124 羽 yen wings of a bird; feathers. 143 血 sheh blood.
87 爪 chaa nail; claws of animals. 106 白 pee white; clear; pure; clean. 125 老 lao aged; a term of respect. 144 行 shing to go; to do; to walk.
88 父 lou a father; the chief of a house or family. 107 皮 pe the skin; to walk quickly. 126 而 alwee an expedite; looks of haste. 145 衣 ee clothes; garments.
89 交 shean to unite; to keep company with. 108 皿 ming dishes; vessels used for food. 127 未 ly the crooked handle of a plough. 146 而 ee to cover; seeds.
90 身 ching a particular kind of meat or branch. 109 目 mou the eye. 128 耳 cal the ear. OF VII STROKES
91 片 pieu a piece of wood; a splinter. 110 矛 meu a spear or lance. 129 聿 you a pencil or branch; hair. 147 見 kieu to see; to appear.
92 牙 ya the tooth. 111 矢 tshe straight; to point at; an arrow. 130 肉 you flesh of any animal. 148 角 hon a horn of animals.
93 牛 neu a cow. 112 石 shee a stone; a rock. 131 臣 chien a minister in public service. 149 言 yen words; to speak.
94 犬 koan a dog. 113 示 shee to admonish; to instruct; to advise. 132 自 tsi self; himself; from. 150 谷 kou a valley; a stream; a channel of water.
OF V STROKES
95 立 liuen darkish blackish. 114 内 nieu to keep; the mark of hands feet. 133 至 tshee the extreme point; to arrive at. 151 豕 ton domesticated plow; pig.
115 禾 quo grain; corn in the ear. 134 日 ken a mortar. 152 豕 tsheo a hog; a swine.
153 豕 lee a reptile.
A blank page with a light beige background, showing faint, illegible ghosting of text from the reverse side.This image shows a blank page with a light beige or cream-colored background. The surface has a subtle texture and a few small, dark specks. Faint, illegible ghosting of text from the reverse side of the page is visible throughout, appearing as light greyish impressions. The page is otherwise empty of any content.
THE 214 ELEMENTS OR KEYS
154 貝 poei a pearl; a shell; precious. 172 雀 chuy birds with short tails. 180 高 kau high; eminent; noble. 208 鼠 shin a mouse; a rat.
155 赤 tehce red; colour of combustion. 173 雨 yen rain. 190 彭 pan long hair. 209 鼻 pee the nose.
156 走 tsoo to walk; swifly; to run. 174 青 ching army. 191 門 ton to fight; a single combat. 210 齊 chee even; level; to put in order.
157 足 tsoo the foot. 175 非 fai pulse; deny; the negative. 192 鬯 tehching fragrant herbs; to mix with wine. 211 齒 tehce the teeth; rank; order.
158 身 shin the body or person; self. 176 面 mien the face; the surface. 193 鬲 lee a vessel used for burning incense. 212 龍 loun a dragon.
159 車 kion a wheel or carriage. 177 革 kye skin with the hair cut to change. 194 鬼 quoi a spirit; a ghost; a demon. 213 龜 quy a tortoise.
160 辛 sin hot; pungent; bitter; off-setting. 178 韋 wy soft leather; back to back. 195 魚 yen a fish. 214 龠 yoo a pipe or musical instrument of reeds.
161 辰 shin to advance; a part; hour of time; equal to two hours. 179 韭 kien onions; leeks; pot herbs. 196 鳥 mian a bird. IS COMPOSITION
162 邑 ye a city surrounded with walls. 180 音 yin sound; a tone of music. 197 鹵 loo salt; brackish water. N. 9 is 丿
163 走 tehoo walking; swifly; a lively motion. OF IX STROKES 198 鹿 lo a stag. 18 冂
164 酉 yoo ripened wine. 181 頁 ye the head. 199 麥 moo wheat; corn. 61 小
165 采 pien to take; to gather; to separate; to distinguish. 182 風 fing the wind; man; air; custom. 200 麻 ma hemp. 61 才
166 里 lee a measure about one third of a mile; a village. 183 飛 fooi to fly; as a bird. 201 黃 whang yellow. 85 丿
OF VIII STROKES 184 食 tehce to eat; prepared rice. 202 黍 shien millet. 86 川
167 金 kin metal; gold. 185 首 shien the head; the origin. 203 黑 shee black; dark. 130 月
168 長 chang long; remote; distant. 186 香 shiang smell; fragrance. 204 繒 tehce needle; work; embroidery. 140 廿
169 門 mun the outer door. OF X to XVII STROKES 205 鼎 ting a tripod; a vessel used in cooking. 155 卩
170 阜 foo a mound of earth. 187 馬 ma a horse. 206 鼎 ming a head; a tray. 170 卩
171 隸 lai a utilitarian; to a certain point. 188 骨 koo a bone. 207 鼓 koo a drum. 163 丿
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including discoloration and faint, illegible markings that appear to be bleed-through from the reverse side.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint, illegible markings that appear to be bleed-through from the reverse side. There is no text or other content on the page.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the right edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the right edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.

ISOTHERMAL LINES, SHOWING THE MEAN ANNUAL

A detailed map of the Northern Hemisphere showing isothermal lines (lines of equal mean annual temperature) across North America, Greenland, Europe, and Asia. The map includes a grid of latitude and longitude, with longitude decreasing from 170°W to 0° and latitude increasing from 52°N to 80°N. Key geographical features like the Tropic of Cancer, Equator, and Tropic of Capricorn are marked. Isotherms are labeled with temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit, such as 32.4, 30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, and 0. Specific locations like the Point of Greatest Cold (5.3) and the Southern Limit are indicated. The map also shows the extent of the Arctic ice, with labels for 'Perpetually Frozen Ground' and 'Occasional protrusions of Icebergs'.

Map Labels and Features:
- Latitude: 52°, 54°, 56°, 58°, 60°, 62°, 64°, 66°, 68°, 70°, 72°, 74°, 76°, 78°, 80° N.
- Longitude: 170°, 160°, 150°, 140°, 130°, 120°, 110°, 100°, 90°, 80°, 70°, 60°, 50°, 40°, 30°, 20°, 10°, 0°.
- Regions: NORTH AMERICA, GREENLAND, EUROPE, ASIA, SOUTH AMERICA, PACIFIC OCEAN, ATLANTIC OCEAN, ARCTIC OCEAN.
- Key Locations: Point of Greatest Cold 5.3, Melville Island, Boothia Felix, Baffin's Bay, Hudson's Bay, Perpetually Frozen Ground, United States, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, West Indies, Sandwich Islands, Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, Falkland, Tierra del Fuego, Southern Continent, Antarctic Peninsula, Sandwich Land.
- Isotherms: 32.4, 30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0.
- Other Labels: Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, Southern Limit, Northern Limit, Perpetually Frozen Ground, Occasional protrusions of Icebergs, Icebergs, Occasional Icebergs, Jan. Magma, Iceland, Norway, Skotland, Madeira, Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India, China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Siberia, Alaska, Yukon, Bering Strait, Kamchatka, Kamchatka Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian Islands.

TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
PLATE CLXXII.
A historical map of the world showing the temperature of the Earth's surface. The map includes a grid of latitude and longitude lines. Key geographical features labeled include the Arctic Circle, Siberia, Asia, India, Australia, and New Zealand. Temperature data points are marked with values in degrees Fahrenheit, such as -31.8 and -61.1 for Yakutsk, and -31.1 and -58.9 for Norvegia. The map also shows the 'Point of Greatest Cold' at 2° and the 'Edge of Ice' in the North Pole region. A vertical scale on the right side indicates 'Degrees of mean annual temperature on Fahrenheit scale' from 80° down to 32°.

Map showing the Temperature of the Earth's Surface, Plate CLXXII.

Key features and data points:

  • Latitude and Longitude: Grid lines from 10° to 80° North and 10° to 60° South.
  • Arctic Circle: Labeled at approximately 66.5°N.
  • Siberia: Labeled across the top of the map.
  • Asia: Labeled across the middle of the map.
  • India: Labeled in the center.
  • Australia: Labeled in the bottom right.
  • New Zealand: Labeled in the bottom right.
  • Temperature Data Points:
    • Yakutsk: -31.8, -61.1
    • Norvegia: -31.1, -58.9
  • Other Labels:
    • Point of Greatest Cold (2°)
    • Edge of Ice
    • Probable Land
    • OPEN SEA
    • Wrangel Land
    • Arctic Circle
    • Limit of perpetually frozen ground
    • Arctic Sea
    • Black Sea
    • Aral Sea
    • Bay of Bengal
    • Ceylon
    • Sumatra
    • Java
    • Madagascar
    • Haitiana I.
    • Kourkou I.
    • Amsterdam I.
    • St Paul I.
    • Van Dieman's Land
    • Kerguelen's Land
    • Antarctic Region
    • Enderby's Land
    • Land covered by the American Expedition
  • Vertical Scale: Degrees of mean annual temperature on Fahrenheit scale (80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80).
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge and top.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge and top. There is no text or other markings on the page.

ANNUAL ISOTHERMS,
ON
M. DOVE'S POLAR PROJECTION.

PLATE CLXXIV.

A circular polar projection map of the Northern Hemisphere showing annual isotherms. The map is centered on the North Pole, with the Equator at the bottom. Concentric circles represent isotherms, with labels such as 32.0, 31.5, 31.0, 30.5, 30.0, 29.5, 29.0, 28.5, 28.0, 27.5, 27.0, 26.5, 26.0, 25.5, 25.0, 24.5, 24.0, 23.5, 23.0, 22.5, 22.0, 21.5, 21.0, 20.5, 20.0, 19.5, 19.0, 18.5, 18.0, 17.5, 17.0, 16.5, 16.0, 15.5, 15.0, 14.5, 14.0, 13.5, 13.0, 12.5, 12.0, 11.5, 11.0, 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20.0, 20.5, 21.0, 21.5, 22.0, 22.5, 23.0, 23.5, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 25.5, 26.0, 26.5, 27.0, 27.5, 28.0, 28.5, 29.0, 29.5, 30.0, 30.5, 31.0, 31.5, 32.0. The map shows the outlines of North America, South America, Europe, and Africa, with the North Pole at the center. The word 'NORTH AMERICA' is written across the top left, and 'SOUTH AMERICA' is written across the bottom left. The word 'AFRICA' is written across the bottom right. The word 'EUROPE' is written across the top right. The word 'NORTH POLE' is written at the center. The word 'EQUATOR' is written at the bottom. The map is surrounded by a circular border with longitude lines marked from 180 to 360 degrees. The isotherms are represented by solid lines for temperatures above 32°F and dashed lines for temperatures below 32°F. The map is a polar projection, which distorts the shape of landmasses near the poles.

----- Lines below 32°F.
— Lines above 32°F.

A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge and bottom.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge and bottom. There is no text or other markings on the page.
A blank page with a light beige or cream color, showing signs of aging and minor blemishes.This image shows a blank, aged page with a light beige or cream color. The surface has a subtle texture and a few minor blemishes or discolorations, typical of old paper. There is no text or other content on the page.
A blank page with a light beige or cream color, showing signs of aging and slight discoloration.This image shows a blank, aged page with a light beige or cream color. The surface has a subtle texture and slight discoloration, characteristic of old paper. There are no markings, text, or illustrations on the page.
A blank, aged, light beige page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including creases and discoloration.This image shows a single, blank page of aged paper. The paper has a warm, light beige or tan color, characteristic of old documents. There are subtle variations in tone across the surface, with some areas appearing slightly darker or more yellowed than others, particularly towards the edges. A faint, horizontal crease or fold line is visible across the middle of the page, suggesting it was once part of a larger sheet or book. The texture of the paper is visible, with a slight graininess. There is no text, handwriting, or any other markings on the page.
A blank page with a light beige or cream color, showing signs of aging and minor blemishes.This image shows a blank, aged page with a light beige or cream color. The surface has a subtle texture and a few minor blemishes or discolorations, typical of old paper. There is no text or other content on the page.
Front cover of a dark brown, textured book binding with embossed decorative patterns and a central crest.The image shows the front cover of an antique book. The cover is a dark brown color with a fine, woven texture. It is decorated with intricate embossed patterns. A rectangular border frames the central area, featuring a repeating floral or scrollwork design. In the center of the cover is a prominent, embossed crest or coat of arms. The crest consists of a shield supported by two figures, possibly lions or griffins, with a crown above the shield. The overall appearance is that of a well-preserved, historical book binding.