St., called the Greater, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of John the Evangelist, was born at Bethsaida, in Galilee. He was called to be an apostle, together with St John, as they were mending their nets with their father Zebedee, who was a fisherman; when Christ gave them the name of Bonnerges, or Sons of Thunder. They then followed Christ, were witnesses with St Peter of the transfiguration on Mount Tabor, and accompanied our Lord in the garden of olives. It is believed that St James first preached the gospel to the dispersed Jews; and afterwards returned to Judea, where he preached at Jerusalem, when the Jews raised up Herod Agrippa against him, who put him to a cruel death about the year 44. Thus St James was the first of the apostles who suffered martyrdom. St Clement of Alexandria relates, that his accuser was so struck with his constancy, that he became converted and suffered with him. There is a magnificent church at Jerusalem which bears the name of St James, and belongs to the Armenians. The Spaniards pretend, that they had St James for their apostle, and boast of possessing his body; but Baronius, in his Annals, refutes their pretensions.

St., called the Less, an apostle, the brother of Jude, and the son of Cleophas and Mary the sister of the mother of our Lord, is called in Scripture the Just, and the brother of Jesus, who appeared to him in particular after his resurrection. He was the first bishop of Jerusalem, when Annianas II. high priest of the Jews, caused him to be condemned and delivered into the hands of the people and the Pharisees, who threw him down from the steps of the temple, when a fuller dashed out his brains with a club, about the year 62. His life was so holy, that Josephus considers James. siders the ruin of Jerusalem as a punishment inflicted on that city for his death. He was the author of the epistle which bears his name.

St James of the Sword, (San Jago del Espada), a military order in Spain, instituted in 1170, under the reign of Ferdinand II, king of Leon and Galicia. Its end was to put a stop to the incursions of the Moors; three knights obliging themselves by a vow to secure the roads. An union was proposed and agreed to in 1170 between these and the canons of St Eloy; and the order was confirmed by the pope in 1175. The highest dignity in that order is that of grand master, which has been united to the crown of Spain. The knights are obliged to make proof of their descent from families that have been noble for four generations on both sides; they must also make it appear that their said ancestors have neither been Jews, Saracens, nor heretics; nor even to have been called in question by the inquisition. The novices are obliged to serve six months in the galleys, and to live a month in a monastery. Heretofore they were truly religious, and took a vow of celibacy; but Alexander III. gave them permission to marry. They now make no vows but of poverty, obedience, and conjugal fidelity; to which, since the year 1652, they have added that of defending the immaculate conception of the holy Virgin. Their habit is a white cloak, with a red cross on the breast. This is esteemed the most considerable of all the military orders in Spain: the king carefully preserves the office of grand master in his own family, on account of the rich revenues and offices, whereof it gives him the disposal. The number of knights is much greater now than formerly, all the grandees choosing rather to be received into this than into the order of the Golden Fleece; insomuch as this puts them in a fair way of attaining to commands, and gives them many considerable privileges in all the provinces of Spain, but especially in Catalonia.

name of several kings of Scotland and of Great Britain. See (Histories of) SCOTLAND and BRITAIN.

James I, king of Scotland in 1423, the first of the house of Stuart, was not only the most learned king, but the most learned man, of the age in which he flourished. This ingenious and amiable prince fell into the hands of the enemies of his country in his tender youth, when he was flying from the snare of his unnatural ambitious uncle, who governed his dominions, and was suspected of designs against his life. Having secretly embarked for France, the ship was taken by an English privateer off Flamborough-head; and the prince and his attendants (among whom was the earl of Orkney), were confined in a neighbouring castle until they were sent to London. See (History of) SCOTLAND.

The king of England knew the value of the prize he had obtained, and kept it with the most anxious care. The prince was conducted to the Tower of London immediately after he was seized, April 12, A.D. 1425; in the 13th year of his age, and there kept a close prisoner till June 10, A.D. 1427, when he was removed to the castle of Nottingham, from whence he was brought back to the Tower, March 1, A.D. 1414, and there confined till August 3, in the same year, when he was conveyed to the castle of Windsor, where he was detained till the summer of A.D. 1417; when Henry V., for political reasons, carried him with him into France in his second expedition. In all these fortresses his confinement, from his own account of it, was so severe and strict, that he was not so much as permitted to take the air. In this melancholy situation, so unsuitable to his age and rank, books were his chief companions, and study his greatest pleasure. He rose early in the morning, immediately applied to reading, to divert him from painful reflections on his misfortunes, and continued his studies, with little interruption, till late at night. James being naturally sensible, ingenious, and fond of knowledge, and having received a good education in his early youth, under the direction of Walter Wardlaw, bishop of St Andrews, by this close application to study, became an universal scholar, an excellent poet, and exquisite musician. That he wrote as well as read much we have his own testimony, and that of all our historians who lived near his time. Bowmaker, the continuator of Fordun, who was his contemporary, and personally acquainted with him, spends ten chapters in his praises, and in lamentations on his death; and, amongst other things, says, that his knowledge of the scriptures, of law, and philosophy, was incredible. Hector Boece tells us, that Henry IV. and V. furnished their royal prisoner with the best teachers in all the arts and sciences; and that, by their assistance, he made great proficiency in every part of learning and the fine arts; that he became a perfect master in grammar, rhetoric, poetry, music, and all the secrets of natural philosophy, and was inferior to none in divinity and law. He observes further, that the poems he composed in his native tongue were so beautiful, that you might easily perceive he was born a poet; but that his Latin poems were not so faultless; for though they abounded in the most sublime sentiments, their language was not so pure, owing to the rudeness of the times in which he lived. This prince's skill in music was remarkable. Walter Bower, abbot of Inchcolm, who was intimately acquainted with that prince, assures us, that he excelled all mankind in that art, both vocal and instrumental; and that he played on eight different instruments (which he names), and especially on the harp, with such exquisite skill, that he seemed to be inspired*. King James was not only an excellent performer, but also a capital composer both of sacred and secular music; and his fame on that account was extensive, and of long duration. Above a century after his death, he was celebrated in Italy as the inventor of a new and pleasing kind of melody, which had been admired and imitated in that country. This appears from the following testimony of Alessandro Tassoni, a writer who was well informed, and of undoubted credit. "We may reckon among us moderns, James king of Scotland, who not only composed many sacred pieces of vocal music, but also of himself invented a new kind of music, plaintive and melancholy, different from all other; in which he hath been imitated by Carlo Gesualdo, prince of Venosa, who, in our age, hath improved music with new and admirable inventions†." As the prince of Venosa imitated John Hawking James, the other musicians of Italy imitated the king, vol. iv. prince of Venosa. "The most noble Carlo Gesualdo," etc. do, the prince of musicians of our age, introduced such a style of modulation, that other musicians yielded the preference to him; and all singers and players on stringed instruments, laying aside that of others, everywhere embraced his*. All the lovers, therefore, of Italian or Scotch music, are much indebted to the admirable genius of King James I., who, in the gloom and solitude of a prison, invented a new kind of music, plaintive indeed, and suited to his situation, but at the same time so sweet and soothing, that it hath given pleasure to millions in every succeeding age.

As James I. of Scotland was one of the most accomplished princes that ever filled a throne, he was also one of the most unfortunate. After spending almost 20 years in captivity, and encountering many difficulties on his return into his native kingdom, he was murdered by barbarous assassins in the prime of life. In the monuments of his genius, he hath been almost equally unfortunate. No vestiges are now remaining of his skill in architecture, gardening, and painting; though we are assured by one who was well acquainted with him, that he excelled in all these arts†.

Many of the productions of his pen have also perished; for he tells us himself that he wrote much‡; and we know of only three of his poems that are now extant, viz. Christ's Kirk on the Green—Peebles at the Play—and the King's Quair, which was lately discovered by Mr Warton, and hath been published by another gentleman§. But slender as these remains are, they afford sufficient evidence, that the genius of this royal poet was not inferior to that of any of his contemporaries; and that it was equally fitted for the gayest or the gravest strains.

James II., king of Scotland, 1437, succeeded his father, being then not seven years of age; and was killed at the siege of Roxburgh in 1460, aged 29.

James III., king of Scotland, succeeded his father, in 1460, in the 7th year of his age. The most striking feature in the character of this prince, unjustly represented as tyrannical by several historians, was his fondness for the fine arts, and for those who excelled in them, on whom he bestowed more of his company, confidence, and favour, than became a king in his circumstances. This excited in his fierce and haughty nobles dislike and contempt of their sovereign, and indignation against the objects of his favour; which produced the most pernicious consequences, and ended in a rebellion that proved fatal to James, who was slain in 1488, aged 36.

James IV., king of Scotland, succeeded his father in 1488. He was a pious and valiant prince; subdued his rebellious subjects; and afterwards, taking part with Louis XII. against Henry VIII. of England, he was slain in the battle of Flodden-field in 1513, aged 41.—This king is acknowledged to have had great accomplishments both of mind and body. His Latin epistles are classical, compared with the barbarous style of the foreign princes with whom he corresponded. Like his father, he had a taste for the fine arts, particularly that of sculpture. The attention he paid to the civilization of his people, and his distribution of justice, merit the highest praise. After all, the virtues of James appear to have been more shining than solid; and his character was that of a fine gentleman and a brave knight, rather than a wise or a great monarch. At the time of his death, he was only in his forty-first year. Like all the princes of his family (to his great grandson James VI.) his person was handsome, vigorous, and active. From their coins, it does not appear that either he, or any of his predecessors of the Stuart race, wore their beards, as did all his successors, to the reign of Charles II.

James V., king of Scotland, in 1513, was but 18 months old when his father lost his life. When of age, he assisted Francis I., king of France against the emperor Charles V.; for which service Francis gave him his eldest daughter in marriage, in 1535. This princess died in two years; and James married Mary of Lorraine, daughter of Claud duke of Guise, and widow of Louis d'Orleans, by whom he had only one child, the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots, born only eight days before his death, which happened December 13, 1542, in the 35th year of his age. This was the first prince of his family who died a natural death since its elevation to the throne. He died, however, of a broken heart, occasioned by differences with his barons. He was formed by nature to be the ornament of a throne and a blessing to his people; but his excellent endowments were rendered in a great measure ineffectual by an improper education. Like most of his predecessors, he was born with a vigorous, graceful person, which, in the early part of his reign, was improved by all the manly exercises then in use. This prince was the author of a humorous composition in poetry, which goes by the name of the Caberlumzie Mon.

James VI., king of Scotland in 1567, and of England in 1603, was son of Mary queen of Scots; whom he succeeded in Scotland, as he did Elizabeth in England. Strongly attached to the Protestant religion, he signalized himself in its support; which gave rise to the horrid conspiracy of the Papists to destroy him and all the English nobility by the Gunpowder Plot, discovered November 5, 1605. The following year, a political test of loyalty was required, which secured the king's person, by clearing the kingdom of those disaffected Roman Catholic subjects who would not submit to it. The chief glory of this king's reign consisted in the establishment of new colonies, and the introduction of some manufactures. The nation enjoyed peace, and commerce flourished during his reign. Yet his administration was despised both at home and abroad: for, being the head of the Protestant cause in Europe, he did not support it in that great crisis, the war of Bohemia; abandoning his son-in-law the elector Palatine; negotiating when he should have fought; deceived at the same time by the courts of Vienna and Madrid; continually sending illustrious ambassadors to foreign powers, but never making a single ally. He valued himself much upon his polemical writings; and so fond was he of theological disputations, that to keep them alive, he founded, for this express purpose, Chelsea-college; which was converted to a much better use by Charles II. His Basilicon Doron, Commentary on the Revelation, writings against Bellarmine, and his Daemonologia, or doctrine of witchcraft, are sufficiently known. There is a collection of his writings and speeches in one folio volume. Several other pieces of his are extant; some of them in the Cabala, others in manuscript in the British Museum, James, and others in Howard's collection. He died in 1625, in the 59th year of his age, and 23d of his reign.

James II., king of England, Scotland, &c. 1685, grandson of James I., succeeded his brother Charles II. It is remarkable, that this prince wanted neither courage nor political abilities whilst he was duke of York; on the contrary, he was eminent for both: but when he ascended the throne, he was no longer the same man. A bigot from his infancy to the Romish religion and to its hierarchy, he sacrificed every thing to establish them, in direct contradiction to the experience he had acquired, during the long reign of his brother, of the genius and character of the people he was to govern. Guided by the Jesuit Peters his confessor, and the infamous chancellor Jeffries, he violated every law enacted for the security of the Protestant religion; and then, unable to face the resentment of his injured subjects, he fled like a coward, instead of disarming their rage by a dismission of his Popish ministers and priests. He rather chose to live and die a bigot, or, as he believed, a saint, than to support the dignity of his ancestors, or perish beneath the ruins of his throne. The consequence was the revolution of 1689. James II. died in France in 1710, aged 68. He wrote Memoirs of his own life and campaigns to the Restoration; the original of which is preserved in the Scotch college at Paris. This piece is printed at the end of Ramsay's life of Marshal Turenne.

2. Memoirs of the English affairs, chiefly naval, from the year 1660 to 1673. 3. The royal sufferer, King James II. consisting of meditations, soliloquies, vows, &c. said to be composed by his majesty at St Germain. 4. Three letters; which were published by William Fuller, gent. in 1702, with other papers relating to the court of St Germain, and are said in the title page to be printed by command.

James, Thomas, a learned English critic and divine, born about the year 1571. He recommended himself to the office of keeper of the public library at Oxford, by the arduous undertaking of publishing a catalogue of the MSS. in each college library at both universities. He was elected to this office in 1602, and held it 18 years, when he resigned it to prosecute his studies with more freedom. In the convocation held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625, of which he was a member, he moved to have proper commissioners appointed to collate the MSS. of the fathers in all the libraries in England, with the Popish editions, in order to detect the forgeries in the latter; but this proposal not meeting with the desired encouragement, he engaged in the laborious task himself, which he continued until his death in 1629. He left behind him a great number of learned works.

James, Richard, nephew of the former, entered into orders in 1615; but, being a man of humour, of three sermons preached before the university, one concerning the observation of Lent was without a text, according to the most ancient manner; another against the text; and the third beside it. About the year 1619, he travelled through Wales, Scotland, Shetland, into Greenland and Russia, of which he wrote observations. He assisted Selden in composing his Marmora Arundeliana; and was very serviceable to Sir Robert Cotton, and his son Sir Thomas, in disposing and settling their noble library. He died in 1638; and has an extraordinary character given him by Wood for learning and abilities.

James, Dr Robert, an English physician of great eminence, and particularly distinguished by the preparation of a most excellent fever powder, was born at Kinverston in Staffordshire, A.D. 1703: his father a major in the army, his mother a sister of Sir Robert Clarke. He was of St John's college in Oxford, where he took the degree of A.B. and afterwards practised physic at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birmingham successively. Then he removed to London, and became a licentiate in the college of physicians; but in what years is not known. At London he applied himself to writing as well as practising physic; and in 1743, published a Medical Dictionary, in 3 vols folio. Soon after he published an English translation, with a Supplement by himself, of Ramazzini de morbis ortificiis; to which he also prefixed a piece of Frederic Hoffman upon Endemical Distempers, 8vo. In 1746, The Practice of Physic, 2 vols 8vo; in 1760, On Canine Madness, 8vo; in 1764, A Dispensatory, 8vo. June 25, 1755, when the king was at Cambridge, James was admitted by mandamus to the doctorship of physic. In 1788, were published, A Dissertation upon Fevers, and A Vindication of the Fever-powder, 8vo; with A Short Treatise on the Disorders of Children, and a very good print of Dr James. This was the 8th edition of the Dissertation, of which the first was printed in 1751; and the purpose of it was, to set forth the success of this powder, as well as to describe more particularly the manner of administering it. The Vindication was posthumous and unfinished: for he died March 23, 1776, while he was employed upon it.—Dr James was married, and left several sons and daughters.

James's Powder, a medicine prepared by Robert James, which is known also by the name of James's fever powder. See Materia Medica Index.

James's Town, a borough and market town of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim, and province of Connaught; situated five miles north-west of Carrick on Shannon, and 73 north-west of Dublin, in N. Lat. 53° 44'. W. Long. 8° 15'. It has a barrack for a company of foot, and returns two members to parliament; patronage in the family of King.—It has three fairs.

St James's Day, a festival of the Christian church, observed on the 25th of July, in honour of St James the greater, son of Zebedee.

Epistle of St James, a canonical book of the New Testament, being the first of the catholic or general epistles; which are so called, as not being written to one but to several Christian churches.

This general epistle is addressed partly to the believing and partly to the infidel Jews; and is designed to correct the errors, soften the ungoverned zeal, and reform the indecent behaviour of the latter; and to comfort the former under the great hardships they then did, or shortly were to suffer, for the sake of Christianity.

Jamesone, George, an excellent painter, justly termed the Van Dyck of Scotland, was the son of Andrew Jamesone, an architect; and was born at Aberdeen, in 1586. He studied under Rubens, at Antwerp; and, after his return, applied with indefatigable industry to portraits in oil, though he sometimes practised practised in miniature, and also in history and landscapes. His largest portraits were somewhat less than life. His earliest works are chiefly on board, afterwards on a fine linen cloth smoothly primed with a proper tone to help the harmony of his shadows. His excellence is said to consist in delicacy and softness, with a clear and beautiful colouring; his shades not charged, but helped by varnish, with little appearance of the pencil. When King Charles I. visited Scotland in 1635, the magistrates of Edinburgh, knowing his majesty's taste, employed this artist to make drawings of the Scottish monarchs; with which the king was so pleased, that, enquiring for the painter, he sat to him, and rewarded him with a diamond ring from his own finger. It is observable, that Jamesone always drew himself with his hat on, either in imitation of his master Rubens, or on having been indulged in that liberty by the king when he sat to him. Many of Jamesone's works are in both the colleges of Aberdeen; and the Sibyls there he is said to have drawn from living beauties in that city. His best works are from the year 1630 to his death, which happened at Edinburgh in 1644.