a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a small pashalic of the same name, under that of Erzeroom. It is pleasantly situated on the summit and sides of a conical hill, near the Murad Chai, or eastern arm of the Euphrates, 75 miles S.S.E. of Erzeroom. The plain in which it stands is about 40 miles in length by 12 or 14 in breadth, and has an elevation of 4692 feet. It is well watered, though in some places dry and stony; and its climate is one of extremes. It contains about 100 villages; and produces grain, tobacco, and wine, the last being of good quality. The town itself has a wretched appearance, and is inhabited by Turks and Armenians, the latter of whom, having the whole trade of the place in their hands, are the wealthiest class, and pay an annual tribute of about L2000, from which the Turks are exempt. There are 7 mosques, 4 churches, and several large and well-stocked bazaars in the town. Coarse cotton cloth is manufactured here. The principal articles of export are tobacco and cattle; while a very small amount of European manufactures is imported. Pop. estimated at 6000.