in a general sense, the exterior surface of a thing, or that which immediately strikes the senses.

in law, signifies a defendant's filing a common or special bail, on any process issued out of a court of judicature.

**APPPELLANT**, in a general sense, one who appeals. See **APPEAL**.

**APPPELLANTS**, in church history, an appellation given to such of the catholic clergy as appeal from the constitution unigenitus to a general council.

**APPPELLATION**, the name by which anything is known or distinguished when spoken of. See **NAME**.

Nothing can be more foreign to the original meaning of many words and proper names, than their present appellations, frequently owing to the history of those things being forgotten, or an ignorance of the language in which they were expressed. Who, for example, when the crier of a court bawls out, "O yes, O yes," would dream that it was a proclamation commanding the talkers to become hearers, being the French word *Oyez*, "listen," retained in our courts ever since the pleadings were held in law French? Or would any person suppose that the head-land on the French coast, near Calais, called by our seamen Blackness, could be so titled from its French name of *Blanc Nez*, or, the White Head-land?

King Henry the Eighth having taken the town of Boulogne in France, the gates of which he brought to Harles in Kent, where they are still remaining, the flatterers of that reign highly magnified this action, which, Porto Bello like, became a popular subject for signs; and the port or harbour of Boulogne, called *Boulogne mouth*, was accordingly set up at a noted inn in Holburn; the name of the inn long out-living the sign and fame of the conquest, an ignorant painter employed by a no less ignorant landlord, to paint a new one, represented it by a bull and a large gaping human mouth (answering to the vulgar pronunciation of *Bull and Mouth*). The same piece of history gave being to the *bull and gate*, originally meant for Boulogne gate, and represented by an embattled gate or entrance into a fortified town.

The *barber's pole* has been the subject of many conjectures; some conceiving it to have originated from the word *pole*, or head, with several other conceits as far-fetched and as unmeaning; but the true intention of that party-coloured staff was to show that the master of the shop practised surgery, and could breathe a vein as well as mow a beard; such a staff being to this day, by every village-practitioner, put into the hand of a patient undergoing the operation of phlebotomy. The white band which encompasses the staff, was meant to represent the fillet, thus elegantly twined about it.

Nor were the *Chequers* (at this time a common sign of a public-house) less expressive, being the representation of a kind of draught-board called *tables*, and

showed that there that game might be played. From their colour which was red, and the similarity to a lattice, it was corruptly called the *red lettuce*, which word is frequently used by ancient writers to signify an alehouse.

The *Spectator* has explained the sign of the *bell savage* inn plausibly enough, in supposing it to have been originally the figure of a beautiful female found in the woods, called in French *la belle sauvage*. But another reason has since been assigned for that appellation, namely, that the inn was once the property of Lady Arabella Savage, and familiarly called Bell Savage's inn, probably represented, as at present, by a bell and a savage or wild man, which was a rebus for her name; rebuses being much in fashion in the 16th century, of which the bolt and tun is an instance.

The three blue balls prefixed to the doors and windows of pawn-brokers shops, by the vulgar humorously enough said to indicate that it is two to one that the things pledged are ever redeemed, was in reality the arms of a set of merchants from Lombardy, who were the first that publicly lent money on pledges. They dwelt together in a street, from them named Lombard-street, in London, and also gave their name to another at Paris. The appellation of Lombard was formerly all over Europe considered as synonymous to that of usurer.

At the institution of yeomen of the guards, they used to wait at table on all great solemnities, and were ranged near the buffets; this procured them the name of *buffeters*, not very unlike in sound to the jocular appellation of *beef-eaters*, now given them; though probably it was rather the voluntary misnomer of some wicked wit, than an accidental corruption arising from ignorance of the French language.

The opprobrious title of *bum-bayliff*, so constantly bestowed on the sheriff's officers, is, according to Judge Blackstone, only the corruption of *bound bayliff*, every sheriff's officer being obliged to enter into bonds and to give security for his good behaviour, previous to his appointment.

A *cordwainer* seems to have no relation to the occupation it is meant to express, which is that of a shoemaker. But *cordoner*, originally spelt *cordonnier*, is the French word for that trade; the best leather used for shoes coming originally from Cordova in Spain. Spanish-leather shoes were once famous in England.

**APPPELLATIVE NAMES**, in grammar, in contradistinction to proper names, are such as stand for universal ideas, or a whole rank of beings, whether general or special. Thus fish, bird, man, city, river, are common or appellative names; and to are trout, eel, lobster; for they all agree to many individuals, and some to many species. See **NAME**.