or EUXINE SEA, Pontus Euxinus of the ancients, is a large inland sea, bounded on the west by Roumelia, Bulgaria, and Bossarabia; on the north by Russian Tartary; on the east by Mingrelia, Circassia, and Georgia; and on the south by Anatolia. It is entered from the Mediterranean through the channel of the Dardanelles, the ancient Hellespont, the Sea of Marmora, Propontis, and the channel of Constantinople, Thracian Bosphorus; and it is connected with the Sea of Azoph, Palus Maeotis, by the strait between the Crimea and the isle of Taman, the ancient Cimmerian Bosphorus, known by the various modern names of the Strait of Caffa, of Yenikale, and of Taman.

Till within the last thirty years, the extent of the Black Sea, and the position of several of its principal capes, gulfs, and ports, were very imperfectly ascertained. Soon after the commencement of the French Revolution, the National Institute sent M. Beauchamp to examine this sea, and especially its southern shores. In this enterprise he was much impeded by the jealousy of the Turks; nevertheless, he ascertained that Cape Kerempe, Carambis, was placed in the charts too far to the south; that the Gulf of Sansoun, Amisenus Sinus, was deeper than represented; and that Tribizond, Tarabagan of the Turks, Trapezus, was five or six leagues further to the west than it appeared in the charts. Recent travellers have discovered that even the Parisian charts are inaccurate. According to Dr Clarke, the Isle of Serpents, Ulan-Adassi of the Turks, Fidoni of the modern Greeks, the ancient Lence, lies 15 minutes, and the port of Odessa 27 minutes, too far towards the north (Clarke's Travels, I. 653); and Mr Macgill ascertained, from two very good observations of his own, compared with those of some captains who had navigated this sea, that, in the French charts, even Cape Kerempe is not accurately placed, it being set down 15 miles too far north, while Cape Aria, or Careza, Crivu-Metopon, in the Crimea, is placed 22 miles too far south. This, of course, makes a difference in the width of the sea at this place of 27 miles (Macgill's Travels, I. 195). According to the best authorities, which Mr Arrowsmith has followed in his maps of this sea, it lies between 41 and 46\( \frac{1}{2} \) degrees of north latitude, the bottom of the bay of Sansoun penetrating nearly to the 40th degree, and Cape Kerempe stretching out nearly to the 42d; and between 28 and 41\( \frac{1}{2} \) degrees of east longitude from Greenwich. This will give for its breadth, from Cape Baba in Anatolia to Odessa, about 380 miles; and for its length, from the coast of Roumelia to the mouth of the Phasis, 932 miles. The Black Sea, however, may be considered as divided into two parts, by Cape Aria on the south of the Crimea, and Cape Kerempe on the coast of Paphlagonia, the former lying in about 44\( \frac{1}{2} \), and the latter in about 42 degrees of latitude. Both these capes being high land, vessels sailing between them can discover the coast on either side. The circumference of the Black Sea is about 3800 miles.

It derives its modern name either from the dense fogs which frequently cover it, or from the dangers of its navigation arising from these fogs; the sudden and violent storms to which it is exposed; and the Black Sea shallows hitherto unnoticed in any chart. The origin of its ancient name is given in the Encyclopaedia, under the article Euxine.

The opinion of the ancients, that the Black Sea Former was formerly much more extensive than it is at present, and that it did not originally communicate with the Mediterranean, is embraced by many modern authors of note, particularly Tournefort, Buffon, Pallas, and Dr Clarke, and seems to be confirmed by several circumstances. Immense strata of limestone, consisting almost entirely of mineralized sea-shells, may be traced the whole way from the Black Sea towards the north, as far as the 48th degree of latitude; and Pallas, in the third and seventh volumes of his Travels, has pointed out traces of its former extent over all the desert of Astracan and Jaik. The evidences derived from the appearance of the present coast of this sea, are still less equivocal in support of the diminution of its waters. Pliny expressly states, that Taurica, the Crimea, was not only once surrounded by the sea, but that the sea covered all the champaign part of it. Now, there are layers of marine shells all the way from the mouths of the Dnieper to those of the Don; and if we suppose the waters of the Black Sea to be restored only to the level of these layers, the Crimea will appear again an island. The alluvial nature of more than three-fourths of the soil of Crimea Proper to the north, the numerous salt lakes and marshes, and the remains of marine productions of various kinds which are found there, sufficiently confirm the latter part of Pliny's statement.

The ancients believed that the communication between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and the consequent diminution of the waters of the former, was effected by the bursting of the Thracian Bosphorus, at the period of the deluge which inundated Greece; and this tradition is confirmed by a reference to existing natural phenomena. The cliffs and hills at the mouth of the Bosphorus, are composed of enormous pebbles, which appear to have undergone the action of fire, and afterwards to have been rounded by long contact in water. On the points of the European light-house, there are immense rocks of hard and compact lava; and the rock of which the Cyanean Isles consist, appears to have been more or less modified by fire, and to have been cemented during the boiling of a volcano. On the Asiatic side of the strait, a little to the east of the Anatolian light-house, there is a range of basaltic pillars, exhibiting very regular prismatic forms. From the consideration of all these observations, and comparing events recorded in history with the phenomena of nature, Dr Clarke considers it more than a conjectural position, "that the bursting of the Thracian Bosphorus, the deluge mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, and the draining of the waters, which once united the Black Sea to the Caspian, and covered the great oriental plain of Tartary, were all the consequence of earthquakes caused by subterranean fires, described as still burning at the time of the passage of the Argonauts, and whose effects are visible even at this hour." (I. 680.) It is proper to mention, Black Sea. that Olivier does not coincide with other naturalists respecting the former extent of the Black Sea, or the bursting of the Thracian Bosphorus.

Changes in its Coasts. The north and west coasts of this sea have undergone, and are still undergoing, considerable changes: the southern coast, consisting chiefly of calcareous rocks, is nearly in the same state in which it was in the time of the ancients. According to Valerius Flaccus, the gulfs and bays in the north and west coasts were extremely deep; most of these are now all either entirely filled up, or much contracted. In proof that the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoph are still sustaining a diminution of their waters, it may be stated, that ships which formerly sailed to Taganrock and the mouths of the Don, are now unable to approach either the one or the other; that the Sea of Azoph has become so shallow, that, during certain winds, a passage may be effected by land from Taganrock to Azoph, through the bed of the sea; and that the isthmus connecting the Cyanean Isles with the Continent, which does not appear to have existed in the time of Strabo, appears to be increasing. On the southern coast of the Black Sea, there is, as far as we know, only one instance of a recession of the waters: the channel which formerly divided the village of Amasrah, Amastris, is now filled up, and forms a low isthmus.

Currents. A rapid current, which generally flows at the rate of a league an hour, the influence of which is felt at the distance of ten miles from land, when it begins to take another direction, sets from the Black Sea into the Bosphorus. Sometimes, however, the long continuance of a strong south-west wind effectually counteracts this current. The Black Sea, from its particular form, being like a basin, into which many large rivers pour their streams, is full of currents, particularly in summer, when the rivers are increased by the melting of the snows: when strong winds act against these currents, a high sea is produced. North-east winds prevail from June to August inclusive; the most prevalent winds, at other seasons of the year, are from the south and south-west. The general climate of the Black Sea is cold and humid; the winters are long and frequently very severe, but the navigation is free of impediment from ice till the beginning of November, and often much later. The quantity of fresh water conveyed into this sea renders it brackish, and liable to freeze with a moderate degree of cold. It is calculated by some authors, particularly Tournefort (II. 404), and the Abbé Barthelemy (Voyage d'Anacharse, Tom. I. c. 1), that what it receives is much more than what it discharges into the Mediterranean. Dr Clarke, however, is of opinion, that the rivers which fall into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoph, do not communicate more water than flows through the canal of Constantinople; hence he concludes, that, admitting the effect of evaporation, the level of the Black Sea insensibly falls (I. 628).

Rivers. The Black Sea receives a considerable portion of the fresh waters of Europe, as well as of Asia Minor. The Danube collects the waters of a great part of Germany, Hungary, Bosnia, Servia, &c. The Dniester, Bog, Don, and Dnieper, discharge into those of a part of Russia and Poland. The Phasis collects those of Mingrelia; and the Sangaris, and Kisil Irmak, Halys, part of those of Anatolia.

In the Black Sea are found the tunny fish, which enters it to spawn; sturgeon, sterlet, porpoise, mackerel, soal, turbot, whiting, &c. It abounds with a species of sea-worm, four or five inches long; its head is like an arrow, and its body consists of a whitish mucilage: these worms are very destructive to ships.

We shall begin our survey of the coasts and ports of this sea, at its entrance from the Bosphorus, and proceed along its western shores. Off each point of the entrance of the Bosphorus from the Black Sea is a group of rocky islets, which retain their ancient name, Cyanean Islands. These have been already described. From the Bosphorus to Kara-Kerman, which lies within a few miles of the southernmost branch of the Danube, the coast is lined by the mountainous ridge of Balkan, Haemus, which terminates at Cape Emeniah, Hæmi extrema. The valleys between these mountains form little coves, where vessels are laden with the timber of Haemus for Constantinople. The forest of Belgrad, which takes its name from a village near Constantinople, extends along the south-west corner of the Black Sea, for about 100 miles. Incada, Thenias, lies on this coast in 41° 52' north latitude. On the north side of the harbour there is good anchorage; it is only exposed to winds from the east and south-east, and is sufficiently spacious to contain a fleet; a heavy sea, however, enters it, when those winds blow to which it is exposed: Its chief export is charcoal to Constantinople. At the head of the Gulf of Foros, which is bounded on the south by Cape Emeniah, is four or five leagues wide, and runs into the land nearly the same distance, is Burgos, Burgos, which exports a considerable quantity of wool, iron, corn, butter, cheese, &c. to Constantinople. There are several roads in this gulf fit for the largest ships.

On the coast of Bulgaria is Varna, at the mouth of a river, which forms a large lake and extensive marshes; hence provisions are sent to Constantinople. Kara-Kerman, Istropolis, is a large village on the beach; several shoals lie off it, which oblige vessels to anchor a league to the south. Its principal export is corn.

From Kara-Kerman to Actiar, in the Crimea, the coast is very low, and the shoals formed by the rivers run off a considerable distance. The Danube Mouths empties itself into the Black Sea, between Bulgaria the Danube and Bossarabia, by seven mouths, among swampy islands and shifting banks. The most frequented mouth is 100 fathoms wide and 3 fathoms deep; its stream runs out at the rate of three miles an hour. So great is the extent over which the waters of this river diffuse themselves, from the shallowness of the sea, that at the distance of three leagues from its mouth the water is almost sweet, and within one league it is perfectly fit for use. A very singular appearance takes place in the mouths of the Danube;—the porpoise, which every where else exhibits a dark colour, is there perfectly white; hence, as soon as the Greek mariners descrie the white por- poise, they have no doubt that they are in the current of the Danube, although in 30 fathoms water, and many leagues distant from its mouth. Opposite the mouths of this river is Serpents Island, already noticed. Kilia-nova, belonging to Austria, is a port of small consequence, at one of the mouths; it might, however, be rendered highly important, by vending the productions of Hungary, if the navigation of the river were not obstructed by the jealousy of the Turks.

The Russian province of Cherson is divided from Bessarabia by the Dniester Tyras. A bank before it, forms two channels; that on the west, called the channel of Constantinople, is 150 fathoms broad; and that on the east, called the channel of Ockzakoff, 80; neither have more than eight feet water. Akerman, on the south bank of this river, has some export trade in corn, wool, wine, wood, hides, and butter. Between the Dniester and Dnieper stands Odessa, the most flourishing port in the Black Sea. It owes its prosperity, not so much to any natural advantages, as to the wise administration of the Duke of Richelieu, while he was governor of this province. It is situate close to the coast, which is here very lofty, and much exposed to the winds, especially to the east. In order to render it a safe and commodious port, the Duke caused a harbour to be formed, in which ships of no small burden may ride secure from every storm. He also built a large mole, extending half a werst into the sea; several smaller ones, and a handsome quay, one werst and a half long. The roads without the port are safe in summer, and the anchorage good. Odessa labours under the want of a navigable river, and a great scarcity of fresh water. In the year 1805, 595 vessels were entered at this port, of which 27 were under the English flag; 264 were Austrians, owned by the merchants of Trieste, but employed as the carriers of Spain and Portugal. In the year 1816, up to the 28th of June, 498 ships had entered Odessa, bringing merchandise to the value of one and a half million of rubles, besides a very large quantity of specie. During the same period, there sailed 246 ships laden with Russian produce, to the amount of 15,220,000 rubles, including above 324,000 quarters of wheat. The principal imports are wine, chiefly French, some rum, raw silk, coffee, sugar, oil, soap, sulphur, fruit, linen cloth, &c. but all in very limited quantities. The great article of export is wheat, which, however, in the opinion of Mr Macgill, is very far inferior to that of Taganrock, being soft, and apt to heat; besides this, grain, rye, barley, oats, tallow, and tallow candles, beeswax, iron, hemp, &c. are exported.

The Dnieper, Dorysthenes, which separates the Russian provinces of Cherson and Taurida, forms, near its mouth, a shallow and marshy lake, two and a half miles broad, a-breast of Ockzakoff, but more at the confluence of the Bog. The entrance is almost closed by shifting sand banks, between which, there is seldom more than five feet water. The Bog, Hypanis, falls into the gulf of Leman, or estuary of the Dnieper. There is a very small island opposite the mouth of the latter river, almost inaccessible on account of its perpendicular cliffs of rock and clay. Ockzakoff is a small port, lying at the junction of these rivers; its harbour is perfectly secure, but the little trade it formerly possessed, has been drawn away to Odessa. Opposite to Ockzakoff is Kinburn, which, before the building of Cherson, was intended by the Russians as the principal depot for the merchandise sent from the provinces bordering on the Dnieper. The extension of the Russian dominions Cherson, on the west, has caused even Cherson, on the right bank of the Dnieper, to be superseded by Odessa. Yet corn, hemp, and other articles of exportation, are so much cheaper, and more plentiful here, that many foreign vessels still prefer this port, though they are obliged first to perform quarantine, and unload their cargoes at Odessa. The Dnieper is five miles wide at Cherson, but only vessels that draw six feet can ascend to it. The Russians, however, have a large arsenal here, and build line-of-battle ships, which are floated down the river on machines, and afterwards conveyed to Ockzakoff to be equipped. Nicolae, on the Bog, a fine river, without bar or cataract, with deep, still water, is the station for vessels when built, and here they are laid up to be repaired. It has extensive marine arsenals, being the seat of the Russian marine administration on the Black Sea.

The southern coast of the Crimea is lofty and precipitous; the mountains beginning at Balacha, mea. Symboli, and extending to Caffa, Theodosia. Some of these are celebrated in antiquity, and are no less remarkable for their formation and appearance. The mountain Tchedirdagh, Trapezus, rises rapidly from the coast about Alusta to the height of 1200 or 1300 feet; it exhibits a mass of limestone very compact, of a grey colour, and according to Pallas, upon friction, slightly festid. The remarkable headlands of the Crimea are Cape Tarchanskoï, called by the Tartars Aya-Burun, or the Sacred Promontory, probably the Parthenium of Strabo; one of the loftiest mountains in the Crimea, terminating abruptly in the sea, and forming the west point of the Peninsula. It consists of marble. On the south point is Cape Aria, Criu-Metopon, formerly noticed.

The first port of note on the west coast of the Crimean peninsula is Kosloff, or Empatoria, from which, in 1793, 176 vessels were freighted with corn, salt, and leather; but at present, its commerce is nearly annihilated. Sevastopol, formerly Actiar, Ctenius, is the chief station of the Russian Black Sea fleet, no merchant ship being allowed to enter it, except in distress. The natural advantages of this harbour are very great. The largest vessels lie within a cable's length of the shore. The harbour is divided into three coves, something resembling that of Malta. The principal branch runs east, and is terminated by the valley and little river of Inkerman. Here the fleets of the world might ride secure, and have convenient anchorage; and in any of the ports, vessels find from 21 to 70 feet depth of water, and good anchorage. On a tongue of high land between the two southern creeks stands the Admiralty and store-houses. The great bay of Actiar also bears the name of the Roads, and here the Russian fleet is frequently at anchor. The port of Balacha is separated from that of Actiar by a narrow peninsula. It Black Sea. is one of the most remarkable in the Crimea, appearing from the town landlocked by high precipitous mountains. Its entrance is so extremely narrow, that only one ship can pass at a time; but within the port, it is three quarters of a mile long, and 400 yards broad; it is secure in all weather from storms; and ships of war of any burden may find in it sufficient depth of water. The mountains which surround it are of red and white marble, and the shore in some parts is covered with gold coloured mica, in a state of extreme division. This port is closed against the vessels of all nations, not excepting Prussians, to prevent smuggling. Caffa lies on a bay, capable of containing several hundred merchant vessels, but exposed to the east and southwest. It formerly carried on the most extensive trade in the Black Sea; but it is now of very little consequence. Kertchi, Ponticium, on a peninsula, Chersonesus Cimmeria, stretching into the strait of Taman, and Yenikale, at the extremity of the same peninsula, are small ports chiefly inhabited by fishermen.

The coast of Anatolia, on the Black Sea, extends to the Kesil-Irmak, which falls into this sea: a little to the west of the Gulf of Sansoun. It is lined by high mountains, terminating in lofty promontories. It is steep and clean, with numerous little coves, into most of which small rivulets fall. The most remarkable headlands are Cape Kili-Mili, east of Erckli; Cape Kerenipe, the north point of Asia Minor, very high land, with breakers off it; and Cape Indjee, a low point to the west of Sinope. The principal rivers on this coast, besides the Kisil-Irmak, Halays, and the Sakaria, Sangarius, already noticed, are the Falios, Bettacus, and the Barthin, Parthenius. The only port of consequence is Sinope, strongly situate on the narrow and low isthmus of a rocky peninsula. The mole which formed its port is nearly in ruins. The depth of water is 12 feet. There is, however, a good road for the largest ships; and Turkish vessels of war are built here. Sinope is the nearest port on the Black Sea to Angora, the only place hitherto known that supplies the fine goats' hair.

The coast from the Kisil-Irmak to Vona is named Roum by the Turks. The chief places are Sansoun, Amisus, on the Jekyl Irmak, which falls into the deep Gulf of Sansoun. Fatsa, Polemonium, at the mouth of the Sidemus, Budjiah and Vona, Boona, on the Cape of the same name.

From Vona, the coast takes the name of the tribes that inhabit it. The Laziens, Lazi, occupy the coast from Vona to the Batouni. The principal port on this coast is Trebizond. Though it can receive only small vessels, it has a considerable trade. One hundred and fifty or two hundred small craft annually sail to Taganrock, with nar-dek, a marmalade of grapes, and beckmiss, a syrup made for the use of the distilleries there.

Next to the Laziens, the Gurions occupy the coast, as far as the Rioni, Phasis. At its mouth this river is 60 fathoms deep, and half a league broad; but a small island lies in the midst of its channel. The only port in the country of the Gurions is Poti, to which the merchants of Georgia resort; the Mingrelians occupying the country of the ancient Colchi. In this tract there is no port of consequence. The Abasses occupy the coast from Isgarur to the Strait of Yenikale, as far as Anaffa. This coast is very elevated, the Caucasian mountains approaching close to the sea. Near Sondjuk is a very lofty promontory called Varda. From Anaffa to the Straits, the coast is low. Some small vessels are built at Anaffa by the Turks. The Kuban, Hyppanis, receives most of the waters of the western side of Caucasus. Near its mouth it divides into two branches, one of which falls into the Sea of Azoph, and the other into the Black Sea. The marshy isle of Taman is formed by it. On this island is Fana Jona, a place of some trade.

The commerce of the Black Sea, in ancient times, was successively in the possession of the Phoenicians, the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. From the last it passed to the Greeks of the Lower Empire; from them to the Venetians and the Genoese. Caffa was the principal city of the commerce of the Genoese with the east; and the port at which was deposited all the merchandise which had been transported to the Black Sea. By the capture of Constantinople in 1453, this commerce was nearly destroyed; and by the capture of Caffa, in 1476, it was completely annihilated. One of the favourite objects of Peter the Great was to obtain a share in the commerce of this sea, which the subjects of the Porte alone were permitted to navigate. In 1699, he succeeded in subduing Azoph and the country round it; but, by the unfortunate battle of Pruth, in 1711, he was compelled to relinquish his conquests. His successors, and especially Catherine II, aimed at the same object. This enterprising sovereign, by the treaty of Kainardgy, in 1774, and afterwards by the treaty of Jassy, in 1791, completely accomplished her object; the Turks being obliged to surrender a part of Lesser Tartary and the Crimea, to allow the Russians to establish a navy in the Black Sea, and to permit their flag a free passage through the Dardanelles. In 1784, the Porte granted the privilege of navigating the Black Sea to the Court of Vienna. No other European nation obtained this privilege, though the French carried on a considerable trade under the Russian and Imperial flags, till after the conquest of Egypt by the French, when a treaty was concluded between the French government and the Porte, by which the latter granted the free navigation of this Sea. At the peace of Amiens, the navigation was opened to the Prussian, Spanish, Neapolitan, Dutch, Ragusan, and English merchant flags; and all these nations were allowed to have resident Consuls in the Turkish ports of this Sea. The English, however, by secret treaties with the Turks, in the reign of James I. and Charles, were granted the navigation of this Sea; and, in 1799, it was again granted.

Soon after the peace of Amiens, the commerce of this Sea increased considerably: so that, in 1803, 815 vessels entered the Russian ports from the Mediterranean. Most of them came in ballast, and returned with corn. Of these 815 vessels, there were, Black Sea.

<table> <tr> <th>Flags.</th> <th>Loaded at.</th> <th>Destination.</th> </tr> <tr> <td>421 Austrians</td> <td>552 Odessa</td> <td>186 Trieste</td> </tr> <tr> <td>329 Russians</td> <td>210 Taganrock</td> <td>144 Messina</td> </tr> <tr> <td>18 Ragusans</td> <td>23 Caffa</td> <td>103 Caphalonia</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16 Ionian Islands</td> <td>19 Kosloff</td> <td>72 Genoa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15 French</td> <td>7 Serastopil</td> <td>57 Leghorn</td> </tr> <tr> <td>.7 English</td> <td>4 Cherson</td> <td>26 Corfu</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6 Hydriots</td> <td></td> <td>24 Barcelona</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 Spaniards</td> <td>815</td> <td>19 Marseilles</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10 Naples</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>8 Malta</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7 Tchelmes</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4 Zante</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>155 sailed without declaring their destination,</td> <td>155 sailed without declaring their destination,</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>out de-</td> <td>out de-</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>815</td> <td>815</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>on account of the war.</td> <td>on account of the war.</td> </tr> </table>

From these 815, the 210 which loaded at Taganrock ought to be deducted, in order to give an accurate view of the commerce of the Black Sea at this period.

The Russian exports from and imports to this Sea were, in

<table> <tr> <th></th> <th>Exports.</th> <th>Imports.</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1802</td> <td>3,000,000 rubles</td> <td>2,055,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1804</td> <td>5,000,000</td> <td>4,200,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1805</td> <td>7,400,000</td> <td>5,356,000</td> </tr> </table>

In the year 1802, 36 vessels, and 266 small craft, were employed by Russia, in the coasting trade of this Sea. There is also a considerable trade between the Russian ports and Constantinople and Smyrna, carried on entirely by Greek vessels under Russian colours.

In 1807, the Russian Black Sea fleet consisted of 12 sail of the line, 4 frigates, 7 brigs and cutters, and 18 small craft; and the Black Sea flotilla consisted of 40 gunboats and 80 falconets.

The principal articles of commerce afforded by the countries on the Black Sea, are wheat, rice, tobacco, hides, tallow, iron, hare-skins, honey, wax, and yellow grains for dyeing, from Roumelia and Bulgaria, by the ports of Varna and Burgos. The same articles, with the addition of wool, butter, hemp, masts, ship-timber, and pitch, from Moldavia and Wallachia, by Rudjuk and Galatz on the Danube. From Bessarabia, by Ovidopol, and from the province of Cherson, by Odessa, Akerman, and Cherson, corn, oak-timber, hides, tallow, tar, shagreen, wax, honey, hemp, sail-cloth, and wool. From the Crimea, by the ports of Actiar, Kosloff, and Caffa, corn, wool, wax, honey, dried and salted hides, deer-skins, morocco-leather, sheep-skins, salted and dried fish, potash, felt, caviar, wine, silk, and saltpetre. From Anatolia, by the ports of Erekl, Amasrah, and Sinope, hides, dried fruits, linens, linen-thread, wax, honey, hemp, copper, and ship-timber. From the countries of the Laziens and Gurions, principally by Trebizond, all the above articles, except ship-timber. From Mingrelia, and the country of the Abasses, principally by Sudjuk and Anaufa, slaves, timber, box-wood, wool, silk, furs, butter, hides, wax, honey, &c. The trade to these coasts is entirely carried on by a few Greeks of Constantinople, and is very insignificant.

See Essai sur le Commerce, &c. de la Mer Noire, Paris, 1805; Oddy's European Commerce, p. 169; Clarke's Travels, Vol. I. 4to edition; Macgill's Travels in Turkey, &c. Vol. I.; Coxe's Travels, Vol. III. 8vo edition; Tuckey's Maritime Statistics, Vol. II.

(c.)