the founder of the Cyrenaic sect of philosophy, was the son of Aretades, and born at Cyrene in Libya. He flourished about 380 B.C. The great reputation of Socrates attracted him to Athens, where he attended the discourses of that great teacher, whose practical philosophy he freely modified to suit the easy and sensual bent of his own mind. His free and luxurious life was in accordance with his distinctive doctrine, that Pleasure was the highest good of man. Though possessed of a competent estate, he was the only disciple of Socrates who took money for teaching. Upon leaving Socrates he went to Ægina, where he lived even more luxuriously than before. Socrates made frequent attempts to reclaim him, but in vain. In Ægina Aristippus became acquainted with Laïs, the famous courtezan of Corinth, for whose sake he took a voyage to that city. He continued at Ægina till the death of Socrates. After this he visited the court of Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, where he spent a considerable time, leading a life of unrestrained enjoyment. On his return to Cyrene to visit his daughter Arête, he fell sick and died at Lipara.

Many of his apophthegms are preserved. To one who asked him, what his son would be the better for being a scholar, "If for nothing else," said he, "yet for this alone, that when he comes into the theatre one stone will not sit upon another." When a certain person recommended his son to him, he demanded 500 drachmas; and upon the father's replying that he could buy a slave for that sum, "Do so," said he, "and then you will be master of a couple." Being reproached because, having a suit of law pending, he fed a lawyer to plead for him, "Just so," said he, "when I have a great supper to make I always hire a cook." Being asked what was the difference between a wise man and a fool, he replied, "Send both of them together naked to those who are acquainted with neither of them, and then you will know." Being reproached for receiving money of Dionysius, at the same time that Plato accepted only a book, "The reason is plain," said he, "I want money and Plato wants books."

The doctrine of Aristippus is summed up in the word Enjoyment. The final end of man's existence, according to him, is the Good. Pleasure and pain are the two poles of his being—the one is essentially good, the other essentially evil. To follow the one and flee the other is the whole duty of man. Pleasure is essentially present; the hope of future good being always conjoined with fear. Free and immediate abandonment to all the instincts of nature alone leads to true happiness. Herein the doctrine of Aristippus differs from that of Epicurus, who inculcated the necessity of a wise calculation of consequences, and a choice of pleasures. Aristippus, again, held that all pleasures were equally good, whatever their origin, those of the body, as more immediately realized, being higher in degree.

Of the numerous works of Aristippus, of which a list is given by Diogenes Laertius, none has been preserved. M. Luzac, in his *Lectiores Attici*, has shown that he was not the author of the treatise on the *Luxury of the Ancients*, frequently ascribed to him; nor of the *Epistles* given as his in the Socratic collection of Leo Allatius—See F. Mentzius, *Aristippus, etc.*, 4to, Halle, 1719; Batteux, *Développement, etc.*, in vol. xxvi. of the *Mém. de l' Acad. des Inscriptions*; Kunhardt, *Diss. Philos. Hist. de Aristipp. Phil. Mor.* 4to, Helmst., 1796; and Wieland's *Aristippus*, 8vo, Leipzig, 1800–2.

ARISTO of Chios, a Stoic philosopher, the disciple of Zeno, flourished about 290 years before the Christian era. He differed but little from his master Zeno. Rejecting logic as of no use, and natural philosophy as being above the reach of the human understanding, he confined himself exclusively to morals. He founded a sect apart from that of his master, which had but a brief existence. To him is attributed the saying commented on by Epictetus and Artonine, that "the wise man is like a good comedian, equally capable of playing the part of Agamemnon, or of Thersites."

—See Cic. de Leg. i. 13; de Fin. ii. 13; iv. 17; Diog. Laert. vii. 160, &c. Another philosopher of the same name, a Peripatetic, was a native of Ceos, and lived about 260 B.C. Cic. de Fin. v. 5; Diog. Laert. v. 70, 74; vii. 164.

ARISTOBULUS of Cassandria, one of the generals of Alexander the Great; wrote a history of his expedition, of which but a few imperfect fragments remain. He was regarded as a writer of high veracity.