or Podolss, a government of European Russia, lying between N. Lat. 47° 25' and 49° 45', E. Long. 26° 20' and 30° 55'; and bounded on the N. by the governments of Volhynia and Kiev, E. by that of Kherson, S. by those of Kherson and Bessarabia, and W. by the Austrian province of Galicia; length, from N.E. to S.W., 240 miles; greatest breadth, 80 miles; area, 16,449 square miles. The surface is generally level, slightly sloping from the Carpathians towards the S.E.; and a chain of hills, scarcely rising 500 feet above the sea, extends in that direction between the Dnieper and the Bug. These two are the principal rivers of Podolia, and, with their affluents, water the entire country. The former only bounds the government on the S.W.; and the latter, rising on its northern confines, flows through it in a S.E. direction. The south-eastern part of the govern-

ment is occupied with flat and sandy steppes. There are no lakes of any size in the country. Podolia enjoys a salubrious climate, an exceedingly rich soil, and contains much picturesque scenery. The principal mineral products are, saltpetre, lime, building-stone, and alabaster. Vines and mulberries grow here in the open air. Besides corn, the crops chiefly raised in the government are hemp, flax, hops, and tobacco. There are wide and rich meadows and pastures, on which large herds of excellent cattle are raised. A great part of the country is likewise occupied with forests, which produce excellent timber for ship-building. The extent of arable land in Podolia in 1849 was 5,577,736 acres; of meadow-land, 1,276,508 acres; of wood, 1,145,824 acres; and of waste land, 1,104,997 acres. The quantity of corn raised in the same year was 34,394,675 bushels; and that of potatoes, 2,454,880 bushels. The government contained in that year 96,436 horses, 353,864 horned cattle, 664,107 sheep, 160,086 swine, and 9933 goats. Hares, wolves, foxes, bustards, and other wild animals are found in Podolia; and the rivers are well supplied with fish. There is little manufacturing industry in the government; it contained, however, in 1849, in all 186 manufactories of various kinds, employing 2811 hands. Among the former, there were 10 tanneries, 15 manufactories of tobacco, 18 of tallow and candles, 85 of cloth, 12 of tiles, and 22 of beet-root sugar. The trade of the country, almost entirely carried on by Jews, consists mainly in exportation of corn to Odessa, and of cattle to Galicia. Most of the people belong to the Greek Church; but there are considerable numbers of Roman Catholics and of Jews, and a few Protestants and Mohammedans. The educational interests of the government are under the control of the university of Kiev; but they are in a low condition; and there are few schools in the country. Podolia is divided into twelve circles. The capital of the government is Kamenez Podolsk. Like the other governments in West Russia, Podolia once belonged to Poland, but has formed since 1772 a part of the Russian empire. Pop. (1851) 1,577,966.