in Roman Antiquity, the strong and heavy shoe of the common soldier. It was made in the sandal fashion, without upper leather to cover the superior part of the foot, though otherwise reaching to the middle of the leg, and fastened with thongs. The sole was of wood, like the sabot of the French peasants, and studded with clavos or nails, which by some are supposed to have been of considerable length in the shoes of the scouts and sentinels; whence they were called caliga spectulatoriae—as if, by elevating the wearer, they extended the range of his view. Others, however, suppose that the caliga spectulatoriae were made soft and light. The emperor Caligula received his cognomen from having originally served in the army as a common soldier. According to Du Cange, a sort of caliga was also worn by monks and bishops when they celebrated mass pontifically.