a town of the United States, North America, state of Illinois, on the left bank of the Mississippi, 52 miles above Quincy, and 220 above St. Louis. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and laid out with great regularity on a tract of ground gradually sloping upwards from the river's edge. The principal building was the Mormon temple, a large limestone edifice, containing a stone baptistery. supported by twelve large oxen. This building was burned down in 1848; when the Mormons were forcibly expelled from the state and obliged to emigrate to Utah. A company of French socialists have recently established themselves here. The population while the Mormons occupied the town was from 15,000 to 18,000, but in 1850 it was only 1130.

NAVAN, a market-town of Ireland, county of Meath, pleasantly situated on a hill at the confluence of the rivers Boyne and Blackwater, 28 miles N.W. of Dublin. The town is not well built; and the principal streets, of which there are four, though straight, are not clean. A bridge over the Boyne connects it with the suburb of Athlumney, and another over the Blackwater with that of Donaghmore. The parish church is a neat building, erected in 1818; and there is also a fine Roman Catholic chapel. There are also a court-house and market-house, bridewell, cavalry barracks, infirmary, dispensary, fever hospital, union workhouse, Roman Catholic convent and diocesan seminary, and national and other schools. It is connected with Drogheda by a railway and canal; by means of which it carries on some trade, chiefly in corn and other agricultural produce. There are in the town several flour, flax, and paper mills, a tannery, brewery, and two distilleries. Previous to the union, Navan returned two members to the Irish Parliament. Pop. 3826.

NAVARINO, a town of Greece in the Morea, stands at the south end of a bay of the same name, 136 miles S.W. of Athens, and 92 S. by W. of Patras; N. Lat. 36° 54', E. Long. 21° 41'. It consists of a citadel, situated on a high rock, and a lower town; the whole being surrounded by walls, but having no ditch. The streets are narrow, steep, and dirty, and the houses meanly and irregularly built, many of them being also in a ruinous condition. Those near the sea, however, are of a somewhat better sort. The town contains the remains of an old aqueduct and some ancient marble pillars, which now adorn the front of the principal mosque. The Bay of Navarino forms one of the best harbours in Greece. It is about 4 miles in length by 2 breadth, and the depth varies from 12 to 26 fathoms. It is protected towards the W. by the long and narrow island of Spahia (anciently Sphacteria), to the S.E., of which lies the entrance, which is nearly a mile wide. The ancient town of Pylos stood at the northern end of the bay; and there was formerly a navigable channel to the north of the island, though narrower than that to the south; but it is now so shallow as not to admit of the passage of ships. In the sixth century a colony of the Avars settled here, from whom probably the place got the name of Avarino, which has been changed, like many other modern names in Greece, by prefixing the terminal letter of the accusative of the article. Navarino is famous in modern history for the victory gained here over the Turkish and Egyptian fleets by those of Great Britain, France, and Russia, October 26, 1827. This engagement was occasioned by the breach of an armistice on the part of the Turks, and the result was the destruction of nearly the whole Ottoman fleet, and the establishment of the independence of the Greeks. The population of the town at present does not exceed 2000.

NAVARRA, a province of Spain, in the N.E., between 41° 55' 34" and 43° 18' 36" N. Lat., with the following boundaries:—N., France and the province of Guipuzcoa; E., Zaragoza; S., Zaragoza and Logroño; W., Álava. In shape it is an irregular square, 80 miles long and about 70 broad, and has an area of about 2450 square miles. Three-fourths of the surface (its northern and eastern districts) are mountainous and rugged, broken by ramifications of the Pyrenees, which present on the N.E. an almost impassable barrier, and inclose numberless secluded pastoral valleys. The northern frontier is pierced by several defiles, well-known passes,—as Roncesvalles, Bastan, and Roncal,—thoroughfares of war and commerce between France and Navarra, the Peninsula. The highest summits in Navarra are those of Altoviscar and Adi,—the former 5380, the latter 5220 feet above the sea. South of a line from Sanguesa by Tafalla to Estella, the country presents a series of descending terraces, extending towards Zaragoza, Socia, and Logroño. The principal rivers of the province are the Bidassoa and the Ebro; the former in the N.W., formed by the confluence of the Baztan and the Escarra; the latter in the S. The rivers, which, according to the proverb, "make a man of the Ebro," are the Aragon, which enters Navarra on the E. from Aragon, and has a course in the province of about 80 miles; the Ega, which enters from Guipuzcoa, and falls into the Ebro near Uzagar, after a course of about 100 miles; and the Arga, which descends from the Pyrenees, and has a course of 120 miles before its confluence with the Aragon. The mountainous region contains numerous quarries of gypsum, limestone of various kinds, and freestone. Granite, slate, jasper, black and other marbles, frequently occur. There are also numerous mines of iron, lead, and copper, the most important of which have been found in the argillaceous slate; as of copper in the neighbourhood of Leiza, of lead near Vera and Leiza, of iron in many places, as near Goizueta, Vera, and in the valley of Acecua. These mines employ a considerable population; but for want of capital and enterprise, and good communication, have never been very flourishing, and mining industry has now much decayed. There are two large mines of rock-salt at Funes and Valtierra; and salt is also obtained in various places by atmospheric and artificial evaporation. Agriculture, properly speaking, is confined to the plain, much of which is rich, well cultivated, and fertile, producing wheat, maize, hemp, flax, oil, and wine. The wines of Tudela and Peralta are celebrated. Were full advantage taken of the numerous streams for irrigation, the hilly district might be extensively cultivated; as it is, it is almost exclusively appropriated to forests and pasture. The oak, beech, and pine are grown for wood; and the chestnut affords an article of home consumption. The cultivation of the mulberry for the silk-worm is not unknown. Great quantities of horned cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and mules are reared. Game of all kinds is abundant in the mountains; and the streams abound with trout and other fish.

The manufactures of Navarra are insignificant. Linen cloth is made in Pamplona; paper in Villaba; in various places, silk, woollens, pottery, soap, chocolate, liquorice, and some other articles. Iron is exported to America by San Sebastian and Bilbao; the experts to France are wool, iron, salt, hides, and liquorice, in exchange for silks, linens, woollens, and hardware. To Aragon and Castile are exported wheat, beans, iron, articles in boxwood, brandy, fruit, and vegetables; and to the Basque provinces, wheat, oil, brandy, cattle, salt, and wine. For the internal trade, there are the fairs of Tafalla, Tudela, Sanguesa, and Pamplona, in February, March, and June, respectively. There are two institutions of secondary instruction in Pamplona and Tudela, and 508 schools of different kinds in the province, mostly elementary, and ill supported. Education is in a very backward state. The two great districts of the province, hill and plain, are inhabited by distinct races, of different language, dress, and customs; the prevailing language in the north being Basque, in the south Castilian. The population of the plain are rude, addicted to drunkenness and crime; those of the mountains are hospitable, polite, and honest. The Navarrese are noted in the Peninsula for integrity, sagacity, and enterprise. During the war of independence and the civil war, the province produced bands of formidable guerrilleros; and it still produces, owing to the position and nature of the frontier, daring and formidable contrabandistas. Large numbers emigrate to other parts of the Peninsula, and recently to America. The ancient Navarrete, kingdom of Navarra included the French or Lower Navarre, and was a separate Spanish monarchy from A.D. 1114. Jean d'Albert, to whom it came by marriage, was despoiled by Ferdinand the Catholic of the Spanish portion in 1512. Till lately that portion had a much wider boundary, and was governed by its own laws as a vice-royalty. Navarra suffered severely in the French and civil wars. The united population of the five partidos, Aviz, Estella, Pamplona, Tafalla, and Tudela, amounted in 1849 to 235,874.

NAVARRETE, DOMINGO FERNANDEZ, a Spanish missionary, was born at Peñafiel in the first half of the seventeenth century, and was educated at Valladolid as a Dominican. In 1647 he set sail on a mission to the Philippine Islands. There his learning soon recommended him to the post of first professor of theology in the college of Manila. He repaired, however, in 1659 to China, and was busily engaged in the interior of the country studying the Chinese language, manners, and customs, when the jealous natives raised a persecution against the Christian missionaries. Navarrete, along with some of his brethren, was sent a prisoner to Canton; but contriving to escape to Macao, he set sail homewards, and arrived in Europe in 1673. In the same year he paid a visit to Rome, and had an interview with the Pope. His account before the Supreme Pontiff of the state of the Chinese mission was accompanied with a strong protest against the temporizing policy which the Jesuit missionaries used in dealing with the superstitions of the natives. After his return to Spain, Navarrete published his principal work, entitled *Tratados historicos, politicos, eticos, y religiosos de la Monarchia de China*, fol., Madrid, 1676. At length, in 1678, he was rewarded for his eminent services by being appointed archbishop of San Domingo in the West Indies. His death happened there in 1689. The sixth book of the above-mentioned work of Navarrete was translated into English under the title of *A Collection of Voyages and Travels*, fol., Lond. 1704.

NAVARRETE, JUAN FERNANDEZ, surnamed El Mudo ("the Mute"), an eminent Spanish painter, was born at Logroño in Castile in 1526. In early infancy an attack of disease quenched entirely his sense of hearing, and consequently left him without the faculty of acquiring speech. But the quick and intelligent boy soon contrived to express his wants by sketching objects with a piece of charcoal. The practice thus begun as a necessity was soon prosecuted as an art. He was placed under the tuition of Fray Vicente de Santo Domingo, a monkish painter, at Estrella. Meanwhile the rest of his training was not neglected. He learned to read and write, became well versed in history, both sacred and profane, and acquired a remarkable skill in expressing his ideas by signs. His ready talents also soon exhausted all the lessons in art that his master could give him, and he repaired to Italy to finish his studies there. He visited Florence, Rome, Naples, and Milan; and, according to the ordinary account, sat for a considerable time in the school of Titian at Venice. But it was long before the labours of the poor dumb artist attracted much notice. At length, in 1568, the Spanish king, Philip II., summoned him to Madrid, conferred upon him the title of royal painter and a salary of 200 ducats a year, and employed him to execute pictures for the Escorial. The peculiar style of El Mudo Navarrete now developed itself. His pencil exhibited a striking boldness and freedom in design, and his rich, warm colouring acquired for him the surname of "the Spanish Titan." These qualities were well exemplified in "The Assumption," "The Martyrdom of St James the Great," "St Philip," and a "Repenting St Jerome," all of which he had executed by 1571. During the next four years he was engaged in painting "The Nativity," "The Scourging of Christ," and "The Holy Family." A life-like yet somewhat incongruous feature in the last of these was the representation of a cat and a dog in the foreground showing fight over a bone. His great work, "Abraham receiving the Three Angels," followed in 1576. The two remaining years of his life were spent in painting for the chapel of the Escorial eight altar-pieces, which still excite the admiration of visitors by their noble figures and their full and warmly-coloured draperies. El Mudo died at Toledo in February 1579. (See Stirling's *Annals of the Artists of Spain*, in 3 vols., London, 1848.)

NAVARRETE, MARTIN FERNANDEZ DE, a Spanish historian, was born at Abalos in Old Castile in 1765. After receiving his education at Vergara, he entered the navy as a midshipman in 1780. His ship was engaged in the unsuccessful siege of Gibraltar in 1782, and afterwards in the cruisings against the Algerines and other pirates that infested the Mediterranean. Declining health, however, forced him to retire from active service in 1789. Meanwhile, in addition to his professional knowledge, he had been steadily acquiring an accurate acquaintance with history. The Spanish king, Charles IV., therefore fixed upon him as the proper person for compiling a collection of documents touching the maritime history of the country; and Navarrete set himself perseveringly to search the national archives. But new duties and other causes of interruption repeatedly retarded his great undertaking. The war, first against the French and subsequently against the British, kept him at his post on board the fleet from 1793 to 1797. Then he received an appointment in the office of the minister of marine. The invasion of the French happened in 1808, and forced him to remove to Seville. Other tasks occupied his attention after the restoration of Ferdinand VII. At length, in 1825, the first and second volumes of his gigantic work appeared under the title of *Coleccion de los Viajes y Descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los Espanoles desde fines del siglo XV*. The third followed in 1829, and the fourth and fifth in 1837. Before the sixth and seventh could be published the author died in 1844.

The work of Navarrete, already mentioned, has been described by Humboldt as "one of the most important historical monuments of modern times." The industrious compiler was also assisting at the time of his death in the publishing of the *Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos para la Historia de Espana*. A Life of Cervantes by Navarrete, printed in 8vo, Madrid, 1819, is said by Ticknor to be "one of the most judicious and best-arranged biographical works that have been published in any country." It furnished the materials for Thomas Roscoe's Life of the same author, published in 18mo, London, 1839. Navarrete was also the author of several lesser historical and biographical works.