Duchy of, a crown-land of the Austrian empire, bounded on the N. and N.E. by Upper Austria, E. by Upper Austria and Styria, S. by Carinthia and the Tyrol, and W. by the Tyrol and Bavaria; area, 2757 square miles. It is almost entirely mountainous, being occupied by that chain of the Alps called the Salzburg Salzburg, Alps or the Tasern. These extend along the southern frontier, and send off many branches, forming glens and valleys of exquisite romantic beauty. The principal summits are the Wiesbach or Krummborn, 11,297 feet high; and the Kitzsteinhorn, 10,106 feet. The Salzach rises on the borders of Tyrol, and flows at first eastwards down the romantic valley called Pinzgau; then turns suddenly to the north, and traversing the equally fine valley called by its name, leaves Salzburg to join the Inn on the frontiers of Bavaria and Upper Austria. Almost all the rivers of the country discharge their waters into this, which is by far the most important. There are a number of lakes and many exceedingly beautiful waterfalls in Salzburg. Notwithstanding the mountainous nature of the surface, the valleys are in general very fertile, and a large proportion of the soil is productive. Corn is raised in considerable quantities, and excellent vegetables may be grown in sheltered spots; but it is the rearing of cattle that forms the chief support of the inhabitants. Of minerals, gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, manganese, and arsenic are obtained; salt, too, is extensively worked, especially in the great salt-works at Hallein. In many places there are mineral springs. The manufacturing industry of the country is, on the whole, not very highly developed. The present duchy of Salzburg was formerly an archbishopric, immediately dependent on the German empire. Christianity was introduced here among the heathen inhabitants by a Scotishman named Rupert, afterwards canonized, who found the land nearly a desert, and became the first bishop of Salzburg in 716. The see was afterwards raised to the rank of an archbishopric, and its occupant became primate of Germany, and was the only archbishop, besides the spiritual electors, who had a seat and voice in the diet. The privileges of these prelates were numerous; their temporal possessions gradually became extensive, and their revenues enormous. The Reformed doctrines early found admission into Salzburg, but the utmost severity was used to suppress them, until at last, in 1732, the Protestant states obtained leave for their fellow Protestants to leave the country, on which more than 30,000 departed, and settled in Prussia, Württemberg, and in the North American colony of Georgia. In 1801 the see was secularized, and given to the ex-Duke of Tuscany, with the title of Elector; but by the peace of Pressburg in 1806, it was annexed to Austria. From 1809 to 1815 Salzburg belonged to Bavaria; but in the latter year, with the exception of a small portion, it was restored to Austria. The inhabitants are almost all Germans, and of the Roman Catholic religion. Pop. (1854) 154,379.

capital of the above duchy, on both sides of the Salzach or Salza, just at the entrance of the hill country, where the river issues from its confined valley into the Bavarian plain, 156 miles W.S.W. of Vienna. Few German towns can rival this in the beauty of its situation: the stream, with greyish-white water, telling of distant glaciers, flows among meadows and waving corn-fields, between two castle-crowned cliffs, at the foot of which clusters the Italian-like town, with its flat roofs, numerous churches, and marble edifices; while in the background rise the slopes of hills darkly clothed in wood, and the scene is closed in by the snowy line of loftier mountains in the remote distance. The part of the town that lies to the left of the river is almost inclosed by the Castle Hill (Schlossberg) and the Monk's Hill (Mönchberg); while a bridge 370 feet long leads to the other portion, on the slope of the Capuchin Hill (Capuzinerberg). On the summits of the two latter hills there are extensive plateaus, laid out in fine walks, and planted with trees. The ancient castle on the hill, to which it gives its name, has been long dismantled, and is now only used for barracks. Its towers rise 400 feet above the square below. Besides the natural strength of its position, Salzburg is defended by fortifications, and entered by eight gates. One of the latter, called the New Gate, is formed by a tunnel cut through the Monk's Hill, constructed by Archbishop Sigismund in 1767. The cathedral is a large and splendid marble edifice in the Italian style, built in the seventeenth century. Near it is the former archbishop's palace, now occupied by public offices. In the square in front stands a beautiful marble fountain and a statue of Mozart, who was born here in a house that is still to be seen marked with an inscription. Among the many churches of the town, that of St Peter is remarkable for its monuments, and for a curious old churchyard attached to it. There are numerous convents, one of which, the Benedictine, is among the oldest in Germany, and has a fine library. The Lyceum, formerly a university, has also a library of 36,000 volumes and 300 MSS. There are other schools, a theatre, several hospitals, &c., in the town. The manufactures comprise leather, iron wire, and pottery; the trade is considerable; and two annual markets are held. Salzburg is still the seat of an archbishop; also of the provincial government and courts of law. Pop. (1851), exclusive of the military, 17,009.

Samakov, a town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, at the foot of the north slope of the Balkan hills, in the Sandjak, and 30 miles S.E. of Sophia. It is defended by an embattled wall, flanked with towers; and has manufactures of heavy iron goods, the materials for which are obtained from the mines in the vicinity. Pop. 5000.