a city of the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, in Germany, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands in a beautiful valley, through which the river Saale runs, and is surrounded with hills, whose sides are covered with vineyards. It contains three Lutheran and one Catholic church, three hospitals, and 795 houses, with about 5500 inhabitants. It is the seat of the higher courts of law of the duchy, and of some of the revenue boards. Its chief celebrity has arisen from its university, founded in 1558. The number of professors is very great, and among them have always been some of the highest literary characters in Germany. It possesses institutions for education in physic, in mathematics, in medicine, in midwifery, in anatomy, mineralogy, surgery, veterinary practice, and a public library of more than 30,000 volumes. In consequence of a suspicion of the propagation of revolutionary principles, the number of students have, since 1818, been diminished, and now amount only to about 550. Jena is celebrated for the battle fought near it in October 1806, when Bonaparte vanquished and dispersed the Prussian army commanded by the Duke of Brunswick.

JENEAHGUR, called also JAGNER, a town, and also a strong and celebrated fortress, of Hindustan, province of Bejaapoor, situated upon a rock with an extensive table-land. It was built about the year 1443, by Mulik al Tajur, generalissimo of the Bhamenee sultan. It afterwards came into the possession of the Bejaapoor dynasty, from whom it was taken by the Moguls, and was the chief station of Aurungzebe's army during his war against the Mahratta chief Sojraje. It now belongs to the Mahrattas. Long. 73. 45. E. Lat. 20. 15. N.

JENIDSCHE-BARDAR, a town of European Turkey, in the circle of Salonica. It is an open place, on the river Bardar, with several mosques and Greek churches, and charitable institutions. It contains 6000 inhabitants, who manufacture cotton goods extensively.

JENJAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Bahar, and district of Tyrhoot, eighty miles north-east from Patna. Long. 86. 15. E. Lat. 26. 14. N.

JENKINS, Sir LEOLINE, a civilian and statesman of considerable note, born in Glamorganshire about the year 1623. Having become obnoxious to the parliament during the civil war, by adhering to the king's cause, he consulted his safety by flight; but he returned at the restoration, was admitted an advocate in the court of arches, and succeeded Dr Exton as judge. When the queen-mother Henrietta died at Paris in 1669, her whole estate, real and personal, was claimed by her nephew Louis XIV.; upon which Dr Jenkins' opinion being called for and approved, he proceeded to Paris, accompanied by three others who were joined with him in a commission, and recovered her effects; a service for which he received the honour of knighthood. He officiated as one of the mediators at the treaty of Nimuegen, and was afterwards made a privy councillor and secretary of state. He died in 1685, and bequeathed his whole estate to charitable uses. Dr Jenkins was so great a benefactor to Jesus College, Oxford, that he is generally looked upon as the second founder. All his letters and papers were collected and printed in 1724, in two vols. folio.

JENTACULUM, among the Romans, a morning refreshment like our breakfast. It was exceedingly simple, consisting, for the most part, of bread alone; but labouring people had something more substantial, to enable them to support the fatigues of their employment. The Greeks distinguished this morning meal by the several names of ἀπόρος, ἀπαρτικός, or ἀπαρτικός, though ἀπόρος is generally applied to dinner.

JENYNS, SOAME, a distinguished English writer, was born in Great Ormond Street, London, in the year 1704. Sir Roger Jenyns, his father, was descended from the family of the Jenyns of Churchill in Somersetshire. The Jenyns country residence of Sir Roger was at Ely, in the isle of the same name, where he turned his attention to such kinds of business as rendered him most beneficial to his neighbours, and for his amiable deportment had the honour of knighthood conferred upon him by William III. His mother, a lady of rank, learning, and piety, superintended his education till it became necessary to place him under a tutor, by whom he was instructed in the rudiments of language, and such other branches of knowledge as were suited to his years.

In the year 1722, he was admitted into St John's College, Cambridge, under Dr Edmondson, who was at that time one of the leading tutors of the college. Here his diligence and regular deportment did him great honour, and the strict discipline observed in the college was perfectly agreeable to his natural inclinations. After quitting the college, he fixed his winter residence in London, but lived in the country during the summer season, being chiefly employed in the prosecution of studies of a literary kind. His first publication, a poetical essay on the art of dancing, appeared without his name in 1727; but he was soon discovered, and it was considered as a presage of his future eminence. Soon after the death of his father, he was, in 1742, chosen one of the members of parliament for the county of Cambridge; and from this period he retained his seat in the House of Commons until the year 1780. The high opinion entertained by his constituents of his parliamentary conduct, may be learned from the unanimity of their choice; for he never experienced opposition but on one occasion. He was chosen one of the commissioners of the Board of Trade and Plantations in 1755, an office which he retained until an alteration was made in the constitution of it by authority of parliament. He was married, first, to the only daughter of Colonel Soame, of Dereham in Norfolk, who died without issue; and afterwards to the daughter of Mr Henry Gray, of Hackney, who survived him. He died of a fever, after a few days' illness, on the 18th of December 1787, leaving no issue. His temper was mild and gentle, and it was his earnest wish to avoid giving offence to any; yet he made such liberal allowances for diversities of temper, that he was very rarely offended with others. He was punctual in the discharge of the duties of religion, both in public and private; professing to be better pleased with the government and discipline of the church of England than of any other in Christendom, but at the same time considering these as capable of important alterations and amendments. He possessed a vein of lively and genuine wit, which he never made use of to wound the feelings of others, but was rather offended with those who did. He felt most sensibly for the miseries of others, and used every means in his power to relieve them. His indigent neighbours in the country he viewed as part of his family, and in this light he considered them as entitled to his care and protection. As an author, Soame Jenyns deserves a place amongst those who have excelled; and, as a writer of prose, he ranks with the purest and most correct of the English language. His first publication was his Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil, on account of which he was severely censured; but, in a preface to the second edition, he vindicated it against all the strictures which had been made upon it, with that temper and moderation which so eminently distinguished him. His view of the Internal Evidences of the Christian Religion was published without his name in the year 1776; it gave delight and satisfaction to many eminent judges, and made converts of many who had previously been infidels. His works were published at London in 1790, in four vols. 8vo, with an account of his life by Mr Cole. JEFAILE (compounded of three French words, Jay faille, I have failed), a term in law, used to indicate an oversight in pleading or other proceeding at law.

The showing of these defects or oversights was often practised by the counsel formerly; and when the jury came into court in order to try the issue, they said, This inquest you ought not to take; and after verdict they would say to the court, To judgment you ought not to go. But several statutes have been made to avoid the delays occasioned by such suggestions; and a judgment is not now to be stayed after verdict for a mistake in the Christian or surname of either of the parties, or in a sum of money, or in the day, month, year, &c. where the same are rightly named in any preceding record.

JEPHTHAH, judge of Israel, and successor to Jair in the government of the people, was a native of Mizpeh, and the son of one Gilead by a woman of indifferent reputation. This Gilead having married a lawful wife, and had children by her, drove Jephthah from his father's house, saying that he should not be heir with them. Jephthah retired into the land of Tob, and there became captain of a band of thieves. At that time the Israelites beyond Jordan, seeing themselves pressed by the Ammonites, came to desire assistance from Jephthah, and to request that he would take upon him the command. Jephthah at first reproached them with the injustice which they had done him, or at least which they had not prevented, when he was forced from his father's house. But as these people were earnest and pressing in their request, he told them that he would succour them, provided at the end of the war they would acknowledge him as their prince. This they consented to, and promised with an oath. Jephthah having thus been acknowledged prince of the Israelites in an assembly of the people, was filled with the spirit of God, and began to get his troops together; and for this purpose he travelled over all the land which the children of Israel possessed beyond Jordan. At the same time he made a vow to the Lord, that if he were successful against the Ammonites, he would offer up as a burnt-offering whatever should first come out of his house to meet him. The battle being fought, Jephthah proved victorious, and ravaged all the land of Ammon. But as he returned to his house, his only daughter came out to meet him, with timbrels and with dances; whereupon Jephthah tore his clothes, saying, "Alas, my daughter, thou hast brought me very low, for I have made a vow unto the Lord, and cannot fail in the performance of it." His daughter answered, "My father, if thou hast made a vow unto the Lord, do with me as thou hast promised; grant me only the favour that I may be at liberty to go up to the mountains, and there for two months bewail my virginity with my companions." Jephthah granted her this liberty; and at the expiration of two months he offered up his daughter as a burnt-offering, agreeably to his vow. Meanwhile, the Ephraimites, jealous of the victory obtained by Jephthah over the Ammonites, passed the river Jordan in a tumultuous manner, and complaining to Jephthah that he had not invited them to this war, threatened to set fire to his house. Jephthah answered them, that he had sent to desire their assistance; but observing that they did not come, he put his life in the hands of God, and hazarded a battle. The Ephraimites not being satisfied with these reasons, Jephthah assembled the people of Gilead, gave them battle, and defeated them; so that of the tribe of Ephraim there were forty-two thousand men killed on that day. We know nothing more concerning the life of Jephthah, except that he judged Israel during six years, and was buried in a city of Gilead.

JERBOA, a species of quadruped belonging to the genus dipus, and resembling, in some of its characters, the mouse tribe. See MAMMALIA.

JEREMIAH (the Prophecy of), a canonical book of Jeremiah the Old Testament. This divine writer was of the race of the priests, the son of Hilkiah of Anathoth, of the tribe of Benjamin. He was called to the prophetic office when very young, about the thirteenth year of Josiah, and continued in the discharge of it for about forty years. He was not carried captive to Babylon with the other Jews, but remained in Judaea to lament the desolation of his country. He was afterwards a prisoner in Egypt, with his disciple Baruch, where it is supposed he died at a very advanced age. Some of the Christian fathers tell us he was stoned to death by the Jews for preaching against their idolatry; and others say he was put to death by Pharaoh Hophrah, because of his prophecy against him. Part of the prophecy of Jeremiah relates to the time after the captivity of Israel and before that of Judah, and part of it was written in the time of the latter captivity. The prophet lays open the sins of Judah with great freedom and boldness, and reminds them of the severe judgments which had befallen the ten tribes for the same offences. He warmly laments their misfortune, and recommends to them a speedy reformation. Afterwards he predicts the grievous calamities which were approaching, particularly the seventy years captivity in Chaldaea. He also foretells their deliverance and happy return, and the recompense which Babylon, Momb, and other enemies of the Jews, should in due time meet with. There are likewise several intimations in this prophecy concerning the kingdom of the Messiah, and several remarkable visions, and types, and historical passages, relating to those times. St Jerome has observed respecting this prophet, that his style is more easy than that of Isaiah and Hosea; that he retains something of the rusticity of the place where he was born; but that he is very learned and majestic, and equal to those two prophets in the sense of his prophecy.

JERICHO, or Hiericus, in Ancient Geography, a city of Judaea, situated between Jordan and Jerusalem, at the distance of 150 stadia from the latter, and sixty from the former. Josephus says, "The whole space from Jerusalem is desert and rocky, and equally barren and uncultivated from Jericho to the Lake Asphaltites; yet the places near the town and above it are extremely fertile and delicious, so that it may justly be called a divine plain, surpassing the rest of the land of Canaan, no unfruitful country, and surrounded by hills in the manner of an amphitheatre. The place is now called Raha, and according to Volney, is situated "in a plain six or seven leagues long by three wide, around which are a number of barren mountains, which render it extremely hot." Here was formerly cultivated the balm of Mecca. From the description of the Hadjis, this is a shrub similar to the pomegranate tree, with leaves like those of rue; it bears a pulpy nut, in which is contained a kernel that yields the resinous juice which we call balou or balsam. At present there is not a plant of it remaining at Raha; but another species is to be found there, called zakkoun, which produces a sweet oil, also celebrated for healing wounds. This zakkoun resembles a plum-tree; it has thorns four inches long, with leaves like those of the olive-tree, but greener, and more narrow, as well as prickly at the end; its fruit is a kind of acorn, without a calyx, under the bark of which is a pulp, and then a nut, the kernel of which gives out an oil that the Arabs sell very dear. This constitutes the sole commerce of Raha, which is no more than a ruinous village.