the second city in size and importance in the United States, is situated on the west bank of the Delaware river, in the south-eastern part of the state of Pennsylvania, 96 miles from the sea by way of the river and bay of Delaware, 136 miles N.E. of Washington, and 86 miles S.W. of New York. The geographical position of the Old State House, which is nearly in the centre of the city, is 39° 57' N. Lat., and 75° 9' W. Long. The Schuylkill river passes through the western part of the city, and enters the Delaware 6 miles S. of the centre of the city proper.

The closely-built portion occupies an area 4 miles in length N. and S., and from 2½ to 4 miles in width from E. to W., or about 12 square miles. The Delaware front is built along a curved line of 4 miles in length, the north-eastern part of the city lying eastward of the central waterfront. A line through the city at the narrowest part between the two rivers is a little more than 2 miles, but W. of the Schuylkill at this point nearly a square mile is built up, called West Philadelphia. North-westward the city now extends 3½ miles from the City Hall, and still further in that direction along the Schuylkill is the large suburb of Manayunk, 7 miles from the City Hall. Germantown, still larger, is 6 miles N.N.W., and Frankford 5 miles N.N.E. of the same point. A large number of smaller suburban villages occupy the intermediate space, all of the area embraced by the county of Philadelphia being now within the corporate limits of the city. Before the act of consolidation in 1854, the city proper occupied a space 1 mile in extent N. and S., and 2 miles E. and W., between the two rivers. The districts of Southwark and Moyamensing at the S., and of Kensington, Spring Garden, Penn Township, and Northern Liberties, at the N., each with a distinct municipal government, completed the organization of the occupied portions. But as all the area was densely and uniformly built upon, the whole was consolidated as the city of Philadelphia in 1854; and the whole county formerly so called, covering 120 square miles, was embraced in the corporate limits. Camden and Gloucester in New Jersey, across the Delaware river, are really part of the city also, and contain 20,000 inhabitants.

The plan of the city, as laid out by Penn, is remarkably regular, 10 streets being laid E. and W., and 25 streets N. and S., crossing the first at right angles. The subsequent extensions of its limits have in most cases been equally regular. The greatest street E. and W. is High or Market Street, 100 feet wide; and Broad Street, N. and S., is 113 feet wide; the remaining principal streets being 50 to 66 feet in width. Five squares, in central positions and equidistant, were reserved for parks in the original plan of the city, to which Independence Square has since been added, near the State-House; and several squares in the newer parts of the city, with pleasure-grounds and parks, are now in preparation.

The surface occupied by the city is remarkably level, rising, however, in the northern suburbs, into hills of 90 to 150 feet above tide. Between the rivers the plain rises regularly about 45 feet above tide; but from most points of view the city and site appear a perfect plain. The Fairmount Reservoir, 100 feet high, and the Girard College Observatory, 160 feet high, afford the best views. In the original condition of the Delaware front, a stream, in which shipping could lie, intruded into the city along the space now built over as Dock Street; and a bluff bank along the Delaware was designed as a broad, open levee. This was densely built up after Penn's death. The streets are well paved with granite blocks for the principal business streets in the eastern part, and with rubble stone generally; the sidewalks being mostly brick, with some flagging of sandstone. Drainage to both rivers is easy; and the subsoil is gravel, facilitating cleanliness and dryness. No American city has so great an extent of clean, well-paved, and well-kept streets, capable at any moment of being flooded from the water reservoirs, and perfectly drained by the sewers.

The predominating material for building is brick, with, in houses of three and four stories, marble facings. Within a few years greater variety in styles and material has been introduced; and marble, sandstone, and iron have been largely used. The great business streets—Market, Chestnut, and Walnut Streets—now exhibit very fine buildings for business purposes, erected within ten or fifteen years. These streets are now rapidly becoming occupied, westward from the Delaware, by the finer buildings of this character; while elegant buildings for residences are extending west of Broad Street and in the northern part of the city. Several superior marble structures were erected many years since in the older part of the city. The first United States bank, now the Girard Bank, is of marble, in Corinthian style, erected in 1797. The second United States bank building in Chestnut Street, now the customhouse, is a noble specimen of Doric architecture, which, at the time of its erection, cost £100,000. The United States Mint, farther west in Chestnut Street, is a fine marble building in the Grecian style. The State-House, mostly of brick, and having no high pretensions to architectural beauty, occupies a central square in Chestnut Street, and is the principal point of interest to strangers, in consequence of its historical association, the provincial Congress having held its sessions here. The national independence was declared here, July 4, 1776, and for the greater portion of the time subsequently to the year 1800, the national government remained here. Most of the buildings are now occupied by the various departments of the city government, the Hall of Independence alone being unused, and kept as a place for the preservation of historical relics. Girard College is a magnificent marble structure of Grecian architecture, about 2 miles N.W. of the City Hall. A colonnade of 34 Corinthian columns, 6 feet in diameter, and 55 feet high, surrounds a cella 169 feet long by 111 feet wide; the whole forming a building 218 feet long by 160 wide, and 97 feet high. The whole, with the roof, is of white marble; and this one building cost at its erection £200,000. The inclosing wall contains 41 acres, and the embellishments, with the remaining buildings of this charity, cost £194,646 more. Among the recent buildings are superb banks, churches, hotels, and mercantile structures, built of marble, granite, sandstone, and iron.

The Academy of Music, a new sandstone building, is the largest opera-house in the United States, being 238 by 140 feet. Several fine structures are devoted to charitable and scientific purposes; among them the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Blockley Almshouse, the United States Naval Asylum, the Franklin Institute, the Athenaeum, the Philadelphia and Mercantile libraries, &c.

The city is well supplied with water and gas. The Fairmount Water-Works, on the Schuylkill, elevate 1,500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours 92 feet, to reservoirs constructed on a rocky bluff, from which the greater part of the city is supplied. Separate reservoirs, into which water is elevated from the Schuylkill and the Delaware by steam-power, supply the northern part of the city. The Fairmount works cost £687,500, and the others about £83,000. Gas is supplied to every part of the city by extensive public works, in one of which there is a gasometer 140 feet in diameter, and in another, one 90 feet high and 160 feet in diameter, with others of less size.

The charitable institutions of the city are, first, the Pennsylvania Hospital, centrally placed, but with a branch for the insane 2 miles distant. Both departments together have relieved 65,000 patients since their foundation in 1752; both occupy extensive buildings, those in the city covering a fine square, and being kept in superior order. Ten medical men are in daily attendance, four of whom are surgeons. There are four dispensaries in the city, the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, a lying-in charity, a widows' asylum, an orphan's asylum (a temporary house of great usefulness), the Pennsylvania Deaf-and-Dumb Asylum, a city pest hospital, three Magdalen asylums, a coloured orphan's asylum, a home for friendless children, and a large number of other noble and special charities.

Institutions of learning are numerous: the Girard College for orphans has 7 professors and 500 beneficiaries; the university of Pennsylvania, 12 professors, 129 literary and 450 medical students; Jefferson Medical College has 514 students; Pennsylvania College, 160 students; and several less important colleges exist. The scientific societies embrace the American Philosophical Society, the oldest and most distinguished in the United States, with a large library, and high historical associations; the Academy of Natural Sciences, with a fine building and valuable collections; the Franklin Institute, which has a library and building, and publishes a monthly journal; the Athenaeum, and others. The educational system of the city is organized separately from that of the state generally; a system of graduated schools being established, with a high school of collegiate grade at the head, to which all may aspire. There were in 1837, 167 primary, 47 secondary, 45 unclassified, 55 grammar, one normal, and one high school, in this system; a total of 306 schools, with 57,621 pupils, and 78 male and 877 female teachers. In the High School there are Philadelphia. 10 professors and 534 pupils, and it has had at an average over 500 pupils since its foundation in 1838. The total cost of this system for 1857 was £100,963. It is under the direction of a body of comptrollers, 24 in number, one being elected from each ward. There are many private schools of high rank, and a very large number are sustained by religious and other associations.

The manufacturing industry of the city is more extensive than that of any other in the United States, at least one-half its population of 600,000 being so supported. By the census of 1850, there was reported as employed in manufactures as capital, L7,028,731; and as labourers, 43,296 men, and 15,803 women; yielding products valued at L13,357,106. Investigations subsequently undertaken by the Board of Trade and others interested in the city, showed that many departments were greatly underrated by this census; and it is concluded that the total production for the year closing with June 1857, cannot be less than L27,000,000. The leading manufactures are of cotton and woollen cloths and other textile fabrics, for which there are 98 factories within the city limits, working 3000 hand-looms, 7000 power-looms, 150 sets of wool cards, 750 cotton cards, 40,000 woollen spindles, and 135,000 cotton spindles. These establishments employ 8700 work-people, male and female, exclusive of the hand-loom weavers, and others outside the mills. The production of this department of manufacture for the year named was L4,166,000; and the capital invested is calculated at L5,800,000. The next in importance is the iron manufacture, which, in all its forms, employed 10,000 workmen within the city, and produced an aggregate value of about L3,125,000 for the same year. The manufactures next in importance are, books and stationery, chemicals and drugs, manufactures of silver and the precious metals, clothing and hats, paper and paper-hangings, leather and manufactures of leather, malt and distilled liquors, &c., each of which makes up the value of one to two millions sterling annually. Carriages, furniture, glass and glass wares, mirrors and upholstery, &c., are also produced in large quantities. A very considerable amount of grain is here converted into flour for consumption and for exportation.

The commerce of Philadelphia embraces all the foreign commerce of the state, and is represented in the statistics given for Pennsylvania. It has a water front on the Delaware of 4 miles in length, with a depth at the wharf line of 14 to 54 feet, constituting extraordinary capacity for shipping. Valuable wharf accommodation exists in the Schuylkill for more than a mile in length on the western side of the city. The shipping of the port of Philadelphia amounted to the following aggregates of registered and licensed tonnage for the years named:

| Year | Tons | |------|------| | 1850 | 206,488 | | 1851 | 222,429 | | 1852 | 229,443 | | 1853 | 252,451 |

Lines of steam-ships run to New York, Boston, Savannah, Charleston, and other ports. One to Liverpool, established in 1851, was temporarily discontinued in 1857. A line of superior packet-ships to Liverpool was among the first lines from the United States to Europe, and it is now in the best condition of efficiency. A vast coasting trade is conducted from this port in coal, produce, and domestic goods. In 1852, 9993 vessels with coal left this port for the coasting and foreign trade; and in 1854, 8152 vessels, carrying 1,411,731 tons of coal, loaded at the suburb of Richmond; while 671,081 tons were taken from the Schuylkill wharves. An extensive trade to California exists, the exports thither in 1853 reaching L461,500. The trade of this port with the West Indies and with South America now constitutes the largest departure of its foreign commerce, except the Liverpool trade. Of the total value, L3,718,880, Philadelphia imported in the year ending with June 1857, the following proportions were mostly tropical:

| Item | Quantity | Value | |---------------|----------|---------| | Sugar | 58,137,504 lbs | L651,351 | | Molasses | 3,137,011 gals | L164,631 | | Coffee | 18,823,714 lbs | L371,410 | | Salt | 1,101,667 bush | L32,837 | | Tobacco and cigars | ... | L51,817 | | Indigo | 47,037 lbs | L7,536 | | Tropical fruits | ... | L10,406 |

A very extensive internal trade is carried on by the canals and railroads leading to New York; by the great coal roads and canals reaching the city from the north; by the southern tow-boat and railroad lines; and by the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, and other lines to the west. Much of the import trade of the city enters the custom-house of New York, and the goods are brought over the New Jersey roads and canals without breaking bulk. Very large quantities of domestic exports are sent abroad by the same lines; and the apparent decline in the direct foreign trade and shipping of the port is but a transfer to the port of New York as a more convenient entrepôt. The actual export and import trade of the city of Philadelphia is rapidly increasing. The tonnage transportation of one internal line, the Pennsylvania Railroad, for 1857, was 92,660 tons westward, and 205,500 tons eastward; the first of package and dry goods mainly, and the second of hemp, wool, grain, and other agricultural produce. The great coal roads bring an immense tonnage, both for consumption and for exportation.

The consolidated city of Philadelphia is divided into 24 wards, two or three being mainly suburban, and embracing the area formerly called the county. The government is by a mayor, elected for two years; a select council of 24 members, elected for the same period; and a common council of 72 members, elected annually. The police organization is made up of one chief, 8 high constables, 16 lieutenants, 32 sergeants, 615 regular police, and 37 special officers and reserved corps—a total force of 708. There are 16 aldermen or police magistrates; the remaining judicial organization being that of the state.

The city possesses a very large productive property in water and gas works, real estate in ice and in trust, with stocks and bonds in addition to the value of L2,190,000, only about half of which is at present fully productive. The aggregate debt of the city is L4,168,500, for the larger share of which sinking funds are established, leaving but about L730,000, for the interest on which provision is required to be made by taxation. The sum expended for all city purposes in 1857 was L868,802; of which L320,840 was for repayment of loans and for interest; L87,284 for police; L85,109 for highways, sewers, and bridges; L24,916 for the poor; L90,361 for administration of lighting and water departments; and L100,872 for the support of the city public schools.

There are in Philadelphia 12 daily newspapers, 39 weekly newspapers, and 48 periodicals published monthly, bi-monthly, and quarterly. There are in the city 17 banks, with an aggregate capital of L2,357,725, which had, June 1858, in specie, L1,469,831; in circulating notes, L497,476; and in loans and discounts, L4,957,517. There are also 15 saving fund banks not issuing notes; 18 fire insurance companies chartered by the state; 29 fire and marine and fire and life, and 5 marine insurance companies. Most of the coal, iron, and navigation companies of the eastern part of the state have their offices in the city.

A system of city railroads was begun in 1857, which will soon supersede the local conveyance by omnibuses, for which over 600 vehicles were employed in 1857. The level nature of the city facilitates the construction of passenger railways, with cars drawn by horses; and ten distinct com- Panies are now chartered, and are placing railroad tracks along most of the principal streets, by which, at a cost not exceeding five cents, passengers are conveyed, in a low noiseless carriage, any distance within the city.

The population of Philadelphia exceeded that of any other America city previous to 1830. It is now second only to New York. The following were the numbers at the several decennial enumerations:

| Year | Population | |------|------------| | 1777 | 21,767 | | 1790 | 42,520 | | 1800 | 70,287 | | 1810 | 96,287 | | 1820 | 119,335 | | 1830 | 167,325 | | 1840 | 258,037 | | 1850 | 408,932 | | 1858 (calculated) | 620,000 |

The increase in the number of voters and of taxable inhabitants indicates a larger population than that assigned for 1858. In 1850 there were 121,699 persons of foreign birth, of whom 72,312 were born in Ireland, 22,750 in Germany, 17,500 in England, 3291 in Scotland, and 1981 in France. The number of coloured persons was 19,761. At the election for president in 1856, 70,198 votes were cast, and at that for mayor in May 1858, 62,839.

Philadelphia (the modern Allahakbar), an ancient city in the east of Lydia, owed its origin and its name to Attalus Philadelphia, King of Pergamus. It was situated between the southern bank of the river Coganus and the north-western side of Mount Tmolus. The city makes no small figure in history. Strabo narrates that it was famous for being frequently shaken by earthquakes. In the Apocalypse it is mentioned as one of the "seven churches of Asia." It was also notable in more modern times for holding out against the Turks till 1390, after all the other cities of Asia Minor had surrendered. The only remarkable remains of the ancient Philadelphia are the ruins of a church.

Philæ, an island in the river Nile, celebrated for its ancient ruins. (See Egypt.)

Philèni (Φιλένοι, lovers, of praise), two Carthaginian brothers, are celebrated in ancient legends for their patriotism. The following is the account of their exploits, as given by Sallust:—It happened that the Carthaginians and the Cyrenians were involved in a bloody and indecisive war regarding the boundary between their respective territories. At length, when they had nearly exterminated each other, without settling the dispute, they mutually consented to try a simpler mode. They agreed that, at the same moment of time, a pair of deputies should set out from Carthage to Cyrene, and another pair from Cyrene to Carthage, and that the spot where the two pairs should meet should be considered the boundary between the two countries. It was then that the Philèni, being chosen to represent Carthage, appeared in the characters of devoted patriots. Hastening eastward, and panting over the toilsome deserts with deathless ardour, they passed the middle distance, and meeting their opponents at a place far on the other side, claimed that advanced spot as the limit of their country's possessions. An altercation ensued; accusations of having started before their time were brought against them; but they remained immovable. Their determination at last became so invincible that, rather than bate a step of ground, they consented there and then to be buried alive in the sand, and to make their graves the land-marks between the two nations. The fearful proposal was carried into execution; and long afterwards, two altars erected over their resting-place, and called the "altars of the Philèni," preserved their memory, and formed the boundary of the territories of Carthage.