The establishments themselves, with their buildings and apparatus, their masters and pupils, are called conservatories or academies. In another sense, the term school of music is applied to the district or the country in which a particular style and manner of composition has been practised and taught by eminent musicians. Thus, we speak of the Flemish, the German, the French, the Italian schools of music. In Flanders arose the oldest school of music in Europe. The greatest contrapuntists of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were Flemings, many of whom visited or established themselves in various countries, more especially the Italian states, practising and teaching their art. Thus, the famous Flemish composer, Josquin Desprez, was established in the chapel of Pope Sixtus IV. from 1471 to 1481; and Adrian Willaert founded the Venetian school of music in 1527. After the close of the seventeenth century, Flanders ceased to possess a distinctive school of music. According to Padre Martini (Saggio di Contrappunto Fugato, parte 2a, pagine 207-8), the Neapolitan school of music was founded by King Ferdinand of Arragon in the latter part of the fifteenth century. In the same work, page 194, Padre Martini reckons five great schools of music in Italy, subdivided into a great number of particular schools named after distinguished masters. 1. The Roman School of Palestrina, the two brothers Nanni, O. Benevoli, and F. Foggia. 2. The Venetian School of Adrian Willaert, Zarlino, and Lotti. 3. The Neapolitan School of Rodio, Scarlatti, Leo, and Durante. 4. The Lombard School of Porta, Monteverde, Ponzio, and Vecchi. 5. The Bolognese School of Rota, Giacobbi, Colonna, and Perti. To these last the name of Martini himself should be added. Some writers divide the schools of Italy geographically into three, viz.—1. The School of Lower Italy (the Neapolitan), which is distinguished by variety of expression; 2. That of Middle Italy (the Roman and Bolognese), the character of which is purity and grandeur of style; 3. That of Upper Italy (the Venetian and Lombard), which was marked by its forcible colouring. In the last century there were at Naples four conservatories of music, which, in 1806, were all united into a royal academy of music. In 1818 the writer of this article found it in a very low and useless condition. At Venice, in 1819, he found that the only conservatory remaining (out of four existing in the last century) was that of La Pietà, under Signor Agostino Perotti, who said that it was starved by the Austrian government. At Bologna, in 1819, the musical academy was the Liceo, and Padre Mattei, the successor of P. Martini, was then old and feeble. At Milan, in 1819, the conservatory (founded in 1807) was thriving and well conducted. It is now the only important conservatory remaining in Italy. (See CONSERVATORY, MARTINI, and MATTEI.) (G. F. G.)

SCHÖNEBECK, a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, circle and 10 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the left bank of the Elbe, and on the railway between Magdeburg and Leipzig. It is an old town, and contains a brewery, distillery, paper-mills, and manufactories of white-lead and chemical substances. But it is chiefly remarkable for its salt-work, which is the largest in the kingdom, employing one thousand men, and yielding yearly about 672,000 cwt. of salt. Pop. 8526.

SCHÖNHAIDE, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, among the Erz Mountains, 15 miles E. of Plauen. It has manufactures of nails, tin ware, brushes, lace, embroidery, &c. Pop. 4468.

SCHÖNLINDE, a market-town of Bohemia, in the circle and 36 miles N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. It has manufactures of linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, stockings, and yarn; also bleach-fields; and in the vicinity there are stone-quarries and alum-mines. Pop. 4107.

SCHOUTEN, Francis, a Dutch mathematician of some note, regarding the date of whose birth or life nothing almost is known. He must have flourished during the seventeenth century, for his death is known to have taken place in 1659. He was professor of mathematics at Leyden, and taught there, at an unusually early period, the algebra of Descartes and the infinitesimal calculus. He published, in 1646, a tract on the conic sections; and in 1649 a Latin translation, coupled with a learned commentary on Descartes' Geometry. In 1651 were published his Principia Mathematicae; and in 1657 his Exercitationes Mathematicae, which contained some curious and interesting examples of the application of algebra to geometry.