or NAPOLI-DU-ROMANIA, a town of Greece, in the Morea, at the head of the gulf formerly called the Argolic, but which now bears the name of the town; in N. Lat. 37° 34', E. Long. 22° 48'. It stands on the N.E. side of a flat-topped hill, on the summit of which is a castle called Palamidi, one of the strongest places in Europe. This hill stands on a peninsula, to the N. of which is the harbour of the town, large and well sheltered, but not deep enough to admit large vessels. The most of the streets of Nauplia are narrow, though straight; but several wide and handsome streets have been recently built; while the whole town, instead of the wretched and dirty appearance which it formerly presented, has now a neat and clean appearance, like that of a second-rate Italian seaport. There are two squares, which are connected by the main street running through the middle of the town; and the principal public buildings, besides the churches, are the royal palace, the court-house, and the barracks. Nauplia has a military academy, a school for the middle classes, a circulating library, and other literary establishments. The town is surrounded by Venetian fortifications, and is defended by a battery and by another fortress besides the one which stands on the top of the hill. A considerable trade was formerly carried on here by Greek vessels in corn, wine, oil, silk, fruits, &c.; but this has considerably declined, and the only articles in which there is now any commerce are the necessaries of life. The climate is unhealthy, and the town has been frequently exposed to the ravages of pestilence. In ancient times the site was occupied by a town of the same name. It was of great antiquity, and is said by Pausanias to have been founded by the colony of Egyptians whom Danaus brought with him. That it was a town of foreign origin may be inferred with probability from the contrast between its situation, on a promontory of the coast, and those of the other ancient Greek towns among the mountains and glens of the interior. It was at first an independent town, but in the seventh century B.C. was conquered by the Argives, and Nauplia then became merely the seaport of Argos. In the second century it is described by Pausanias as deserted, and as having some remains of a temple of Neptune. About the time of the Crusades, it rose to be a town of some importance, under the name of Anaplion or Anoplia, which has since been changed by the restoration of the ancient appellation. It was occupied in the thirteenth century by the Venetians, and made by them the chief of their settlements in the Morea. Taken by the Sultan Solyman in 1537, but soon afterwards retaken, it was not finally added to the dominions of the Porte till 1718. The Turks again lost it on the outbreak of the Greek insurrection, and it was the seat of the new government from 1829 till 1834, when that honour was transferred to Athens. It is peopled to a large extent by foreigners from France, Germany, and Italy. Pop. estimated at 15,000.