a government of Russia, lying partly in Europe and partly in Asia, between N. Lat. 56° 30' and 61° 30', E. Long. 53° 20' and 64° 10', and bounded on the N. by the governments of Vologda and Tobolsk, E. by that of Tobolsk, S. by that of Orenburg, and W. by that of Viakka; length from N.W. to S.E., 520 miles; breadth about 400; area, 129,100 square miles, being more than double that of England and Wales. It is divided into two parts by the Ural chain, which traverses it from N. to S., forming the boundary between Europe and Asia. Of these parts, the eastern or Asiatic is considerably the smaller. The mountains rise very gradually and almost imperceptibly; the loftiest summit in this government being that called Pavlovskoi Kamen, which is more than 6000 feet above the level of the sea. The principal pass across the Urals is that which leads from Perm by Kungur and Yekaterinburg to Tobolsk. A large portion of the surface is occupied with mountains, which are for the most part wooded, the woods containing in many places extensive marshes. The eastern portion of Perm is watered by the Sosva, the Tura, and the Sceth, tributaries of the Tobol, which itself discharges its waters by the Obi into The principal river W. of the Ural chain is the Kama, an affluent of the Volga, which flows in a winding course through the country from N. to S., and receives many smaller streams. There are also numerous lakes in the government, most of them lying in the eastern portion; and mineral springs exist at various places. The southern part of the government, on the European side, is generally fertile and well cultivated, but the other portions are better fitted for pasture than for agriculture; and a great part of the land is allowed to lie uncultivated. There were in 1849, 6,948,992 acres of arable land, 5,382,283 of meadow land, 53,818,205 of wood, and 2,181,887 of waste land, in the government. The quantity of corn of all kinds raised in the same year was 34,086,933 bushels, and that of potatoes, 922,184 bushels. The corn produced is not, however, sufficient for the supply of the inhabitants. Rye, barley, and oats are the chief kinds of grain; flax is also grown. In the forests, of which nearly a half belong to the Crown, the pine, the larch, and the lime are the chief trees; the oak, the elm, the cedar, and others abound in the south-eastern parts. The climate in the northern and in the mountainous regions is cold and rigorous; on the higher summits snow lies for a great part of the year. The forests of the country abound in game, and the rivers in fish. Fur-bearing animals are also numerous. Of domestic animals the government contained in 1849, 731,693 horses, 615,277 horned cattle, 889,437 sheep, 296,427 swine, and 40,164 goats. The chief riches of Perm are its minerals, which are extensively worked, and afford employment to a vast number of the inhabitants. Gold, silver, platinum, iron, copper, lead, together with salt, marble, loadstone, diamonds, and precious stones, are the principal produce of the mines. The timber of the forests is extensively used for fuel in working the mines. The following table exhibits the quantity of different metals obtained in 1855 from the principal mines belonging to the Crown in this government:

| Metal | Quantity | |-------------|----------| | Gold | 1345 | | Copper | 59,311 | | Iron | 816 | | Platinum | 5352 |

The manufactures in the government are inconsiderable, except those immediately connected with the mines. Cloth, leather, soap, candles, glass, &c., are manufactured; and trade is actively carried on, not only on account of the facility of conveyance by the Kama and its tributaries, but on account of the numerous fairs that are held, many of them in the large towns. About three-fourths of the population are Russians, and the remainder are descended from the ancient inhabitants of this country, and various Tatar tribes. The religion of the vast majority is that of the Greek Church; there are, however, 78,204 Mohammedans, and 9422 heathens, besides small numbers of Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Jews. The governments of Perm and Kazan are under a single military governor. In regard to education, the country is in a low state; it is under the superintendence of the University of Kazan. Perm is divided into twelve circles, and contains 1,741,746 inhabitants.

capital of the above government, stands on the right bank of the Kama, which here receives the small rivers Danilicha and Jagoshicha, 220 miles W. of Tobolsk, and 322 N.E. of Kazan. It is environed on three sides with thick woods; and is well and regularly built, chiefly of wood, having straight and broad streets. It is the seat of an archbishopric; and contains nine churches, a convent, several schools of various kinds, and hospitals. There are here extensive foundries, and refining-works for copper and iron, which are obtained in abundance from the mines in the vicinity. Trade and navigation are actively carried on. Pop. (1851) 13,262.