The legends put upon medals are designed as explanations of them; but as the compass of even the largest coins does not admit of any great length of inscription, it has always been found necessary to use abbreviations; and in readily deciphering these lies a considerable part of the difficulty of the science. This, however, is greater in the Roman than in the Greek medals; for the Greeks commonly insert as much of the word as is sufficient to enable us easily to understand its meaning; but it is common for those who attempt to explain letters that do not often occur, to fall into very ridiculous errors. Of this Mr Pinkerton gives a most remarkable instance in Fortunius Licetus, a learned man, who finding upon a coin of A. take of Gordian the letters, F. IA signifying the 14th year of that emperor's reign, imagined that they signified Lucernas invent Delta; "Delta invented lanterns;" and thence ascribed the origin of lanterns to the Egyptians. Tables explaining the meaning of the abbreviations found upon medals have been published by Patin, Urfatus, and others.

Arrangement, &c.

Sect. XI. Of Medallions, Medalets, &c.

Besides the ordinary coins of the ancients, which passed in common circulation through the country, there were others of a larger size, which are now termed medallions. These were struck on the commencement of the reign of a new emperor and other solemn occasions: frequently also, by the Greeks in particular, as monuments of gratitude or of flattery. Sometimes they were mere trial or pattern pieces; and those abound after the time of Maximian, with the words Tres Monetae on the reverse. The common opinion is, that all the Roman pieces of gold exceeding the denarius aureus, all in silver exceeding the denarius, and all in brads exceeding the sextertius, went under the denomination of medallions: but Mr Pinkerton thinks that many of these large pieces went in circulation, though not very commonly, as our five and two guinea pieces, silver crowns, &c. do in this country. The finest medallions were presented by the mint masters to the emperor, and by the emperor to his friends, as specimens of fine workmanship. The best we have at present are of brads, and many of them composed of two sorts of metal; the centre being copper, with a ring of brads around it, or the contrary; and the inscription is sometimes confined to one of the metals, sometimes not. There is a remarkable difference between the Greek and Roman medallions in point of thickness; the latter being frequently three or four lines thick, while the other seldom exceed one. Very few medallions, however, were struck by the Greeks before the time of the Roman emperors; but the Greek medallions of the emperors are more numerous than those

(A) This appears on the early coins of Byzantium, with the legend BYZANTIN. ΣΩΤ. "the preserver of Byzantium." The reason of this was, that when Philip of Macedon besieged the city, and was about to storm it in a cloudy night, the moon shone out on a sudden and discovered him; by which means the inhabitants had time to collect their forces and repulse him. The Turks on entering Constantinople, found this badge in many places; and supposing some magical power in it, assumed the symbol, and its power, to themselves; so that the crescent is now the chief Turkish ensign. Medalions, &c.

those of the Romans themselves. All these pieces, however, are of such high price that few private persons are able to purchase them. In the last century Christina queen of Sweden procured about 300. In the king of France's collection there are 1200; a number formerly supposed not to exist; and Dr Hunter's collection contains about 400, exclusive of the Egyptian.

Besides these large pieces, there are smaller ones, of a size somewhat larger than our half-crowns; and by Italian medallists are called medaglion cini, or small medallions. They are still scarcer than the large kind.

There is still a third kind, which have almost escaped the notice of medallists, viz. the small coins or missilia scattered among the people on solemn occasions; such as those struck for the slaves on account of the saturnalalia; counters for gaming; tickets for baths and feasts; tokens in copper and in lead, &c. These are distinguished by Mr Pinkerton by the name of medalets. Many, or perhaps almost all, of those struck for the saturnalalia were satirical; as the slaves had then a licence to ridicule not only their masters but any person whatever. Mr Pinkerton mentions one of the most common pieces of this kind, which has on the obverse the head of an old woman veiled, with a laurel crown; the reverse only s.c. within a wreath. Baudeler is of opinion that it is the head of Acca Laurentia, the nurse of Romulus, to whom a festival was ordained. "Perhaps (lays Mr Pinkerton), it was struck in ridicule of Julius Caesar; for the manner of the laurel crown, and its high appearance over the head, perfectly resemble that of Julius on his coins." Some have a fish upon one side; on the reverse T, or a crof, which was the image of Priapus; and occasioned many false invectives against the first Christians, who paid such respect to the crofs. Some pieces have the heads of the emperors upon one side; on the reverse only numerals, III. IV. V. &c., and the noted spintriati of Tacitus. Both these kinds appear tickets for the baths, as the number seems to denote the particular bath. Some have the head of a girl with a vessel used at the baths in her hand. The spintriati are so immodest, that few will bear mention. But some are merely ludicrous; as one which has an afs with a bell about his neck, and a folder riding him; another with two figures hoisting a woman in a basket into the air. Of those that will just bear mention, is a man with titles around him, as chief of the games; and a woman in ridicule of the modest bath-girl above mentioned. There is also one marked xix, on which appears an imperator triumphing in a car: this car is placed on the back of a camel; and behind the imperator is a monkey mimicking him.

A fourth class of medals are called contorniati from the Italian contorniato, "encircled;" because of the hollow circle which commonly runs around them. They are distinguished from medallions by their thinness, faint relief, reverses sometimes in relief, sometimes hollow; and in general by the inferiority in their workmanship. The opinions of medallists concerning these pieces are very various; some suppose them to have been struck by Gallienus to the memory of illustrious men and celebrated athletes, at the time that he caused all the consecration coins of his predecessors to be restored; others ascribe their invention to Greece, &c. but Mr Pinkerton is of opinion that they were only tickets for places at public games. Many of them, notwithstanding their inferior workmanship, are very valuable on account of their preserving the portraits of some illustrious authors of antiquity, nowhere else to be found. Much dependence, however, cannot be put on the portraits of Greek authors and eminent men found upon some of them; for though we know that the busts of Sallust, Horace, &c. must have been struck when their persons were fresh in the memory of the artists, yet it was otherwise with Homer, Solon, Pythagoras, &c. which are to be found on some of them. Even these, however, are valuable, as being ancient and perhaps traditional portraits of these great men. The last whose portraits are supposed to have been delineated in this way, are Apollonius Tyaneus who flourished in the time of Domitian, and Apulcius in that of Marcus Antoninus. Mr Pinkerton thinks it a confirmation of his opinion concerning these medals, that the reverses always contain some device alluding to public games, as that of a charioteer driving a chariot, &c.

Sect. XII. Directions for making Cabinets.

We must now proceed to the last part of our subject, viz. that of giving directions for the formation of cabinets. As we have already seen that the formation of any one must be attended with very considerable expense, it is necessary for every one who attempts this to proportion the cabinet to his own circumstances. There are, properly speaking, three kinds of cabinets. 1. Those meant to contain a coin of every sort that has been issued from the mint in every age and country; but this which may be called the large and complete cabinet, is not to be purchased by private persons. That of Dr Hunter already mentioned is perhaps one of the best private cabinets ever known; and cost 23,000l. but as many duplicates were sold as cost 2000l. by which means the expense was reduced to 21,000l. The vast collection made by the king of France cost upwards of 100,000l. 2. The smaller cabinet may be supposed to consist only of middle and small Roman brats, English pennies, groats, &c. with a few medals of the more valuable kind, and may be supposed to incur an expence of from 200l. to 1000l. 3. The smallest kind is called a cycket of medals, and does not consist of above 1000 at most of various kinds; and consequently the expence must depend on the pleasure of the proprietor.

In the formation of the grand cabinet, it must be observed that the Greek medals of every denomination do not admit of any arrangement by the metals like the Roman; nor any regular series of this kind being met with even in the most opulent cabinets. Hence in all collections the civic coins are ranged according to an alphabetical order; and the monarchical in a chronological one. The same rule is to be observed in the Roman confular medals; they are ranged, like the coins of the Greek cities, in an alphabetical series of the families. The Roman imperial coins are only

Directions only those capable of being arranged according to sizes for making and metals. Even from this must be excepted the minimi, or very smallest coins; which are so scarce, that the only regular series of them in the world is that belonging to the king of Spain, which was formed by a most skilful French medallist, and consists of all the metals. The arrangement of a grand cabinet, according to Mr Pinkerton, is as follows:

" I. The coins of cities and of free states in alphabetical order: whether using Greek, Roman, Punic, Etruscan, or Spanish characters.

" II. Kings in chronological series, both as to foundation of empire and seniority of reign.

" III. Heroes, heroines, founders of empires, and cities.

" IV. Other illustrious persons.

" V. Roman ases.

" VI. Coins of families, commonly called consular.

" VII. Imperial medallions.

" VIII. Imperial gold.

" IX. Imperial minimi of all metals.

" X. Imperial silver.

" XI. Imperial first brafs.

" XII. Second brafs.

" XIII. Third brafs.

" XIV. Colonial coins, which are all of brafs.

" XV. Greek cities under the emperors, of all metals and sizes. In a smaller cabinet they may be put with the Roman, according to their metal and size. Those without the emperor's head go to clas I. though struck in Roman times.

" XVI. Egyptian coins struck under the Roman emperors, of all metals and sizes. They are mostly of a base metal called by the French patin; it is a kind of pot-metal or brittle brafs.

" XVII. Contorniati, or ticket medals.

" XVIII. Coins of Gothic princes, &c. inscribed with Roman characters.

" XIX. Coins of southern nations using uncommon alphabets; as the Persian, Punic, Etruscan, and Spanish.

" XX. Coins of northern nations using uncommon characters, as the Runic and German.

"In the modern part no series can be formed of copper that will go back above two centuries; but sequences (chronological series) of gold and silver may be arranged of all the different empires, kingdoms, and states, as far as their several coinages will allow. Those of England and France will be the most perfect. Modern silver is commonly arranged in three sequences; the dollar, the groat, and the penny sizes. The medals of each modern country ought of course to be separated; though it is best to arrange each set in chronological order, let their size of metal be what they will. It may be remarked here, that our modern medals, of the size of a tea-saucer, are only to many monuments of barbarism. The ancient medallions are almost universally but little larger than our crown-piece, though three or four of them may extend to about two inches diameter, but very many modern medals to four inches and more. A large medal always declares an ignorant prince or an ignorant artist. Into the size of a crown-piece the ancients threw more miracles in this way than will ever appear in these monstrous productions."

Vol. XIII. Part I.

These directions will likewise apply to the formation of a cabinet of the second kind: but if the collector means to form a series of large Roman brafs, he will find the coins of four or five emperors so scarce as not to be attainable in that series, even at any price. He must therefore supply their places with middle brafs, as is allowed with regard to Otho, even in the best cabinets; there not being above three coins of that emperor in large brafs known in the world: whereas of the middle brafs, two or three hundred may exist. For this reason Mr Pinkerton concludes, that in cabinets of the second class, the collector may mingle the large and second brafs together as he thinks proper, in order to save expense; though it would not do so well to unite such disproportionate sizes as the large and small. "In the small sequence, however (says he), there can be no harm in his mixing gold, silver, and brafs, as chance or curiosity may lead him to purchase any of these metals. And though your starched bigoted medallist may sneer because such a sequence would controvert his formal and narrow way of thinking, common sense will authorize us to laugh at the pedant in our turn, and to pronounce such a series more various, rich, and interesting, than if the collector had arranged only one metal, and rejected a curious article because he did not collect gold or silver. In like manner, if, in the modern part of the smaller cabinet, any coin of a series is of high price, or of bad impression, there can be no impropriety in putting another of the same reign, which is cheaper, or better executed, though of a different denomination or of a little larger size. In short, the collector has no rules but in the Greek cities and Roman families, to observe alphabetical order and chronology in every thing else."

TABLES of Ancient Coins.

The most ancient coins, according to Froelich, are distinguished by the following marks, which he accounts infallible. 1. Their oval circumference, and globulous swelling shape. 2. Antiquity of alphabet. 3. The characters being retrograde, or the first division of the legend in the common style, while the next is retrograde. 4. The indented square already described. 5. The simple structure of the mintage. 6. Some of the very old coins are hollowed on the reverse, with the image impressed on the front. 7. The dress, symbols, &c. frequently of the rudest design and execution.

<table> <tr> <th>Table I. Ancient Greek Coins.</th> <th></th> </tr> <tr> <td>1. Those without impression.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2. With one or more hollow indented marks on one side, and an impression in relief on the other.—Of Chalcodon on the Hellespont, Lebos, Abdera in Thrace, Acanthus in Macedon, those said to belong to Egium in Achaia. This class continues from about 900 to 700 B. C.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3. With an indented square divided into segments, having a small figure in one of them; the rest blank, with a figure in relief on the obverse.—Of Syracuse and other places adjacent.—Continue from 700 to 600 B. C.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>4. Coins</td> <td></td> </tr> </table> 4. Coins hollow on the reverse, with figures in relief on the obverse.—Of Caulonia, Crotona, Metapontum, &c. Supposed by some to be a local coinage of Magna Graecia; but probably of equal antiquity with the former.

5. Coins in which a square die is used on one or both sides.—Of Athens, Cyrene, Argos, &c.—Of Alexander I. and Archelaus I. of Macedon. Diffused in the reign of the latter about 422 B. C.

6. Complete coins, both in obverse and reverse, occur first in Sicily in the time of Gelo, about 491 B. C.

7. Coins of Alexander the Great and his successors. About the time of this hero the Greek coins began to attain to perfection, and were struck of uncommon beauty. It is remarkable, that on the coins of this monarch his own image seldom occurs. The only one yet found of Alexander with his portrait upon it, and struck during his reign, is a silver hemidrachm in Dr Hunter's cabinet, which is represented Plate CCCXXXI. No 3. After his death many coins bear his portrait. Trebellius Pollio informs us, that some coins, particularly those of Alexander, used to be worn as amulets; and many medals are met with in cabinets, bored seemingly with that intention.

8. Coins of the Successors of Alexander.—Those of the Syrian monarchs almost equal the coins of Alexander himself in beauty. Those of Antiochus VI. are supposed to be the most perfect patterns of male beauty to be met with anywhere. The Egyptian Ptolemies are somewhat inferior.

9. The coins of the Arsacidæ of Parthia done by Greek workmen.

10. The Greek imperial coins, being such as have the head of an emperor or empress: such as have not these imprestions being clasped with the civic coins, though struck under the Roman power. None of the imperial coins occur in gold. Of silver there are those of Antioch, Tyre, Sidon, Tarbus, Berytus, Caesarea, Egyptian silver coins of base metal, Syrian silver coins, which sometimes bear on the reverse the club of Hercules, or the Tyrian shell-fish. Those of Sidon bear the image of the goddess Astarte, or her chariot. Those of Caesarea in Cappadocia of better work than the Syrian. Lycian coins of good workmanship: on the reverse two harps and an owl sitting upon them. Silver coins of Gelon in Sarmatia resembling the Syrian. The situation of this town is very much unknown. It seems to have been situated on the north of the Euxine sea, where some Sarmatic or Scythian tribes were mingled with the Scythians or Goths. The Greek imperial brafs coins are very numerous. A series of almost all the emperors may be had from those of Antioch, with a Latin legend on the obverse and Greek on the reverse. Those of Bithynia and Phrygia remarkable for good workmanship. The coins of Tarbus remarkable for their curious views of objects, almost in perspective. The Egyptian coins, from the time of Augustus to Nero, are worse executed than afterwards. From Nero to Commodus they are frequently of admirable workmanship, and in a peculiar style, distinct both from the Greek and Roman. From the time of Commodus they decline, and are lost after the reign of Constantius I. The Egyptian brafs coins of the Roman period are likewise of excellent workmanship, especially in the time of Antoninus Pius.

TABLE II. Roman Coins.

I. The consular coins, called also the coins of families, and arranged alphabetically in cabinets, according to the names of the families which appear on them. They are,

1. Brafs Coins.—These consist chiefly of large pieces of rude workmanship without any interesting imagery. In cabinets they are generally kept in boxes apart by themselves. The as bears the head of Janus; the lemis of Jupiter with S; the triens of Minerva with four cyphers; the quadrans of Hercules with three cyphers; the sextans of Mercury with two cyphers; and the uncia bears the head of Rome with one cypher. In all these pieces the prow of a ship is constantly the figure on the reverse, with very few exceptions. Sometimes indeed they have a shell, two heads of barley, a frog, an anchor or a dog, on the reverse. About the time of Julius Caesar both the obverses and the reverses of the coins began to be altered.

2. Silver.—Of this the denarius was the first and principal coin. It was stamped originally with X, denoting that the value was ten ases. On the reverse was Castor and Pollux, or a chariot of Victory. Afterwards the busts of various deities make their appearance; and in the seventh century of Rome the portraits of illustrious persons deceased are met with: but till the time of Julius Caesar no figure of any living person is to be met with; Julius himself being the first who assumed that honour. The workmanship on the best and worst silver is much the same. The reverses are very curious, and point out many remarkable events in Roman history; but none of these occur till about a century before the Christian era. The large denarii, with ROMA, are the most ancient; and some of these bear the Pelagic A, not the Roman. The silver sestertii have a head of Mercury, with a caduceus on the reverse. The quinarii have always a head of Jupiter, with a Victory on the reverse.

3. Gold.—Most of these are of great value. The number of these exceeds not 100; those of brafs 200; and of silver 2000. The aureus is the general gold coin; but two or three gold semifics of families likewise occur.

II. Roman imperial coins.

1. Brafs.—This is of three sizes; large, middle, and small. The first forms a most beautiful series, but very expensive. The various colours of the patina have the finest effect. It is the most important of all the Roman coins, and exceeds even the gold in value.

The middle brafs is next in value to the former; and in it are many rare and curious coins, particularly interesting to Britons, as elucidating the history of the island. Of these are the triumphal arch of Claudius; the Exerc. Britannicus of Adrian; the coins of Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Severus, with a Victory, Victoria Britan.: but especially those perforifying the country Britannia. "The number of Roman coins relating to Britain (says Mr Pinkerton) is remarkable, more than 20 having been struck at various times; while those perforifying Italy, Gaul, Spain, Spain, and other regions of the empire, exceed not four or fix at most for each country." Only one country vies with Britain, and that is Dacia on the extreme north-east of the empire, as Britain on the extreme north-west. No doubt this circumstance of remoteness in these two countries recommended them to this particular attention, as more expressive of the Roman power.

The final brafs series abounds also with curious coins. They are scarce till the time of Valerian and Gallienus, but very common afterwards. Mr Pinkerton recommends, therefore, to form a series in silver as well as brafs; both being the cheapest of all the Roman coins. "In this series (lays he), it is a common fault to arrange many coins which have been plated with gold or silver, the forgeries of ancient times, but which time has worn off either wholly or in part." All real brafs coins have the s. c. till the time of Gallienus; as the senate alone had the power of striking brafs, while the emperor himself had that of gold and silver. When the s. c. therefore, is wanting, the coin was certainly once plated; as, in general, the different type and fabric, being those of gold and silver, sufficiently show themselves. With Pertinax, A. D. 192, there is a temporary cessation of small brafs; nor after him do any princes occur in that series till Valerian, A. D. 254, excepting Trajanus Decius, A. D. 250 only. After Valerian the series is continuous and common. The brafs coinage gradually declined in size from the time of Severus; so that parts of the as could not be struck, or at least it was held unnecessary to strike them. Trajanus Decius attempted in vain to restore the coinage; and Valerian and Gallienus were forced to issue denarii ærei and small affaria. The series of large and of middle brafs are of two fixed and known sizes; the former about that of our crown, the latter of the half crown: though after Severus they gradually lessen. But the small brafs takes in all parts of the as; and every brafs coin not larger than our shilling belongs to this series. The minimi, indeed, or very smallcft, it is proper to keep apart. The coins of Julius Caesar in this size are of peculiarly fine workmanship. They bear his portrait reverse of Augustus, or the reverse has a crocodile EGYPTO CAPTA. There are several with Mark Antony, and some with Cleopatra; but the more common pieces are those with only numerals on the obverse, which go the length of XII.; probably tickets for the baths. A great many occur in the time of Nero; of which Mr Pinkerton particularizes one which has "on the reverse a table ornamented with griffins and other devices. Upon it is placed a wreath of laurel and a beautiful vase, of which the embossed human figures are so minute, and finished so surprisingly, as to stamp these coins the most exquisite productions of the ancient mint." From the time of Nero to that of Vespasian no small brafs occurs: but there are many of this emperor, and of his son Titus; while Domitian has as many as Nero, and Domitia his wife has almost as many. Succeeding emperors to the time of Pertinax have also many brafs coins; but from his time to that of Valerian there are no real small brafs excepting those of Trajanus Decius. After Gallienus there are a great many coins of this kind; and Mr Pinkerton mentions one in Dr Hunter's cabinet, of an unknown person named Nigrianus. The coin seems to have been struck at Carthage; and our author concludes that he was an African usurper, father to Nigrianus.

2. Silver.—This series is very complete, and the cheapest of any; especially as the small brafs becomes a fine supplement to it: the latter being had in plenty when the silver become scarce, and the silver being plentiful when the brafs is scarce.

3. Gold.—The Roman imperial gold coins form a series of great beauty and perfection; but on account of their great price, are beyond the purchase of private persons.

4. The colonial coins occur only in brafs; none, excepting that of Nemausus, having a right to coin silver. They begin in Spain with Julius Caesar and Antony, and cease with Caligula, who took away the privilege of coinage from the Spanish colonies. The most beautiful are those of Corinth. The other remarkable colonial coins are those of Emerita, Illice, Terraco, Caesarea, Babba, Berytus, Cæsarea, Patrae, Emesa, Heliopolis or Balbec, Ptolemais, Sidon, Tyre, Leulton, Diium, Troas, Rheaïna, Neapolis of Samaria, which bears a representation of Mount Grizzim with the temple on it, Hippo in Africa, &c. On many of these coins we meet with fine representations of temples, triumphal arches, gods, goddesses, and illustrious persons. But coins with these representations, are by no means common; the colonial coins till the time of Trajan bearing only a plough, or some other simple badge of a colony. Camelodunum is the only colony in Britain of which we have any coins.

5. The minimi.—This includes the smallest coins of all denominations, most of which do not exceed the size of a silver penny. They are the most curious of all; but no series of them was ever formed by any person except the abbe Rothelin, whose collection, formed of all metals, passed to the queen of Spain. The reason of the scarcity of these small coins is probably their diminutive size; by reason of which they are mostly lost.

It is surprising that numbers of Roman coins are found through all countries once subject to that powerful people. Some have been met with in the Orkneys, and many in the most remote parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, known to the ancients.

Table III. Coins of other Ancient Nations.

1. The Lydians appear to have invented coinage; though, perhaps, this honour may be disputed with them by the Greeks.

2. The Assyrians, Medes, Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Egyptians, had no coins. In the mouths of the mummies, are only thin, untamped, and round pieces of gold, to pay Charon's fare.

3. No Indian or Chinese coins are to be met with till a very late period; and even then so rude as scarce to be worth notice. Voltaire mentions a collection of ancient Chinese and Indian coins made by the emperor of China in 1790; but Mr Pinkerton supposes it to have consisted only of the Greek and Roman money which had been introduced into these countries.

4. The Lydian coins have no legends; so that mere conjecture only determines the ancient coins of electrum and silver found in Asia, and different from the Persian, to belong to Lydia. Croesus coined gold into a form which he called flaters; and Mr Pinkerton mentions a very ancient gold coin in Dr Hunter's cabinet, which he supposes to have been one of these. It has a globose figure, with indented marks on one side, and on the other a man kneeling, with a fish held out in the left hand, and a sword depending in the right. It weighs four drachms; which Josephus tells us was the weight of the Lydian gold coins. In the same collection are other gold coins little inferior in antiquity; the most ancient of which, our author supposes, may have been coined by the cities of Asia Minor, as coinage passed through them to Greece. They are of admirable workmanship, and as much superior to the best Sicilian coins, as the latter are to all the rest in the world. These gold coins are all extremely pale; owing to the want of knowledge in refining gold.

5. Persian coins.—These were first struck by Darius Hyphasis, whence they had the name of darics. They are of gold, and generally have the figure of an archer: they weigh about four drachms; and some occur with the indented mark on one side, while others have figures upon both. The silver coins have generally a king in a chariot of two horses, with a charioteer, and sometimes another figure on foot behind, on the reverse: while the reverse presents a ship, sometimes a ram, bull, or other animal. The gold coins, which only had the title of darics, are extremely scarce, having been melted down, as is supposed, and recoloured by Alexander the Great on his conquest of Asia.

There is a second series of Persian coins beginning with Artaxares, or Artaxerxes, who overthrew the Parthian monarchy about the year 210. These are large and thin, with the king's bust on one side, and the altar of Mithras on the other; generally with a human figure on each side. These coins continue till the year 636, when Persia was conquered by the Saracens. These have only Persian letters upon them, which have never been explained by any antiquaries. Mr Pinkerton says that they seem to partake of the ancient Greek, Gothic, and Alanic.

6. The Hebrew shekels, originally didrachms, but after the times of the Maccabees tetradrachms, are almost all forgeries of modern Jews, as well as the brafs coins with Samaritan characters upon them. They have all a sprig upon one side and a vate on the other. Mr Pinkerton says, that the admittance of one of them into a cabinet would almost be a disgrace to it.

7. Phoenician and Punic coins are very interesting on account of the great power and wealth of these nations. The alphabets have been cleared by their relation to the Hebrew and Syriac languages.

8. The coins of Palmyra come under the same denomination with the former, Palmyra being a Syrian city.

9. The Etruscan coins have the characters of that nation, which have been explained by their affinity to the Pelasgic, or oldest Greek and Latin.

10. The Spanish coins are inscribed with two or three alphabets allied to the old Greek or Punic; but the inscriptions have not been sufficiently explained.

11. Gaulish coins.—These are numerous, but the most ancient have no legends; and even after the Greek letters were introduced into Gaul by a colony at Marfelles, the legends are very difficult to be explained.

12. British coins.—From a passage in Caesar's Commentaries, it has been inferred that the Britons used some kind of coins even in his time. Mr Pinkerton informs us, that some rude coins of copper very much mingled with tin are frequently found in England; which, he supposes, may be some of the ancient British money. They are of the size of a didrachm, the common form of the nummus aureus among the ancients. After the time of Caesar, coinage increased among the Britons; and there are many found of Cunobelinus mentioned in the Roman history. Most of these have on one side cuno, with an ear of wheat, a horse, a kind of head of Janus, or other symbol; and have frequently also the letters camu; supposed to mean Camelodunum. Sometimes the word Tascia occurs; the meaning of which has not yet been explained.

13. Gothic coins of France, Italy, and Spain, to the time of Charles the Great. These have the Roman characters upon them. The Italian coins are mostly of the size of small brafs; and in this way we meet with coins of Athalaric, Theodahat, Witigez, and other Gothic princes. Many others occur, the inscriptions of which, though meant for Roman, are so perverted as to be illegible.

TABLE IV. Modern Coins.

1. Of Japan.—These are thin plates of gold and silver, of an oval figure, with small marks or figures stamped on them.

2. China.—These are only copper, about the size of a farthing, with a square hole in the middle to put them on strings. The inscriptions on them do not express the name of the sovereign, but the year of his reign; as the happy year, the ill-fortune year, &c.

3. The Tartarian coins are rude, having only inscriptions upon them; and they are all posterior to the time of Jenghiz khan.

4. Coins of Thibet, Pegu, and Siam, are much the same, presenting only inscriptions without any figures. They are also of late date.

5. India.—Some old coins have been found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, of gold, silver, copper, and tin, all mixed together. These have commonly a warrior with a sword on one side, and an Indian female idol on the other, of the same form with the celebrated sculptures in the island of Elephanta; but it is impossible to tell what antiquity they are of. The modern coins are the pagoda of gold, worth little more than fix shillings; the roupce of silver upwards of two shillings; and the cash, of copper. There is a remarkable set of roupces, which show the twelve signs; a lion on one, a bull on another, &c. but the occasion on which they were struck is unknown. The other coins of India have generally Persian inscriptions upon them.

6. Persia.—The Persic coins since its conquest by the Arabs continue on the Arabian model.

7. Arabia.—Some coins of the petty princes of Arabia are met with as old as the imperial ages of Rome; but till the time of Haroun Alrahiid, no regular gular coinage appears in the vast empire of the Saracens. Even then the reverse has only an inscription, and the obverse is copied from any Greek or Syrian coin which happened to fall in the moneyer's way. The later Arabian coins are mostly silver, with the name and titles of the prince on one side, and some inscription from the Koran on the other. The more modern coins of this country are in the shape of a fish-hook, with Arabic inscriptions.

8. Turkey.—No regular coinage was formed by the Turks till they became masters of Constantinople. They resemble those of Persia and Arabia, having merely inscriptions on both sides.

9. The coins of the African states, at least such as profess the Mohammedan religion, have merely inscriptions without any figures: those of the internal parts are unknown; and no coinage was used among the Mexicans and Peruvians, the only civilized nations in America; but La Hontan mentions an American savage who had a square medal of copper depending from his neck. Mr Pinkerton supposes it to have come from Japan.

10. Modern Italic coins. Besides the Gothic princes mentioned in the former table, the exarchs of Ravenna coined money with the inscription FELIX RAVENNA, &c. The Lombards issued no coins, but there are some still extant of Charlemagne. The following list shows the origin of the coinage in various Italian states.

Rome.—Papal coinage originates with Hadrian I. Size of silver pennies, with the Pope's name on one side, and SCOS PETRUS on the other. No coins appear from 975 to 1099, excepting of Leo IX. In 1323 appear pennies of the senate and people of Rome, with Peter on the one side and Paul on the other. There are groats of Clement V. with his portrait three quarters length; but the side-head begins with Sixtus V. in 1470. Gold was first coined by John XXII. in 1316. The coins of Alexander VI., Julius II. and Leo X. are remarkable for beauty and elegance.

Milan. Coinage began with Charlemagne. The first coin of the family of Visconti occurs in 1330, under Azo. The first florins with Louis XII.

Naples. Coinage begins in 840 and 880, with Duke Sergius and Bishop Athanasius. The next coins are of Roger of Sicily, and Roger II. in 1130, William I. II. and Tancred. Naples and Sicily were subdued in 1194 by the emperor of Germany; in 1255 Manfred appears; in 1266 Charles of Provence; and others till Joan in 1414: after which follow the house of Arragon, and later kings.

Venice begins in the 10th century. The first coins are silver pennies marked VENEZI. Then follow the coins of Henrico Dandulo in 1192, of Ziani in 1205, &c. Gold was first coined at Venice in 1280, and copper in 1471; but the silver groats are as old as 1192.

Florence. Silver was coined here in the 12th century, or before; but in 1252 the first gold coins struck in Europe after the 8th century made their appearance, and were named florins from the flower of the lily upon them. They were imitated by the popes, by France, and England. They have on one side St John the Baptist standing, on the other a large fleur de lis, and it is not doubted that the French fleurs de lis took their origin from these coins. They weigh a drachm, and are no less than 24 carats fine, according to Italian writers, and are worth about 12 shillings.

Geneva first began to coin money in 1129, under the government of Conrad. Those of the dukes of Savoy began in the same century.

Aquilae. Coins were issued from this city by the patriarchs from 1204 to 1440.

Ferrara. Coins of the marquises from 1340.

11. French coins. During the race of Clovis, from 490 till 751, the coins are chiefly gold trientes, with some solidi and semisses. The former are of good workmanship, with the heads of kings. The reverse has a cross, with the name of the town where they were struck.

The coins of the second race begin with Pepin in 751, and continue till Hugh Capet in 987. The coins of the first race are elegant, but those of the second entirely the reverse, being almost all silver pennies, and seldom bearing the portrait of the king. Those of Charlemagne have only CAROLUS in the field; while the reverse bears R. R. or some such inscription; though one piece struck at Rome has a rude bust of him. The coins of Louis le Debonnaire are better done.

The third race begins with Hugh Capet in 987, and extends to this time. The coinage did not begin to improve till 1226 under St Louis, when the groat appears. Its name in Italian is grosso, in French gros, in English groat, or great coin; so called from its size in comparison with the penny; and it passed from Italy to France, to Germany, and to England. After the conquest of France by the English, base coins of many kinds were introduced; and in the year 1574, in the time of Henry III. copper was first introduced into the French coinage. Besides these, the other remarkable coins of France are, the blances or billon groats first issued in 1348; the ecus a la couronne, or crowns of gold, so called from the crown on one side, and begun by Charles VI. in 1384; those of Ann of Bretagne in 1408; the 10s, or piece with the king's head, of Louis XII.; the Henri of Henry II. with Gaul fitting in armour, and a Victory in her hand. There are many coins of Cardinal Bourbon, elected king in 1589; and in 1642, Louis XIV. takes the title of CATALONIE PRINCEPS. The first louis d'or made its appearance in 1649; but such was the poverty of France, if we believe certain authors, that in 1719 the duke of Orleans regent struck copper for silver.

12. Spanish coins. The most early series of these consists almost entirely of trientes, finely done. On one side they have the head of the king with his name, and on the other a cross, with the name of the town, commonly in Baetica, or the south part of Spain, where there were a great many Roman colonies, and which was fertile to a proverb. The Moorish coins of Spain, like those of the rest of the Mohammedan states, present us only with insipid inscriptions on both sides. Indeed the Mohammedan religion, by its absolute refusal to allow the representation of any living creature, has prevented the progress of coinage in any degree throughout those regions which it has over- spread. The inscriptions on the ancient Spanish coins are in the Cufic or old Arabic characters.

13. Portugal. No description of the coins of this kingdom has yet appeared.

14. Germany. No account of the German coins has been published; though it is well known that not only the emperors, but many of the cities, particularly those called Hanf-towns, issued money; and many of the coins issued by the cities were superior in elegance even to those issued by the emperors.

15. Denmark. Here the coinage begins with Canute the Great in 1014. The pieces are at first extremely rude, ornamented only with rings and Runic characters. These are succeeded by copper pieces, some of which have a cross, others a pastoral staff, on one side, with the letter A on the other. Later coins have strokes IIII, &c. all round them; but those of Harold, Hardicanute, and Magnus Bonus, in 1041, are of neat workmanship, and have the portraits of the princes at half length. The coins of Nicolas, or Niël, as he is called by the Danes, are rude, as well as those of Waldemar I. and the celebrated Margaret. In 1376 Olaf caused money to be struck with a grinning full face, with a crowned O upon the other side. "The Swedes (says Mr Pinkerton) took these coins extremely ill, as they thought they grinned at them." Silver was first coined in Denmark by Philippa queen of Eric, and daughter to Henry IV. of England.

16. Sweden. The coinage of this kingdom began in 818 under Bjornio, on the plan of Charlemagne. The coins are marked with a cross. Next follow those of Olaf in 1019; which Mr Pinkerton supposes to have been the first true Swedish coins; and that the art of coining first passed from England into Denmark in the time of Canute the Great, and from Denmark into Sweden. These coins were struck on the English model. During the time that Sweden was subject to Denmark, or miserably harassed by the Danes, the coins of both kingdoms were the same; but after the time of Gustavus Vasa many elegant pieces appear. In 1634, dollars were coined with the portrait of Gustavus Adolphus, who was killed two years before: on the reverse they have the arms of Sweden, with the chemical marks of mercury and sulphur. In 1716, 1717, and 1718, Charles XII. being in extreme want of money, issued small copper coins with Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, &c. upon them, to go for dollars; and on account of this scheme, Baron Goertz, the fuggetor of it, was brought to the block.

17. Norway. The coins of this country begin with Olaf in 1006; after which time there are various coins of other princes; but copper was not coined till the year 1343.

Besides the coins already mentioned, there are ecclesiastic coins of France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, &c. Those of Denmark and Sweden are numerous, but the Norwegian coins of this denomination are rare. Mr Pinkerton describes a silver one in his possession as having arms and a mitre, with the inscription on one side, SANCTUS OLAVS REX NORVE; on the reverse, OLAWS DEI GRA. ARCHEP. NID'SEN, meaning NIDROSIENSIS, or archbishop of Nidro, now Drontheim.

18. Bohemia. The coinage of this kingdom appears at a very early date, viz. in the year 999, under Duke Boleslaus I. These coins are followed by others of Boleslaus II. and Emma his wife in 970; of Boleslaus III. in 1002; Jaromir in 1020; Udalrich in 1030, and other princes. The bracteate money of Ottocar I. was coined in 1197.

19. Poland. The coinage of this country is nearly as ancient as that of Bohemia. The coins are on the German model, but no particular account of them has been published.

20. Russia. None of the Russian money appears to be more ancient than the 13th century. The first are the kopceks or silver pennies, which have upon them rude figures of animals on one side, and a man standing with a bow or spear on the other. There are likewise coins of Moscow struck by Aristoteles the architect in 1482. The roubles or dollars and their halves. There are some of the impostor Demetrius in 1605, which are very scarce.

21. Prussia. The first Prussian coins were struck at Culm by the Teutonic knights in 1230. They were silver pennies, and upon the German plan. In the next century were struck thillings, groats, and schelots; the last were the largest, and are extremely rare. They have the Prussian shield, an eagle surmounting a cross, with a rose-shaped border, MONETA DOMINORUM PRUSSIAE: on the reverse is a cross fleurie, within a border of a similar kind, having the inscription HONOR MAGISTRI, JUSTITIAM DILIGET.—Gold coins were struck in the same century. In the time of Copernicus the money was so debased, that 12 or 13 marks were worth but one of pure silver.

22. England. The English coins are of various kinds.

1st. Heptarchic. These are only of two sorts, viz. the skeatta or penny of silver, and the flyca of copper. Few of the pennies appear till after the year 700; though some are met with which bear the name of Ethelbert I. king of Kent, as old as 560. At first they had only rude figures of serpents, but in latter times legends were likewise added. Most of these pennies have pagan symbols upon them. The flyca was only coined in Northumberland, and was a very small piece, about the value of half a farthing.

2d. Coins of the chief monarchs of England. Mr Pinkerton denies that an end was put to the heptarchy by Egbert in 832, as is commonly supposed; though he owns that he was chief monarch of the country, as several others had been before him. Edgar, who reigned in 959, according to him, was the first king of England; and the coins of the chief monarchs form almost a complete series from the time of Egbert to Edgar. The only chief monarch of whom there are no coins is Ethelbald, who reigned in 857. Most of these coins bear rude portraits; but the reverses are sometimes curious and interesting. Some have views of cathedrals and other buildings; particularly one of Edward the Elder in 909; which has the cathedral of York with three rows of windows, round arched as the other Saxon and Norman buildings: the Gothic arch being quite unknown till after the 11th century. Some coins of Anlaf king of Northumberland have the famous raven, the Danish ensign: and thoſe of other princes have frequently very curious re- verſes.

3d. Eccleſiastic coins appear of the archbishops of Canterbury, Wulfred in 804, Ceolnoth, in 839, and Plegmund in 889.

4th. Coins of the kings of England. The silver penny, which had begun during the heptarchy, continued to be the general coin after the kingdom had been united under one head; and extends in a continued series from Egbert almost to the prefent reign. The only kings wanting are Edmund Ironfide, Richard I. and John. At firft the penny weighed 22s. grains: but towards the clofe of the reign of Edward III. it fell to 18 grains; and in that of Edward IV. to 12. In the time of Edward VI. it was diminished to 8 grains; and in Queen Elizabeth's reign to 7\frac{1}{2}; at which it fll continues.

Halfpennies and farthings were firft struck in silver by Edward I. in 1285; the former continued to the time of the commonwealth, but the latter ceafed with Edward VI. The great was introduced by Edward III. in 1354, and continues to this day, though not in common circulation. The half-groat or two-pence is of the fame date, and alfo continues to the prefent time.

Shillings were firft coined by Henry VII. in 1503. At firft it was called teffon, from the teffe, teles, or head of the king upon it; the name shilling being derived from the German schelling; under which appellation coins had been struck at Hamburgh in 1407. The crown was firft coined in its prefent form by Henry VIII. Formerly it had appeared only in gold, whence the phrafe of crowns of gold; though thefe indeed were the largest gold coins known for a long time in France and other countries on the continent, being worth about 10s. sterling. They had their name from the crown stamped on one fide, and were firft coined by Charles VI. in 1384, and continued till the time of Louis XIV. The half-crown, fixpence, and three-pence, were coined by Edward VI. In 1558 Queen Elizabeth coined three halfpenny, and in 1561 three farthing pieces; but they were discontinued in 1582. From the year 1601 to the prefent time the coins of England remain the fame.

Gold was coined in England by Henry III. in 1257; the piece was called a gold penny, and was larger than the silver one; and the execution is by no means bad for the time. The feries of gold coinage, however, commences properly from Edward III. In 1344, this monarch firft struck florins, in imitation of thoſe in Italy; and it is remarkable, that though thefe coins at the time they were firft issued bore only fix fhillings value, they are now intrinfically worth 19s.; fo much has the value of gold increafed fince that time. The half and quarter florin were struck at the fame time, but only the laft has been found. The florin, however, being found inconvenient, gave place to the noble of 8s. 8d. value, and exactly half a mark. The latter had its name from being a limited fum in accounts; and was eight ounces in weight, two-thirds of the money pound. It is fometimes alfo called felibra, as being one half of the commercial pound of 16 ounces. The noble had its name from the nobility of the metal; the gold of which it was coined being of the finelſt fort. Sometimes it was called rofe noble, from both fides being impaled in an undulating circle. It continued with the half and quarter noble to be the only gold coin till the angels of Edward IV. appeared in 1465. Thefe had their name from being stamped with the image of Michael and the dragon. The angels of 3s. 4d. value were fubfstituted in their place. In 1527 Henry VIII. added to the gold coined the crown and half-crown at their prefent value; and the fame year he gave sovereigns of 22s. 6d. and ryals of 11s. 3d. angels at 7s. 6d. and nobles at their old value of 6s. 8d. In 1546 he caufed sovereigns to be coined of the value of 20s. and half-sovereigns in proportion. His gold crown is about the fize of our fhillings, and the half-crown of fix-pence, but thin. All his coins, however, gold as well as silver, are much defabated; and it was not without much labour and trouble that Edward VI. brought it back to its former standard. On the union of the two crowns, James gave the sovereign the name of unite; the value continuing of 20s. as before. He coined alfo rofe-ryals of 3s. value, fpur-ryals of 1s. angels of 12s. and angelets of 5s. Under the commonwealth, the sovereign got the name of the twenty-/billling piece, and continued current till the coinage of guineas. Thefe were fo called from their being coined of Guinea gold, and were at firft only to go for 20s. though by an universal but tacit confent they always paſſed for 21s. Half-guineas, double guineas, and five guinea pieces, were alfo coined during the fame reign; which fll continue, though the two latter are not in common circulation. Quarter guineas were coined by George I. and likewife by his prefent majefty; but they were found fo trouble-fome on account of their fmall fize, that they were ftopped within a year or two, when received at the bank of England, and thus are not to be met with at prefent. A few pieces of 7s. value have likewife been coined, and are known by the lion above the helmet; but none have been iffued. In 1688 the guinea rofe to 21s. 6d. and continued to increafe in value till 1696, when it was as high as 30s.; but after the re-coining in 1697 and 1698 it fell by degrees, and in 1717 was at its old standard of 21s. and at that time silver was fixed at its prefent standard value, viz. as 1 to 15\frac{1}{2} in weight.

Though the firft money coined in Britain, as we have already obferved, was copper, yet, excepfing the Northumbrian fycas, no copper coin was found in England from the time of the Saxon conquest till the year 1672. An aversion to a copper coinage it feems was prevalent throughout the nation; and Queen Elizabeth, who without hesitation ufed baſe money for Ireland, yet scrupled at coining copper for England. This want of small coin occasioned fuch an increafe of private tokens for halfpennies and farthings, that it became a serious object to government; and in 1594 a copper coinage was ferioufly thought of. This year a small copper coin was struck about the fize of a filver two-pence, with the queen's monogram on one fide, and a rofe on the other; the running legend on both fides being, THE PLEDGE OF A HALFPENNY. Of this there are patterns both in copper and silver, but both of them soon fell into difufe. On the 9th of May 1613, King James by royal proclamation iffued farthing tokens. They are generally of the fame fize with the two peace, with two sceptres in faltier furmounted with a crown, and the harp upon the other; with an intention, as it would seem, that if they were refused in England, they might pass in Ireland. In 1635 Charles I. coined those with the rose instead of the harp; but the circulation of these was entirely stopped by the vast number of counterfeits which appeared, and by the king's death in 1648. After this the private tokens began again to be circulated, till put a stop to by the coinage of farthings in 1672. The workmanship of the tokens is quite contemptible. In 1672 the halfpence as well as the farthings which had been struck two years before began to circulate. They were of pure Swedish copper, the dies engraved by Roettier; and they continued till the year 1684, when some disputes arose about the copper lately obtained from the English mines. Tin farthings were coined with a stud of copper in the centre, and inscribed round the edge as the crown pieces, with NUNMORUM FAMULUS. 1685 or 1686. In 1686 halfpence of the same kind were coined; and the tin coinage continued till the year 1692, to the value of more than 65,000l.; but next year the tin was all called in by government, and the copper coinage recommenced. The farthings of Queen Anne are all trial pieces, excepting those of 1714, the last year of her reign. "They are (says Mr Pinkerton) of exquisite workmanship, exceeding most copper coins either ancient or modern, and will do honour to the engraver Mr Croker to the end of time." The one, whose reverse is Peace in a car, RAX MISSA PER ORBEM, is the most esteemed; and next to it the BRITANNIA under a portal. The other halfpence and farthings are less valuable.

23. Scotland. Silver pennies of Alexander I. who reigned in 1107, are believed to exist; and there certainly are some of Alexander II. in 1214. There are likewise coins of David in 1124; but perhaps none of Malcolm IV. his successor, whose reign was very short. There are many coins of William I. in 1165; and a large hoard of his pennies was found at Inverness in 1785.

The money of Scotland continued to be of the same value with that of England till the country was drained by the vast ransom of David II. after which it became necessary to reduce its size; and so much did this diminution affect England, that Edward III. found himself obliged to lessen the English coin also. The diminution of the Scottish coin, however, continued still to go on until it became impracticable to keep par with that of England. In the first year of Robert III. it passed only for one half of its nominal value in England: in 1393, Richard II. ordered it only to go for the weight of the genuine metal it contained. In 1600 it had sunk to such a degree as to pass only for a twelfth part of the English money, and continued at that low ebb till the coinage of Scotland was entirely cancelled by the union of the two kingdoms.

Of silver coins we have only pennies till the year 1293, when Edward I. having coined halfpence and farthings, Alexander III. of Scotland coined also halfpence, of which we have a few, but no farthings are to be met with; but there are silver farthings of Robert I. and David II. The latter introduced the great and half-groat, which completed the set of Scottish silver. It continued unaltered till the time of Queen Mary, when they all ceased to be coined in silver, on account of the high price of that metal. In 1553 threepences were first coined, with the bust of the queen on one side and the arms of France and Scotland on the other. The silver crown was first coined in 1565, which went for 30s. Scots; lesser pieces of 20s. and 10s. having likewise been struck, and marks of silver, worth 3s. 4d. English, were also coined about the same time. These coins have upon them the marks xxx. xx. x. to denote their value. They are commonly called Cruickstone dollars, from the palm-tree upon them, mistaken for a remarkable yew at Cruickstone near Glasgow, where Henry Darnley resided. It is described, however, in the act as a palm, with a "shell-padoe" (a tortoise) crawling up. This alludes to Darnley's marriage with the queen, as the motto from Propertius DAT GLORIA VIRES also implies. The motto NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSET first appears on the Scottish coins in 1578, and the invention is given to the celebrated Buchanan. In 1582, the crown of an ounce weight went for 40s. Scots, and was accordingly marked XL.; in 1597 the mark was L. the Scottish money being then only one tenth of the English: the mark was LX. in 1601, the value being then reduced to one-twelfth, at which it has ever since continued. In the time of Charles I. half marks, 10 and 20 penny pieces, were coined. In 1675 the Scottish dollars first appeared, in value 16s. Scots, with halves and quarters of proportional value. In 1686, James VII. coined 60s., 40s., 20s., 10s. and 5s. pieces; but only those of 40s. and 10s. are known, with these numbers under the bust. At the union of the kingdoms, all the Scottish coins were called in, and recoined at Edinburgh, with the mark E under the bust to distinguish it: since which there has been no coinage in Scotland. The Scottish silver coins are in general equal, if not superior, in the workmanship to the English.

Gold was first issued by Robert II. about 30 years after Edward III. of England had coined the same metal in that country. The pieces were at first called St Andrews, from the figure of that tutelar saint upon the cross, and who appears on the obverse with the arms of Scotland, and on the reverse a lion in a shield. The lion was another name for the largest gold coin in Scotland, from the arms of the kingdom upon it. The next was the unicorn, under James III.; which were followed by the bonnet-pieces of James V. These last are of admirable workmanship, being almost equal to the ancient coins in this respect. In imitation of the French, the monarch we speak of diminished the size of the coin without lessening its weight; an improvement not adopted by the English for a whole century. The last gold coined in Scotland was the pistole and half pistole, of twelve and six pounds Scots. These coins have the sun under the head. The gold coins of Scotland fell in the same proportion with the silver.

The copper coinage of Scotland is of more early date than that of England. It was preceded by money of billon, or copper washed with silver, called black money. James III. first coined black farthings in 1466; and this is recorded by historians as one of his greatest faults. This kind of coinage, however, continued as late as the reign of James VI. In his time the true copper coinage began; but as the value of Scottish money had now declined almost to the utmost, the pieces suddenly assumed a form almost resembling that of the French coins. The bodle, so called from Bothwell the mintmaster, being equal in size to the lard, and worth two pennies Scottish, was struck. The billon coin, formerly called bas piece, and worth fix pennies Scots, was now coined in copper, and termed the baw-bee. Thus it corresponded with the French half sol and English halfpenny, the Scots penny being now equivalent to the French denier. Some pieces named Atkinsons were coined by James VI. in 1582, when the Scottish money was to the English as 1 to 8; but on its being still farther reduced, they went for 8 pennies, a third more than the value of the baw-bee. Besides these there were the hardie and plack, the former being worth three and the latter four pennies Scots. This coinage continued through the reigns of Charles I. and II. but Scottish coins of the former are, perhaps, the rarest of any.

24. Ireland. The first coins introduced into this kingdom seem to have been those of the Danes, and which have only a number of strokes around them instead of letters. In the tenth century, however, this coinage had been considerably improved; and in 930 and 994 there are pennies struck in Dublin, with the inscription on Dyfli or Dyfli, Duffin or Dyflin being the Danish name of that city. There are likewise coins of the Irish princes themselves, and of the English monarchs, struck in Ireland as early as the ninth century; and it is asserted by some, that Ireland even in these days had been conquered by England; of which, indeed, these coins seem to be a proof. None of the Irish coins of Henry II. are to be met with, but we have some of the coins of John; and from his time to that of Henry V., the Irish coins are known by a triangle enclosing the king's head, which appears also upon the coins of other nations at this period. The harp does not appear upon the Irish coins till the time of Henry VIII. Till the time of this monarch, the English and Irish coins are the same; but the denomination of the coin which at that time took place in England extended also to Ireland; but in 1601 copper halfpence and farthings were coined also for this kingdom. These circulated in Ireland when James VI. issued his farthing-tokens of copper, the latter being of two sizes, that if they failed in England they might be sent to Ireland as pennies and halfpence. In 1635 a mint was established in Dublin by Charles I. but it was stopped by the Irish massacre, and the many disturbances which followed; since which time the scheme has not been resumed. After the massacre, St Patrick's halfpence and farthings were coined by the Papists, bearing the legends FLOREAT REX, and on the reverse ECCE GREX; on the farthing QUIESCAT PLEBS. Copper tokens were struck by towns and tradesmen, as in England and Scotland. In 1680, halfpence and farthings were issued by authority, with the harp and date. In 1689, James II. having invaded Ireland, instituted a mint, and coined shillings and half-crowns of all the refuse metal he could find, particularly some brass guns were employed, whence the coinage is commonly called gun-money. Even this metal, however, soon became so scarce, that a diminution in its size is quite apparent from June 1689 to July 1690; and as the month of their mintage is marked upon them, this decrease is easily perceived. In March 1690, pennies of lead mixed with tin were issued; and on the 13th of June the same year, crowns of white metal were coined; but these are now very scarce. In 1722, the patent for coining halfpence and farthings was given to William Wood, which excited such discontent in Ireland. From the small size allowed by the patent to these pieces, it was supposed that the patentee would have gained 60,000l. but as he caused them to be struck of a size still smaller, his gains were estimated at 100,000l. The coins, however, are of admirable workmanship, and very fine copper, bearing the best portrait of King George I. to be found anywhere. Sir Isaac Newton, at that time at the head of the mint, declared that they were superior to the English coins in every thing except the size. In 1737 the Irish halfpence and farthings, with the harp on the reverse, were coined, and continue to the present time. In 1760, there was such a scarcity of copper coin, that some private persons applied for leave to coin halfpence, which appeared with a very bad portrait of George II. and the words VOCE POPULI around it. No gold or silver has been coined in Ireland since the massacre of 1641.

Table V. Modern Medals, properly so called.

1. Scottish medals. These take the lead in the present article, the first modern medals of gold being those of David II. struck between the years 1330 and 1370. Only two of them are known to exist; one in the collection of Mr Barker of Birmingham, and the other in that of Dr Hunter. In 1487, there is a medal of James III. sent to the shrine of St Amboise in France. It is described as of two inches and a third in diameter; the weight near two ounces; having on the obverse a beardless king, with long hair, sitting on a throne, holding in one hand a naked sword; in the other a shield, with the Scottish arms. On the borders of the canopy above the throne is an inscription in Gothic letters, IN MI DEFEN, being corrupt French for In my defence; a common motto in the Scottish arms. Above the canopy is VILLA BERWICH: the reverse bears St Andrew and his cross, SALVAM FAC POPULUM TUUM DOMINE. There is also a medal of James IV. in the collar of St Michael, having on the reverse a Doric pillar surmounted by a young Janus, standing on a hill, beyond which is the sea, and land on either side. This, however, is by some supposed to be a forgery.

The most remarkable Scottish medals are those of the unfortunate Mary. The first is properly French, having been issued at her coronation as queen of France, along with her husband King Francis II. On the obverse of this piece there are portraits of Francis and Mary, face to face, with three legends around them, the outermost containing their titles; the middle one the following sentence: HORA NONA DOMINUS J. H. S. EXPIRavit HELLI CLAMANS; the innermost the name of the city (Paris). On the reverse are the arms of France and Scotland. Fine teetoons were also coined upon the fame plan, and are now so rare that Dr Hunter gave ten guineas for one which is in his collection. The same portraits appear on the fine crown of Mary and Henry, in 1565, which is so rare as to be esteemed a medal of the highest value; and Mr Pinkerton imagines, that if offered to sale it would bring 40 or 50 guineas.

Another remarkable medal of Mary represents her full-faced, and weeping, with the inscription, O GOD GRANT PATIENCE IN THAT I SVFFER VRANG. The reverse has in the centre, QUHO CAN COMPARE WITH ME IN GRIEF, I DIE AND DAR NOCH SEEK RELIEF; with this legend around, HOUFT NOT THE (figure of a heart) QUIHAIS JOY THOU ART. There are also many counters of this unfortunate princess, being thin silver pieces of the size of a shilling. "They all appear (says Mr Pinkerton) to have been done in France, by the direction of Mary, who was fond of devices. Her cruel captivity could not debar her from intercourse with her friends in France, who might with pleasure have executed her orders, as affording her a little consolation."

The coronation medal of Charles II. struck at Edinburgh for his inauguration, June 18. 1663, is remarkable as being the only one ever coined of Scottish gold, and the first in Britain struck with a legend on the edge. With respect to the workmanship, it is inferior to Simon's. Of these medals only three are known to exist, of which one is in the Museum. It is not uncommon in silver; in which case it sometimes wants the legend on the edge.

2. Italian medals. These appear in the 14th century, and from that time successively in most European countries. Vittore Pifano, a painter of Verona, is celebrated as the restorer of the art, but it remains to be accounted for how the medals of King David, already mentioned, came to exist so long before. Mr Pinkerton considers this artist rather as an inventor than a restorer, his medals having no resemblance to the ancient coins, as being large, and all cast. They were first modelled in wax, then a mould taken from the model in fine sand and other ingredients. After a good cast was procured, it was touched up, and made a model for the rest. These medals of Pifano, are almost always inscribed Opus Pifani Pictoris. The portraits of a great number of illustrious men were done by him in this manner; and in the British Museum is a large brafs medal of Pifano by himself.—Other artists were Boldu, Marecotto, Matthaeus de Pastus, Sperandius, Mifaldone, &c. Towards the end of the century, however, the medals began to assume a more elegant appearance; and the papal ones are not only the most elegant but the most ancient series of all the modern medals. The improvement began in the reign of Alexander VI. so famous for his own crimes, and those of his nephew Caesar Borgia. His successors, Julius II. Leo X. Hadrian VI. and Clement VII. had many of their medals designed by Raphael, Julio Romano, and other eminent painters, and the engraving executed by artists of equal merit. Among these were the celebrated Cellini, and the noted Paduan forgers of Roman coins, Cavino and Baffiano. In 1644, Cornmanni, a medallist artist, was imprisoned on account of a piece which represented the Pope upon one side, and Olympia Maidalchini, the relation of his holiness, on the other. The unfortunate Cornmanni poisoned himself. About this time the family of the Hamerani, originally from Germany, began to engrave the papal medals; which they did with surprising merit for several generations. Each of the daughters did a fine medal, as we are informed by Venuti.

Besides the papal medals, many have been issued by the various states of Italy. There are medals of Frederic II. of Sicily in 1501, of several Venetian generals in 1509, of Alfonso duke of Ferrara in 1511, and of the celebrated Andrew Doria in 1528.

3. French medals. Till the reign of Louis XIV. the medals of this country are neither fine nor numerous; but this monarch exceeds all modern princes in this way. Many of his pieces are well designed and executed, though objectionable on account of their falsehood.

4. Danish medals. These appear of Christian II. in 1516, of Frederic and Sophia in 1532, of Frederic I. and Christian III. in bonnets worn in the 16th century. The elephant of the house of Oldenburg is frequent upon Danish medals.

5. Swedish medals. These begin with Gustavus Vasa; and several of Christina are likewise to be met with. There are also some curious ones of Charles XII.

6. Dutch medals. These begin in 1566; and many of them are remarkable for maps and plans, which must be very interesting to posterity. "Had the Greeks and Romans (says Mr Pinkerton) given us maps and plans, what a fine system of ancient geography and topography a cabinet of medals must have been!"

7. Medals of Spain, Portugal, and Germany. The Spanish medals began with Gonfalo in 1503, many of which are curious and interesting. Under Charles V. there are many curious Spanish medals; but those of Germany begin with Frederic in 1453. They are extremely numerous; as we may easily suppose from the greatness of the empire, and the various states which compose it. There is a famous medal of Sebastian king of Portugal, famous for his unfortunate expedition into Africa in 1578; with his bust, full face, and three quarters in length. On the reverse is a shell-fish in the sea, with the moon and seven stars, bearing the inscription SERENA CALSA FAVENT. There is also a curious lozenge-shaped coin of the same, with the arms of Portugal, and the king's name and title: On the reverse is a cross with the inscription IN HOC SIGNO VINCES, 1578.

8. Satiric medals. These began almost as soon as the knowledge of the art of coining medals was revived. They seem to have been almost unknown to the ancients. One indeed of the emperor Gallienus is supposed to have been satiric. It has on the front the emperor's bust, with the inscription GALLIENI AUG. The reverse is Peace in a car, PAX UBIQUE; but this has been proved to be only a blundered coin. Some other ancient medals, however, are not liable to this objection. The first modern satiric medal published was that of Frederic king of Sicily in 1501, against his antagonist Ferdinand king of Spain. It has on one side the head of Ferdinand, with the inscription FERDINANDUS R. AR. VETUS VULPES ORBIS; on the reverse a wolf carrying off a sheep, JVCVM MEVM SVAVE EST ET ONVS MEVM LEVE. Many others have been struck, of which the wit would now perhaps be difficult difficult to be found out: but of all nations the Dutch have most distinguished themselves in this way; and paid very dear for their conduct, as they brought upon themselves by one or two satiric medals the whole power of France under Louis XIV.

9. English medals. The first of these is in the duke of Devonshire's collection. It is of a large size, and done on the plan of the early Italian medals. It has on the reverse the arms of Kendal, with the inscription TEMPORE OBSIDIONIS TURCORUM, MCCCCLXXX. On the other side is a portrait with IO KENDAL RHODI TVRCVPELLERIVS. It was found last century in Knarefborough forest; but Mr Pinkerton has no doubt of its having been done in Italy. The next is that of Henry VIII. in 1545, and is of gold, larger than the crown-piece, with the king's head upon the reverse, and three legends within each other, including his titles, &c. The reverse contains two inscriptions, declaring him to be the head of the church; the one in Hebrew, the other in Greek. It was imitated exactly by Edward VI. whose coronation medal is the first we have. There are two medals of Philip and Mary, whose execution is tolerably good; but those of Elizabeth are very poor. There are good medals of James I. and his queen; with a fine one of Charles I. and Henrietta, though the workmanship is much inferior to the antique. There are many good medals of Charles, with various devices upon their reverses. Under the commonwealth the celebrated Simon produced medals which are deservedly reckoned the most admirable pieces of modern workmanship. There are many good medals of Charles II., James II., and William III. Some are also found of James after his abdication. Some fine gold, silver, and copper medals, were issued in the time of Queen Anne; the two last affording a series of all the great actions of the duke of Marlborough. About the year 1740, a series of medals was engraved in London by Daffier, a native of Geneva, containing all the kings of England; being 36 in number. They are done upon fine copper, and executed with great taste. There are besides many medals of private persons in England; so that it may justly be said, that this country for medals exceeds almost every other in Europe.

To this account of modern coins and medals we shall add that of another set called siege-pieces, and which were issued during the time of a siege in cases of urgent necessity. These were formed of any kind of metal; sometimes of no metal; and Patin mentions a remarkable one struck at Leyden in 1574, when the place was besieged by the Spaniards. It was of thick paper or pasteboard, having a lion rampant, with this inscription, FVGNO PRO PATRIA, 1574; and on the reverse, LVGDVNVM BATAVORVM. There are various siege-pieces of Charles I. both in gold and silver, some of the latter being of the value of 20 shillings.

The nummi bracteati are a species of modern coins somewhat between counters and money; and have their name from the word BRACTEA, a fangle or thin bit of metal. They are commonly little thin plates of silver, stamped as would seem with wooden dies upon one side only, with the rude impression of various figures and inscriptions. Most of them are ecclesiastic, and were struck in Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and a few in Poland. They continued to be in use in Germany till the end of the 15th century; and some are still used in Switzerland at this day.

TABLE of ABBREVIATIONS used in the Legends of Medals; from Mr Pinkerton.

GREEK COINS.

<table> <tr><th>A.</th><th>Abbreviations</th></tr> <tr><td>A.</td><td>Athens, Argos, Aulus, Asylum; primi or first; as Ephesius A. Aias, "Ephesians, first people of Asia.</td></tr> <tr><td>A.</td><td>Abdus, Abdera, Abydus on Hellespont</td></tr> <tr><td>AB.</td><td>Abydus in Egypt</td></tr> <tr><td>ABY.</td><td>Abydus on Hellespont</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΘΟ.ΑΘΕ.</td><td>Athens</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΙΓΙΝΑ</td><td>Aegina</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΙΓΟΣΠΟ</td><td>Aigopotamos</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΙΑ.</td><td>Aelius, Aelia Capitolina</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΙΝ.</td><td>Aenos</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΚ.-ΑΚΡΑΤΑΝ.</td><td>Agri- gentum</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΚΙ.</td><td>Acilium</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΚΤ.</td><td>Actium</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΛΕ.</td><td>Alexandria</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΜ.</td><td>Amyntas</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΜΒΡ.</td><td>Ambracia</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΜΦΙ.</td><td>Amphlochia</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΝΘ.</td><td>Anthephor, Proconsul</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΝΤΙΣ.</td><td>Antissa</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΝΑ.</td><td>Anactoria</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΝΤΙ.</td><td>Antium</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΝ.</td><td>Ancyra</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΝΤ.</td><td>Antoninus, Antioch</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΖ.</td><td>Axus in Crete</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΟΝ.</td><td>Aonite</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΟΥΕ.</td><td>Avenio, Pell.</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΠΙ.</td><td>Appius</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΠΑ.</td><td>Apamea</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΠΟ.</td><td>Apollonia</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΠΤΑ.</td><td>Aptra</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡ.</td><td>Aradus, Harma</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡΓΕ.</td><td>Argennes</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡΙ.</td><td>Aricanda</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡΙΜ.</td><td>Ariminum</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡΓΙ.</td><td>Arfinoe</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡΥ.</td><td>Aryca</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΡΧ. Αχειριστος or Αχειρος,</td><td>high priest or magistrate</td></tr> <tr><td>ΑΣΙΑΡΧ.</td><td>Asharchae, presidents of the games of Asia (b)</td></tr> <tr><th>B.</th><th>Abbreviations</th></tr> <tr><td>B.</td><td>Beylus, Council: Berytus: Bithynia</td></tr> <tr><td>BATHAIO.</td><td>Bagadaonia</td></tr> <tr><td>BAA.</td><td>Valerius</td></tr> <tr><td>BH.</td><td>Berytus</td></tr> <tr><td>BITON.</td><td>Bitontum</td></tr> <tr><td>BOI.</td><td>Boeotia</td></tr> <tr><td>BYN.</td><td>Brundusium.</td></tr> <tr><td>BY.</td><td>Byzantium</td></tr> <tr><th>G.</th><th>Abbreviations</th></tr> <tr><td>G.</td><td>Grammaticus, or keeper of the records</td></tr> <tr><td>GAIUS.</td><td>Gaius, or Caius</td></tr> <tr><td>GA.</td><td>Gallus, Galleries, Gallienus</td></tr> <tr><td>ΓΙΑΛΙΟΥ,</td><td>Illustrious</td></tr> <tr><td>ΓΕΛ.</td><td>Gelas</td></tr> <tr><td>ΓΕΡ.</td><td>Germanicus</td></tr> <tr><td>ΓΝ.</td><td>Gneius</td></tr> <tr><td>ΓΟΡΤΥ.</td><td>Gortyna</td></tr> <tr><td>ΓΡΑ.</td><td>Gravifica</td></tr> <tr><th>D.</th><th>Abbreviations</th></tr> <tr><td>D.</td><td>Decimus, Dymae</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΑΚ.</td><td>Dacius</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΑΜ.</td><td>Damascus</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΑΡ.</td><td>Dardanum</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΗ.</td><td>the people</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΗΜΑΡ.</td><td>with Tribunitian power</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΕ.</td><td>Decelia</td></tr> <tr><td>ΔΕΚ.</td><td>Decius.</td></tr> </table>

(b) There were also Syriarchae, Lyciarchae, Galatarchae, Bithyniarchae, Cappadociarchae, &c. Morel. Spec.

Abbrevia-ΔΕΡ. Derbe in Lycaonia ΛΗ. Delos ΔΙ. Diofpolis ΔΡΕ. Drepamum ΔΥΡ. Dyrrachium

E Ε. Eryce Ε. ΕΡΕΣ. Erebus ΕΛΕΥ. Eleusis ΕΛΕΥΘ. Ελευθερι, Free ΕΠΙ. Epidaurus ΕΡΙ. Eriza in Caria ΕΡΧ. Erchia ΕΡΥ. Erythrae ΕΤ. ΕΤΟ. Έτος, Year ΕΤ. Ετεννα in Pamphylia ΕΧ. Εχουσια, Power ΕΥ. ΕΥΒΟ. Euboea ΕΥΣ. Ευστοχι, Pious ΕΥΤ. Ευτυχις, Happy ΕΦ. ΕΦΕ. Ephesus

Z. ZA. Zacynthus ZANKA. Zancle, Messana anciently so called H. Heliom ΗΓ. Ηγεμον, President ΗΡΑΚ. Heraclea

Θ ΘΑ. Thasus ΘΕ. Thephri ΘΕΣ. Theflalonica ΘΕ. ΘΗΒ. Thebae

I. Ι. ΙΕΡ. Ιες, Sacred ΙΕΡΑΠΥ. Hyerapytha ΙΚΑΡ. Hiccara ΙΑΙ. Ilium ΙΟΥ. Julis, a city, or Julius ΙΟΥΑ. Julia ΙΠΑ. Hippana ΙΡ. Irene Inf. Pellerin. ΙΣ. Ifus, Ifica

Κ. Κ. Caius; Κουντες, Quintus Κ. ΚΑΙΣ. Caesar Κ. Κ. Κοινος Καλλικρατις, Community of Cilicia ΚΑΙΑ. Cælius ΚΑΛ. Chalcedon ΚΑΛΛΙ. Callipolis ΚΑΜΑ. Camara ΚΑΝ. Canata ΚΑΠ. Capua ΚΑΠΙ. Cappadocia ΚΑΡ. Carrhe ΚΑΡΤ. Carthago ΚΑΥ. Caulonia ΚΕ. Ceos ΚΕΦ. Cephalades ΚΙ. Cianus, Cibaum ΚΙΑ. Cilbani ΚΑ. Κλαονα, Claudius ΚΛΑ. Clazomene

KNI. Cnidus KO. Corinth KOIN. Κοινος, Community ΚΟΑ. Κολονιας, Colony, Colophon КОМ. Commodus КОΡ. Corcyra ΚΡ. Cragus in Lycia ΚΡΑ. Cranos ΚΡΗ. Crete ΚΤΗ. Κτημεντε, Pell. ΚΥ. Cuma, Cydonium, Cyon ΚΥΘ. Cythmus ΚΥΠ. Cyprus ΚΥΡ. Cyrene

Λ. Λ. or Λ. Λυκαιμαρις, Year Λ. Lucius ΛΑ. Lacedæmon ΛΑΜ. Lamea; Lampacus ΛΑΡ. Larissa ΛΑΡΙ. Larinum ΛΕ. ΛΕΥ. Leucas ΛΕΩΝ. Leontium ΛΗΜ. Lemnos ΛΙΠ. Lipara ΛΙΨ. Λιψιοπολις ΛΟ. ΛΩΚ. Locri ΛΟΓ. Longone ΛΥΓ. ΛΥΚ. Lyctus

Μ. Μ. Marcus, Malea, Megalopolis, Mazaka ΜΑ. Μαρονα, Maffilia, Macedonia ΜΑΓ. Magnesia ΜΑΚΡΟ. Macrocephali ΜΑΜ. Mamertini ΜΑΣΣ. Maffilia ΜΑΖ. Mazara ΜΕ. Menelais, on Syrian regal coins ΜΕΝΕΚ. Menecrates ΜΕ. ΜΕΓ. Megara, Megalopolis, Melite ΜΕΓ. Μεγαλος, Great ΜΕΣ. Melfana ΜΕΤΑ. Metapontum Μ. ΜΗΤΤΟ. Metropolis ΜΙ. Miletus ΜΚ. Maffaka of Cappadocia, on coins of Mithridates VI. ΜΟΡ. Morgantia ΜΥ. Mycenae ΜΥΡ. Myrlea ΜΥΤΙ. Mytilene Ν. Ν. Naupaftos ΝΑΣ. Naxos ΝΑΥΑΡΧ. Ναυαρχιδος, enjoying a sea-port ΝΕ. Nemea ΝΕΩΚ. Neocori

ΝΕΟΠ. Neopolis ΝΕΡ. Nerva ΝΙΚ. Nicæum, Nicomedia ΝΥΣ. Νυσαι, on coins of Scythopolis, Pell.

Ο. ΟΙ. Oethæi ΟΝ. Ορρος, Being ΟΠΕΑ. Opelius ΟΠ. Opus ΟΡΥ. Ορυκς ΟΡΧ. Orchomenus ΟΥΠ. or ΥΠ. Ουκατος or Υπατος, Consul ΟΥΕΡ. Verus ΟΥΗ. Verus ΟΥΕΣΠ. Vespasianus ΟΥΙΤΕΑ. Vitellius ΟΦΡΥ. Ophrynium.

Π. Π. Παρα, Περς, upon Π. ΠΟΛΙ. Publius Π. ΠΑ. Paphos or Paros ΠΑΙΣ. Paëtum ΠΑΝ. Panormus ΠΑΡ. Paropinum ΠΑΡΙ. Paros ΠΑΡΟ. Parthicus ΠΕ. Perinthus. ΠΕΛ. Pella ΠΕΡ. Pergus ΠΕΡΤ. Pertinae ΠΕΣΚ. Pesennius Π. ΠΗ. Pelusium ΠΙΝ. Pinamytæ ΠΛΑ. Plateæ ΠΟ. Pontus ΠΟΛ. Polyrrhenium ΠΟΣ. Posidonia ΠΡΑΣ. Praetius Π. ΠΡΥ. Πρετιας, Praefect ΠΡ. ΠΡΕΣ. Πρεσβειας, Legate ΠΡΟ. Proconnesius ΠΡΟΔΙ. Προδικος, Curator Π. ΠΡΩΤ. Πρωτος, First ΠΤ. Ποτεμαϊς ΠΥ. Pylos

Ρ. ΡΟ. Rhodes

Σ. Σ. ΣΑ. Salamis, Samos, Syria.

Greek Numerals.

A. 1. 1. 10. Γ. 100. B. 2. K. 20. Σ. or C 200. Γ. 3. A. 30. T. 300. Δ. 4. M. 40. Υ. 400. Ε. 5. N. 50. Φ. 500. ε. or ρ 6. Ξ. 60. Χ. 600. Ζ. 7. Ω. 70. Ψ. 700. Η. 8. Π. 80. Ω. 800. Θ. 9. η or ρ 90. ρ. 900.

Example.

Examples. I is io; add A to I, and IA makes ii; fo IB, 12; II, 13, &c. K is 29, KA, 21, &c. PIA makes iii. The English word AIR marks the grand initial numerals. On coins the numerals are often placed in retrograde order; which makes no difference in the value, as every letter is appropriated to its number. Thus TAF or FAT imply the same, 333. But this advantage being unknown to the Roman numerals and Arabic cyphers, is apt to puzzle the beginner.

ROMAN COINS.

A A. AULUS: in the exergue it implies the first mint, as ANT. A. coined at Antioch in the first mint A. A. A. F. Auro, Argento, Ære, Flando, Feriundo A. or AN. Annuus A. A. Apollo Augusti A. F. A. N. Auli filius, Aulii nepos ABN. Abnepos ACT. Actiacus, or Actium AD. FRV. EMV. Ad fruges emundas ADIAB. Adiabenicus ADOP. Adoptatus ADQ. Adquifta ADV. Adventus AED. Ædes AED. P. Ædilitia potestate AED. S. Ædes fæcse AED. CVR. Ædilis Curulis AED. PL. Ædilis Plebis AEL. Ælius AEN. or AIMIL. Æmilius AET. Æternitas AFR. Africa, or Africanus ALBIN. Album ALIM. ITAL. Alimenta Italicae ANN. AVG. Annona Augusti A. N. F. F. Annum Novum Faustum Felicem ANIC. Anicius ANN. DCCC.XIII. NAT. VRB. P. CIR. CON. Anno 864, Natali Urbis Populo Circensibus constituti ANT. AVG. Antonius Augur ANT. Antonius, or Antoninus AP. Appius A. P. F. Argento Publico Feriundo A. POP. FRVG. AC. A Populo Fruges Acceptae AQ, or AQL Aquilius AQVA MAR. Aqua Martia ARAB. ADQ. Arabia Adquifta ARR. Arrius AVG. Augur, Augustus, Augusta AVG. D. F. Augustus Divi Filius AVGG. Two Augusti AVGGC. Three Augusti AVR. or AVREL. Aurelius

B B. The mark of the second mint in any city BON. EVENT. Bonus Eventus B. R. P. NAT. Bono Reipublicae Nato BRIT. Britannicus BRVT. Brutus

C C. Caius, Colonia C. A. Caesarea Augusta C. CAE. or CAES. Caesar CAESS. Caesares CARTH. Carthage CEN. Censor CENS. P. Censor Perpetuus CEST. Cestius, or Cestianus CIR. CON. Circum Condit, or Circenses Concessit CIVIB. ET SIGN. MILIT. A. PARTH. RECVF. Civibus et Signis Militaribus a Parthis Recuperatis CN. Cneius COEL. Coelius CON. OB. Constantinopoli Obfignata, or Constantinopoli Officina secunda, or Confata Obryzo COI. Colonia CON. SVO. Conservatori suo CONCORD. Concordia CL. V. Clypeus Votivus COMM. Commodus CLOD. Clodius CL. or CLAVD. Claudius cos. Consul coss. Consules

CORN. Cornelius CVR. X. F. Curavit Denarium Faciendum D. D. Decimus, Divus, Deftignatus DAC. Dacicus D. F. Dacia felix D. M. Diis Manibus DES. or DESIG. Defignatus DICT. Dictator DOMIT. Domitianus D. N. Dominus noster DID. Didius D. P. Dii Penates DV. Divus

E EID. MAR. Idus Martiae EX. CONS. D. Ex Confenfu Decuriorum EX. S. C. Ex Senatus Confluto EQ. ORDIN. Equeftris Ordinis EX. A. PV. Ex Argento or Auctoritate Publica EXER. Exercitus ETR. Etrufcus

F F. Filius, or Filia, or Felix, or Faciendum, or Fecit FEL. Felix FELIC. Felicitas FL. Flavius FLAM. Flamen FORT. RED. Fortune Reduci FOVRI. Fourius for Furius FONT. Fonteius FRVGIF. Frugiferæ (Cereri) FVL. Fulvius FVLG. Fulgorator

G G. Gneius, Genius, Gaudium GA. Gaditanus G. D. Germanicus Dacicus GEN. Genius GERM. Germanicus GL. E. R. Gloria Exercitus Romani GL. P. R. Gloria Populi Romani GOETH. Gothicus G. P. R. Genio Populi Romani G. T. A. Genius Tutelaris Ægypti, or Africae

H HEL. Helvius HEL. Heliopolis HER. Herennius, or Herennia

HO. Honos HS. Seftertius

I I. Imperator, Jovi, Julius IAN. CLV. Janum cluit for clauft IMP. Imperator IMP. Imperatores I. S. M. R. Juno Sofpita, Mater or Magna Regina IT. Italia, Iterum ITE. Iterum IVL. Julius or Julia IVST. Juftus I-I. S. Seftertius I. O. M. SACR. Jovi Optimo, Maximo, Sacrum II. VIR. Duumvir III. VIR. R. P. C. Triumvir Reipublicæ Conftituentæ III. VIR. R. A. P. Quatuorvir, or Quatuorviri, Auro, or Argento, or Ære, Publico Feriundo IVN. Junior

L. L. Lucius LAT. Latinus LEG. PROPR. Legatus Propraetoris LEG. I. &c. Legio Prima, &c. LEP. Lepidus LENT. CVR. X. F. Lentulus Curavit Denarium Faciendum LIBERO P. Libero Patri LIB. PVBL. Libertas Publica LIC. Licinius L. S. DEN. Lucius Sicinius Dentatus LVC. Lucifera LVD. CIR. Ludi Circenses LVD. EQ. Ludi Equeftres LVD. SAEC. F. Ludos Saeculares Fecit

M. M. Marcus, or Marius MAR. CL. Marcellus Clodius M. F. Marci Filius M. OTACIL. Marcia Otacilia MAG. or MAGN. Magnus MAC. Macellum MAX. Maximus MAR. Martia (aqua) MAX. VLT. Marti Ultori MES. Meffius METAL. Metallum MINAT. Minatius MINER. Minerva Abbreviations.

M. L. V. Municipii Municipii Juli Uticensis MON. or MONET. Moneta N. N. Nepos or Nofer N. C. Nobilissimus Caesar NAT. VRE. Natalis Urbis NEP. Neps NEP. RED. Neptuno Reduci O. O. Optimo OB. c. s. Ob Cives Servatos OF. Officina. OPEL. Opelius ORB. TEKR. Orbis Terrarum P. P. or POT. Potestate PAC. ORB. TER. Pacatori Orbis Terrarum PAPI. Papius or Papirius PARTH. Parthicus PERT. Perpetuus PERT. or PERTIN. Pertinax PESC. Pescentius P. F. Pius Felix PLAET. Platonius P. L. N. Pecunia Londini Notata P. LON. S. Pecunia Londini Signata P. M. or PONT. MAX. Pontifex Maximus POMP. Pompeius P. P. Pater Patriae PR. Praetor P. R. Populus Romanus PRAEF. CLAS. ET. OR. MARIT. Praefectus Clavis et Orae Maritima PRINC. IVVENT. Princeps Juvenutis PRIV. Privernum PROC. Proconsul. PRON. Pronepos PROP. Proprator PROQ. Proquaestor. PROV. DEOR. Providentia Deorum PYFIEN. Pupienus Q. Q. Quintus, or Quaestor Q. C. M. P. I. Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Imperator Q. DESIG. Quaestor Designatus Q. P. Quaestor Praetorius Q. PR. Quaestor Provincialis R. R. Roma, Restituit RECEP. Receptis, or Receptus REST. Restituti ROM. ET. AVG. Romae et Augusto R. P. Republica S. SAEC. AVR. Saeculum Aureum SAEC. FEL. Saeculi Felicitas SAL. Salus SALL. Sallustia SARM. Sarmaticus S. C. Senatus Consulto SCIP. ASIA. Scipio Asiaticus SEC. ORB. Securitas Orbis SEC. PERP. Securitas Perpetua SEC. TEMP. Securitas Temporum SEN. Senior SEPT. Septimius SERV. Servius SEV. Severus SEX. Sextus SIC. v. SIC. X. Sicut Quinquennalia, sic Decennalia SIG. Signis S. M. Signata Moneta S. P. Q. R. Senatus Populusque Romanus STABIL. Stabilita (terra) SVL. Sulla T. T. Titus, Tribunus TER. Terentius, or Tertium TEMP. Temporum TI. Tiberium TR. or TREV. Treveris TREB. Trebonianus TR. MIL. Tribunus Militaris TR. P. or TRIB. POT. Tribunicia Potestate V. V. Quintum V. C. Vir Clarissimus VESPA. Vespasianus VIB. Vibius VICT. Victoria VII. VIR. EPVL. Septemvir Epulonum VII. PVR. Villa Publica VIRT. Virtus VN. MR. Venerande Memorie VOT. X. MVLT. XX. Votis Decennalibus Multiplicatis Vicemnalis X. X. Decem, Denarius XV. VIR. SARR. FAC. Quincdecim Vir Sacris Faciundis

Abbreviations on the Exergue; from Bouduri and Monaldini. Pinkerton.

A. Officina Prima ALE. Alexandria AMB. Antiochensis Moneta Secunda Officina AN. ANT. ANTI. Antiochia ANB. Antiochiae Secunda Officina: to ANH. Antiochiae Oclava Officina A. P.L. (In officina) Prima percufla Lugduni AQ. AQ. Aquileiae Officina AQ. O. B. F. Aquileiae Officina Secunda Fabrica AQ. F. S. Aquileiae Pecunia Signata A. AR. ARL. Arelate A. SISC. Prima (in officina) Sifcia B. SIRM. Secunda Sirmii B. S. L. C. Secunda Signata Lugduni C. O. Constantinopoli Noana COMOB. Conflata Moneta Obryzo. Only on gold or silver from a gold die CON. Constantinopoli CONOB. Conflata Obryzo. Only on gold. CONS. Constantinopoli KART. Carthago K. O. Carthaginensis Officina L. LC. LVG. Lucdui, Lugduni L. LON. Londini L. P. Lugdunensis vel Londonensis Pecunia LVG. P. S. Lugduni Pecunia Signata MDPS. Mediolani Pecunia Signata M. K. V. T. Moneta Karthaginensis Urbs (in officina Tertia)

A List of Roman Colonies whose Coins remain; and Abbreviations on these Coins.

Abdera in Spain Acci in Spain Achulla in Africa Ælia Capitolina in Judæa Agrippina in Germany Antiochia in Pidia ——— in Syria Apamea in Bithynia Arna in Thessaly Atfigi in Spain Balba in Mauritania Tingitana Berytus in Phœnicia Bibilis in Spain Bostra in Arabia Bracara Augusta in Spain Buthrotum in Epirus Cabello in Gaul Caesar-Augusta in Spain Caesarea in Palestine Calagurris

Abbreviations on Colonial Coins.

ACCI. Accitana Colonia, Guadix in Spain ADI. Adiutrix legio AEL. MVN. COEL. Aelium Municipium Coela, near Sestos on the Hellespont AST. Astigitana, Eceja in Andalusia B. A. Braccara Augusta, Brague in Portugal C. A. C. Caesarea Antiochiae C. A. A. P. or PATR. Colonia Augusta Aroë Patrensis CAB. Cabello C. A. BVT. Colonia Augusti Ruthrotum, in Epirus C. A. C. Colonia Augusta Caesarea C. A. I. Colonia Augusta Julia, Cadiz C. A. F. Colonia Aug. Emeritia, Merida CAL. Calagurris, Culahorra in Spain C. A. O. A. F. Colonia Antoniana Oea Aug. Felix, Tripoli in Africa Nemausus in Gaul Nefisbis in Mesopotamia Norba Caesarea in Mauritania Obulco in Spain Oea in Africa Olba in Pamphylia Ofica in Spain Oficarda in Spain Panormus in Sicily Parium in Myfia Paralis in Lyconia Patricia (Corduba) in Spain Pella in Macedon Philippi in Macedon Philippopolis in Arabia Ptolemais in Phoenicia Rhefena in Mesopotamia Romula (Hispalis) in Spain Ruficino in Gaul Sabaria in Hungary Saguntum in Spain Sebaste in Palestine Segobriga in Spain Sidon in Phoenicia Singara in Mesopotamia Sinope in Pontus Stobi in Macedon Tarraco in Spain Thessalonica in Macedon Traducta (Julia) in Spain Troas in Phrygia Turiálo in Spain Tyana in Cappadocia Tyrus in Phoenicia Valentia in Spain Vienna in Gaul Viminacium in Moesia Utica in Africa

c. A. PL. MET. SID. Colonia Amelia Pia Metropolis Abbreviations Sidon c. A. R. Colonia Augusta Rauracorum, or Colonia Afla Regia: Afla in Switzerland, or Afl near Xeres de la Frontera in Spain. c. C. A. Colonia Caesarea Augusta, Saragossa in Spain c. C. COL. LUG. Claudia Copia Colonia Lugdunensis c. C. I. B. Colonia Campestris Julia Balba, in Mauritania. c. C. I. B. D. D. Colonia Campestris Julia Balba, Decreto Decurionum c. C. I. H. P. A. Colonia Concordia Julia Hadrumetina, Pia Augusta c. CIV. D. D. P. Corona Civica data Decreto Publico c. C. N. A. Colonia Carthago Nova Augusta c. C. N. C. D. D. Colonia Concordia, Norba Caesareana, Decreto Decurionum. c. COR. Colonia Corinthus c. C. T. Ducentesima Remissa c. C. S. Colonia Claudia Sabaria, in Hungary c. F. P. D. Colonia Flavia Pacensis Devellum, Devellum in Thrace. c. G. I. H. P. A. Colonia Gemella Julia Hadriana, Pariana, Augusta c. I. A. Colonia Julia Concordia, Apamea c. I. A. D. Colonia Julia Augusta Dertona, Tortona near Milan c. I. AV. Colonia Julia Aug. Cadiz c. I. AVG. F. SIN. Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Sinope c. I. B. Colonia Julia Balba, in Mauritania c. I. C. A. P. A. Colonia Julia Carthago Augusta Pia Antiqua, or Corinth, or Carthago Nova c. I. CAL. Colonia Julia Calpe, Gibraltar c. I. F. Colonia Julia Felix, Cadiz c. I. G. A. Colonia Julia Gemella (c) Augusta c. I. I. A. Colonia Immunis Illici Augusta, Elche in Spain c. I. N. C. Colonia Julia Norba Caesareana, or Alcantara: sometimes it means Col. Julia Nova Carthago c. I. V. Colonia Julia Valentia, Valencia in Spain c. V. T. Colonia Victrix Tarraco c. L. I. COR. Colonia Laus Julia Corinthus c. L. I. N. AVG. Colonia Laus Julia Nova Augusta, Laus or Lodi in Lucania c. M. L. Colonia Metropolis Laodicea, in Cælefsyria CO. DAM. METRO. Colonia Damacus Metropolis COH. PRET. VII. F. VI. F. Cohortes Praetorianae Septimum Pie, Sextum Felices COH. I. CR. Cohors prima Cretensis COH. PRET. PHIL. Cohors Praetoriana Philippensium COL. AEL. A. H. MET. Colonia Ælia Augusta Hadrumetina Metropolis, in Africa COL. AEL. CAP. COMM. P. F. Colonia Ælia Capitolina Commodiana Pia Felix COL. ALEX. TROAS. Colonia Alexandrina Troas COL. AMAS. or AMS. Colonia Amaltriana, in Paphlogonia COL. ANT. Antioch in Pisdia COL. ARELAT. SEXTAN. Colonia Arelate Sextanorum, Arles COL. AST. AVG. Colonia Aetingitana Augusta, Eceja in Spain

(c) Gemella implies a colony drawn from two others.

Abbreviations. COL. AVG. FEL. BER. Colonia Augusta Felix Berytus COL. AVG. FIR. Colonia Aug. Firma, Eceja COL. AVG. IVL. PHILIP. Colonia Augusta Julia Philippenis COL. AVG. PAT. TREVIR. Colonia Augusta Paterna Treviorum, Treves in Germany, sent from Paternum in Italy COL. AVR. KAR. COMM. P. F. Colonia Aurelia Karrhae Commodiana Pia Felix, or Carneatun Commagene, or Carrhae in Asia COL. B. A. Colonia Braccara Augusta, Brague COL. BRYT. L. v. Colonia Berytus Legio Quinta COL. CABE. Colonia Cabellio COL. CAES. AVG. Colonia Caesarea Augusta, in Palestine COL. CAMALODVN. Colonia Camalodunum, England COL. CASILIN. Colonia Casilinum, Caffellasso in Italy COL. CL. PTOL. Colonia Claudia Ptolemais, Acre in Phoenicia COL. DAMAS. METRO. Colonia Damacus Metropolis COL. F. I. A. P. BARCIN. Colonia Flavia Julia Augusta Pia, Barcino or Barcelona COL. FL. PAC. DEVLT. Colonia Flavia Pacensis Deultum, Develtum in Thrace COL. HA. ME. T. Colonia Hadriana Mercurialis Thænitana, Mercuriali, Fermo in Italy and Thenes in Africa COL. H. (or HEL.) LEG. H. Colonia Heliopolis Legio Heliopolitan COL. HEL. I. O. M. H. Colonia Heliopolis Jovi Optimo Maximo Heliopolitan COL. IVL. AVG. C. I. F. COMAN. Colonia Julia Augusta Concordia Invicta Felix Comanorum, drawn from Concordia in Italy, and sent to Comana in Cappadocia COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. CREMNA. Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Cremna, in Pamphylia COL. IVL. CER. SAC. AVG. FEL. CAP. OECVM. ISE. HEL. Colonia Julia Certamen Sacrum Augustum Felix Capitolenum Oecumenicum Iselaeticum Heliopolitanum. COL. IVL. CONC. APAM. AVG. D. D. Colonia Julia Concordia Apamea Augusta Decurionum COL. IVL. PATER. NAR. Colonia Julia Paterna Narbonensis COL. NEM. Colonia Nemausus COL. NICEPH. COND. Colonia Nicephorium Condita, in Mesopotamia COL. PATR. Colonia Patrensis or Patricia, Patras in Greece, or Cordova in Spain COL. P. F. AVG. F. CAES. MET. Colonia Prima Flavia Aug. Felix Caesarea Metropolis, in Palestine COL. P. FL. AVG. CAES. METROP. F. S. P. same as above, P. S. P. in Provincia Syriæ Palestine. COL. PR. F. A. CAESAR. Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Caesarea, in Palestine COL. R. F. AVG. FL. C. METROP. Colonia Romana Felix Aug. Flavia Caesarea Metropolis. The same COL. ROM. Colonia Romulea, or Seville COL. ROM. LVG. Colonia Romana Lugdunum COL. RVS. LEG. VI. Colonia Rufina Legio Sexta, Roussillon in France COL. SABAR. Colonia Saburia COL. SARAS. Schaefe, in Palestine COL. SER. G. NEAPOL. Colonia Servii Galbae Neapolis, in Palestine

COL. V. I. CELSA, OR COR. VIC. IVL. CELSA. Colonia Expleta Victrix Julia Celsa, Celsa in Spain COL. VIC. IVL. LEF. Colonia Victrix Julia Leptis, in Africa COL. VIM. AN. I. or II. &c. Colonia Viminacium Anno primo, Widow in Servia COL. VLP. TRA. Colonia Ulpia Trajana: Kellen, or Warhah in Transylvania CO. P. F. COE. METRO. Colonia Prima Flavia Caesarea Metropolis CO. P. I. A. Colonia Pacensis Julia Augusta, or Col. Odaviana C. R. I. F. S. Colonia Romana Julia Felix Sinope C. T. T. Colonia Togata Tarraco C. V. II. Colonia Victrix Illice, Elche in Spain D. Decuriones D. C. A. Divus. Caes. Aug. DERT. Dertofa GEN. COL. NER. PATR. Genio Coloniae Neronianae Patrénfis G. L. S. Genio Loci Sacrum M. A. ILLERCAVONIA DIRT. Municipium Hibera Illercauvonia Dertofa, Tortosa in Catalonia M. M. I. v. Municipes Municipii Juli Ulicensis M. R. Municipium Ravennatum MVN. CAL. IVL. Municipium Calagurris Julia, in Spain MVN. CLVN. Municipium Clunia, Corunna in Spain MVN. FANE. AEL. Municipium Fanetre Aelium, Feno MVN. STOB. Municipium Stobene, Stobi in Macedon MV. TV. Municipium Turiafo, in Spain N. TR. ALEXANDRIANAE COL. BOSTR. Nerviae Trajanæ Alexandrianæ Colonie Bostra, in Palestine SEP. COL. LAVD. Septimia Colonia Laudicea or Laodicea SEP. TYR. MET. Septima Tyrs Metropolis.

Explanation of the Plates.

Fig. 1. A Persian daric 2. A drachm of Egina 3. A silver hemidrachm of Alexander the Great 4. Tigranes the younger of Armenia, with his sister 5. One of the coins of the Arsacidæ of Parthia 6. A coin of the Sasanidæ of Persia. First published by Mr Pinkerton 7. Denarius of Cneius Pompey from Mr Pinkerton. Reverse represents him as received by Spain 8. A brafs coin of Cunobelinus 9. Pefcennius Niger. Struck at Antioch; unique. In Dr Hunter's cabinet; published by Mr Pinkerton 10. A silver coin of Carausius 11. Reverse of Claudius in first brafs 12. Reverse of Adrian 13. Of Antoninus Pius 14. Of Commodus 15. Of Severus 16. A Saxon penny 17. A Saxon Æyca 18. 19. Ancient pennies, supposed to be Scottish 20. A penny of William of Scotland 21. A penny of Robert the Great 22. An Irish penny

PLATE CCCXXXI.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

BRITANNIA S C IMP TRAX IMP VII COS BRITANNIA E. Mitchell sculp't

PLATE CCCXXXII.

22. VARU SILA

21. INGRIMVTA

20. ANGII DA

24.

23.

26.

25.

27. M.M.N.H.N.R.P.M.S.I.Z.I. M. H.Y.R.N.W.N.T.H.U. N.H.N.N.H.N.N.II. O.O.F.X.D.A.F.T.X.O.G.O.P P. R.R.N.R.N.N.N.A. S.N.N.S.Z.R.E.S T.T.T. V.V.Y.II.L.J.Y. W.W.P.YY.P.R.P.P.Y. X.+.-=X.C.+.& Y.Y.F.F.Y.

28. AEAE CR.QR. DR.D. HE.HE. MAE.ME. MO.O.

RUM.X. TA.A. TH.O.D.D.B.P.D. 4.J.P. THB.B.

29. NG.NG. NW.NP. REX.BR.

K. Mitchell Sculp' 23. The gold penny of Henry III. 24. The large noble of the first coinage of Edward III. 25. The gold medal of David II. of Scotland 26. The ryal of Queen Mary of Scotland 27. Letters on Anglo-Saxon coins 28. Abbreviations on ditto 29. Monetarius

Impressions of MEDALS. See CASTING.

MEDALLION, or MEDALION, a medal of an extraordinary size, supposed to be amicently struck by the emperors for their friends, and for foreign princes and ambassadors. But, that the smallness of their number might not endanger the lots of the devices they bore, the Romans generally took care to stamp the subject of them upon their ordinary coins.

Medallions, in respect of the other coins, were the same as modern medals in respect of modern money: they were exempted from all commerce, and had no other value than what was set upon them by the fancy of the owner. Medallions are so scarce, that there cannot be any set made of them, even though the metals and sizes should be mixed promiscuously.