UNIVERSITY OF FRANCE.

France, before the revolution, contained twenty-three universities, of which the most important have already been described. The others were those of Aix, Angers, Avignon, Besançon, Bourges, Bordeaux, Caen, Cahors, Dijon, Dole, Nantes, Orange, Pau, Perpignan, Poitiers, Pont-à-Mousson, Reims, Strasbourg, and Valence. These venerable institutions disappeared during the revolution, and the public education of the country was for some time left without any legislative support. After several unsuccessful attempts to establish a national system, an Imperial University was instituted by Napoleon I. in 1808, which, with some modifications, has survived the various changes of government which the country has since undergone. The University of France embraces the whole system of national education, and includes all the institutions for imparting instruction which are spread over the whole kingdom, from the lowest schools up to the imperial lyceums and the academies. The term is thus to be considered as synonymous with the French national system of education. The university is placed under the control of the minister of public instruction as president, with a vice-president, secretary, and a council consisting of twenty-nine members, to some of whom special duties of supervision are assigned. Subordinate to this council are the inspectors-general of the university, who are required to examine once a year the institutions of every description, each within a certain district assigned to him, and to transmit a report to the council. The university is composed of seventeen academies, each of which comprehends two, three, or more of the departments into which the kingdom is divided, and contains one or more imperial lyceums. The presiding officer of each academy is the rector, who is appointed by the minister of public instruction, and is assisted by a secretary and a staff of inspectors. The governing body of each academy has the superintendence of all the communal colleges, institutions, pensions (boarding schools), normal schools, or schools for the education of teachers, and primary schools within the district which the seminary comprehends. Besides the superintending body, the academy includes the teaching corps, or faculties; namely, the faculties of letters, sciences, medicine, law, and theology, all of which, however, do not actually exist in every academy. The faculties contain a variable number of professors, one of whom is dean, and a committee of whom examine candidates for degrees. The degrees conferred are those of Bachelor, Licentiate, and Doctor; and for the attainment of each a definite course of study is prescribed. There are, however, certain institutions which are not subject to the jurisdiction of the university; as the Imperial College of France, the Museum of Natural History, the Ecole des Chartes, School of Oriental Languages, the French Institute, and societies of all kinds for the advancement of knowledge.

The imperial lyceums, which represent the great public schools in this country, and receive pupils between the ages of seven and seventeen, are supported chiefly by the government; and the salaries of the professors are paid from the budget of the minister of public instruction. In each there is a regular staff of professors, and a course of instruction qualifying for the degree of bachelor of letters is afforded. The students are divided into two classes, the internes and externes, or boarders and day-scholars. The communal colleges, which represent the better class of our initiatory schools, are supported principally by the communes in which they are situate; some of them have endowments, but the majority depend chiefly for their support on the fees paid by the students. The professors or teachers receive small salaries.

There are six faculties of Catholic theology: at Aix, Bordeaux, Lyon, Paris, Rouen, and Toulouse (those of Aix, Rouen, and Toulouse not being in operation); and two of Protestant theology: one of the Lutheran or Augsburg Confession, at Strasbourg; and another, of the Calvinist or Helvetic Confession, at Montauban, under the academy of Toulouse. The faculties of law are nine: at Aix, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, and Toulouse. There are three faculties of medicine: at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasbourg; twenty-two preparatory schools of medicine and pharmacy: at Marseille, Besançon, Bordeaux, Caen, Rouen, Clermont, Dijon, Lille, Arras, Amiens, Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Reims, Poitiers, Tours, Limoges, Rennes, Nantes, Angers, and Toulouse; and superior schools of pharmacy at Paris and Strasbourg. The faculties of sciences and letters are in operation in all the academies, with the exception of that recently instituted at Chambéry.

In order to become a student in the faculty of law or theology, a person must have taken the degree of bachelor of letters; and a course of three years in either faculty is requisite to obtain the degree of bachelor; for the degree of doctor, four years; and to obtain the degree of doctor in divinity, the candidate must defend a final and general thesis. Candidates for the degree of doctor in medicine must have taken the degree of bachelor of letters, and also of sciences, and must complete a course of four years. The faculties of law and medicine at Paris are greatly distinguished.

The following table contains a list of the Academies which constitute the University of France, the number of territorial departments included in each academical district, the faculties, professors, and annual public expenditure on each academy, and the number of imperial lyceums and communal colleges which are under the supervision of each academy:

| Academies | Departments | Faculties | Professors | Annual Expenditure | Imperial Lyceums | Communal Colleges | |-----------|------------|----------|-----------|-------------------|-----------------|------------------| | Aix | 6 | 4 | 57 | 1,688 | 4 | 16 | | Besançon | 3 | 2 | 21 | 3,132 | 4 | 14 | | Bordeaux | 5 | 3 | 49 | 4,655 | 4 | 14 | | Caen | 6 | 4 | 47 | 7,137 | 6 | 18 | | Clermont | 6 | 4 | 17 | 2,904 | 3 | 14 | | Dijon | 6 | 4 | 29 | 5,089 | 4 | 17 | | Dole | 5 | 2 | 29 | 6,023 | 5 | 25 | | Grenoble | 4 | 3 | 28 | 4,714 | 2 | 7 | | Lyon | 4 | 3 | 31 | 4,680 | 4 | 6 | | Montpellier| 4 | 2 | 21 | 3,249 | 3 | 16 | | Nancy | 4 | 2 | 21 | 3,249 | 3 | 16 | | Paris | 9 | 5 | 140 | 43,750 | 10 | 19 | | Poitiers | 7 | 4 | 63 | 8,768 | 7 | 10 | | Rennes | 7 | 4 | 62 | 7,928 | 7 | 16 | | Reims | 7 | 4 | 62 | 7,928 | 7 | 16 | | Strasbourg| 2 | 8 | 64 | 13,202 | 2 | 10 | | Toulouse | 8 | 4 | 46 | 6,004 | 5 | 17 | | Chambéry | | | | | 1 | 6 | | Total | 89 | 51 | 697 | 145,621 | 71 | 236 |

Had space permitted, it would have been very desirable to give a short account of some of the great German universities; but, while admitting their claim to a notice in detail, we are reluctantly constrained to satisfy ourselves with the following statistical table, which embraces all the continental universities. The returns from which it has been compiled were obtained through the kindness of Lord John Russell, her Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and may, it is believed, be relied on. We have pleasure in recording this additional proof of the interest which his Lordship has uniformly manifested in everything connected with the advancement of knowledge and social progress. We regret that no returns have been received from Russia, Spain, or Tuscany. ### Universities

**List of the Continental Universities (exclusive of that of France), with the date of Foundation, the number of Students and Professors, the Yearly Expenditure, &c., generally for Session 1858-59.**

| Countries | Name | Date of Foundation | Students | Teachers | |-----------|------|-------------------|----------|----------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Remarks

Students pay, besides, a small matriculation fee, for lectures at the rate of 2s. 6d. per session for law students. At Vienna there were also 167 private students in the Evangelical Theological faculty, founded there in 1838, an independent State establishment. The law faculty at Olmütz was abolished in 1849. Considerable work is done at Strasbourg University in a school of surgery, with 230 students.

Students pay a matriculation fee of from 2s. 6d. to 1s. 6d., according to their rank, on entering the university, and a like sum annually thereafter; and on taking degrees—for doctor, from L.12 to L.30; and for master, from L.4 to L.9, according to the faculty.

The fees vary according to the number of hours per week and the character of the course.

Students pay from 2s. 6d. to 1s. 6d. per session for each course of lectures.

Students pay from 1s. 6d. to L.12, per do., do.

Matriculation fee, 1s.; annual fee for all the classes in each of the faculties, from L.12 to L.12. Theology is taught in the theological seminaries connected with the several dioceses.

Students pay on matriculation, at Copenhagen, L.12; at Kiel, L.12; for private lectures from L.12.10d. to L.12.25, per course. Students pay no fees.

Public lectures free; private instruction from L.12. to L.12.10d. per session.

Matriculation fee, 1s.; other fees at the rate of 6s. an hour per week in the seminaries.

The universities are supported by the State, the seminaries by the communes in which they are established. Besides an entrance fee and a fee on graduation, students pay for lectures from L.12.10d. to L.12.10d. per session.

Students pay annually at the rate of 1s. for each hour per week.

(Fees for a complete course in any of the faculties from L.5 to L.17, 10s. Theology is taught in the theological seminaries.)

The theological course is followed, in the provinces, at the Episcopal seminaries; and, in Rome, at the schools of the Roman College, in those of the seminary of St. Apollinaris, and at the "Preacher-Fathers." The fees paid by the students at these universities amount to about L.5 a year.

Fees—a small entrance fee, and L.12.10d. on graduation.

(Fees from L.4.10d. to L.5.10d. per session. Attached to the university is a lyceum, with 12 professors and 53 students. Public lectures free. Matriculation fee, 1s.; private lectures from L.12. to L.12.10d. per session.

Public lectures free. Matriculation fee, L.1.5s.; private lectures from L.12. to L.12.10d. per session.

(Fees for private lectures, from 1s. 6d. to L.12.10d. *Exclusive of 917 unmatriculated students from the military academy, &c.*

Fees for private lectures on an average 1s. for five hours a week per session.

In each of the Russian universities there are four faculties—1. a historical faculty; 2. a historic philological faculty; 3. a mathematical faculty; 4. a medical faculty, with the addition at St Petersburg of a faculty of oriental languages.

Matriculation fee 2s., and a very small fee for private lectures.

Students pay matriculation fees and fees on taking each examination, the total amount in the theological faculty being from L.5 to L.35; in law, L.35; in medicine, L.35; and philosophy, L.12.10d.

Fees for private lectures about 1s. a session, four hours a week.

The fees are paid on taking degrees, and vary in the several faculties from L.5 to L.24 in all.

Students pay no fees for the lectures, but from L.1. 2s. 6d. to L.1.7s. for matriculation. Private instruction is paid for at L.1.10d. per session.

Students pay a matriculation fee of 1s., and from L.1.10d. to L.2s. for the lectures, according to the number of hours per week.

Since 1831, Siena has only had faculties of theology and law, and Florence only those of law and medicine.

Fees for a session of five hours a week, 2s. in theology and philosophy, and 1s. in law and medicine. To render our account of the seminaries for higher education as complete as possible, we have added, from the American Almanac for 1859, a list of the Colleges and Professional Schools in the United States. We have joined, from the same source, lists of the medical, theological, and law schools.

### Colleges

| No. | Name | Place | Founded | Instructors | Students | |-----|-------------------------------|-------------|---------|-------------|----------| | 1 | Bowdoin | Brunswick | 1794 | 10 | 196 | | 2 | Waterville | Waterville | 1793 | 11 | 249 | | 3 | Dartmouth | Hanover | 1769 | 11 | 249 | | 4 | University of Vermont | Burlington | 1791 | 7 | 104 | | 5 | Middlebury | Middlebury | 1809 | 6 | 82 | | 6 | St. John's University | Cambridge | 1638 | 24 | 409 | | 7 | Harvard University | Cambridge | 1795 | 9 | 224 | | 8 | Amherst | Amherst | 1821 | 12 | 221 | | 9 | Holy Cross | Worcester | 1843 | 5 | 50 | | 10 | Tufts College | Medford | 1824 | 5 | 50 | | 11 | Brown University | Providence | 1764 | 10 | 204 | | 12 | Yale University | New Haven | 1701 | 12 | 221 | | 13 | Trinity | Hartford | 1825 | 12 | 60 | | 14 | Wesleyan University | Middletown | 1831 | 7 | 151 | | 15 | Columbia | New York | 1754 | 14 | 23 | | 16 | Union | Schoharie | 1825 | 14 | 23 | | 17 | Hamilton | Clinton | 1812 | 8 | 23 | | 18 | Madison University | Hamilton | 1846 | 5 | 445 | | 19 | Rutgers University | New Brunswick| 1825 | 6 | 60 | | 20 | University of Rochester | Rochester | 1850 | 8 | 165 | | 21 | St. John's | Freeland | 1840 | 12 | 50 | | 22 | Princeton University | Princeton | 1819 | 12 | 221 | | 23 | Rutgers | New Brunswick| 1770 | 7 | 106 | | 24 | Burlington | Burlington | 1816 | 20 | 118 | | 25 | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia| 1755 | 12 | 129 | | 26 | Dickinson | Carlisle | 1833 | 12 | 129 | | 27 | Jefferson | Canonsburg | 1802 | 10 | 222 | | 28 | Washington | Washington | 1806 | 6 | 103 | | 29 | Pennsylvania | Harrisburg | 1811 | 12 | 221 | | 30 | Pennsylvania | Gettysburg | 1822 | 7 | 70 | | 31 | Lafayette | Easton | 1822 | 6 | 100 | | 32 | Princeton and Marshall | Lambertville| 1849 | 4 | 46 | | 33 | University at Lewisburg | Lewisburg | 1849 | 4 | 46 | | 34 | Polytechnic | Philadelphia| 1853 | 6 | 34 | | 35 | Delaware | Newark | 1824 | 12 | 129 | | 36 | St. Mary's | Annapolis | 1784 | 6 | 115 | | 37 | St. Charles' | Ellict's Mills| 1855 | 4 | 122 | | 38 | St. Mary's | Easton | 1855 | 4 | 122 | | 39 | St. James' | Washington | 1819 | 12 | 129 | | 40 | Washington | Washington | 1819 | 12 | 129 | | 41 | Georgetown | Georgetown | 1783 | 5 | 70 | | 42 | Georgetown | D.C. | 1792 | 21 | 245 | | 43 | Georgetown | Alexandria | 1821 | 6 | 66 | | 44 | William and Mary | Williamsburg| 1692 | 6 | 66 | | 45 | Hampden-Sydney | Prince Ed. Co.| 1776 | 5 | 119 | | 46 | Hampden-Sydney | Lexington | 1819 | 14 | 163 | | 47 | Hampden-Sydney | Lexington | 1819 | 14 | 163 | | 48 | University of Virginia | Boydston | 1832 | 6 | 76 | | 49 | Randolph-Macon | Washington | 1838 | 5 | 54 | | 50 | Emory and Henry | Taylor Co. | 1838 | 5 | 54 | | 51 | Emory and Henry | Marietta | 1841 | 6 | 141 | | 52 | Richmond | Richmond | 1840 | 6 | 93 | | 53 | Virginia Military Institute | Charlottesville| 1829 | 5 | 100 | | 54 | University of N. Carolina | Chapel Hill | 1836 | 7 | 99 | | 55 | Davidson | Mecklenburg Co.| 1836 | 7 | 99 | | 56 | Wake Forest | Forestville | 1828 | 5 | 76 | | 57 | South Carolina | Columbia | 1816 | 20 | 209 | | 58 | South Carolina | Athens | 1785 | 10 | 169 | | 59 | Oglethorpe | Oglethorpe | 1828 | 5 | 97 | | 60 | Mercer University | Pensfield | 1838 | 8 | 89 | | 61 | Wesleyan Female | Macon | 1839 | 9 | 180 | | 62 | University of Tennessee | Knoxville | 1826 | 11 | 144 | | 63 | Florence Wesleyan | Florence | 1826 | 5 | 50 | | 64 | Spring Hill | Spring Hill | 1830 | 20 | 36 | | 65 | Howard | Marion | 1848 | 6 | 82 | | 66 | Howard | Marion | 1848 | 6 | 82 | | 67 | University of Mississippi | Oxford | 1848 | 9 | 163 | | 68 | Mississippi College | Clinton | 1851 | 5 | 48 | | 69 | Campbell College | Centre Hill | 1854 | 10 | 145 | | 70 | Cumberland | Cumberland | 1789 | 3 | 22 | | 71 | Washington | Washington Co.| 1795 | 3 | 22 | | 72 | University of Nashville | Nashville | 1873 | 4 | 66 | | 73 | East Tennessee | Knoxville | 1806 | 4 | 66 | | 74 | Cumberland University | Lebanon | 1844 | 11 | 165 | | 75 | Jackson | Jackson | 1833 | 8 | 84 | | 76 | Greenville | Greenville | 1796 | 2 | 29 | | 77 | Transylvania | Lexington | 1798 | 8 | 23 | | 78 | Transylvania | Lexington | 1798 | 8 | 23 | | 79 | Kentucky Military Institute | Frankfort Springs| 1846 | 2 | 533 | | 80 | Paducah | Paducah | 1832 | 6 | 18 |

### Medical Schools

| Name | Place | Founded | Professors | Students | |-------------------------------|-------------|---------|------------|---------| | Maine Medical School | Brunswick | 1829 | 2 | 55 | | New Hampshire Medical School | Hanover | 1829 | 2 | 55 | | Castleton Medical College | Castleton, Vermont| 1818 | 10 | 104 | | Med. Dep. University, Vermont | Burlington | 1837 | 6 | 49 | | Vermont Medical College | Woodstock | 1837 | 6 | 49 | | Berkshire Medical School | Pittsfield | 1823 | 5 | 103 | | Berkshire Medical School | Pittsfield | 1823 | 5 | 103 | | Med. Institution, Yale Coll. | N. Haven, Connecticut| 1813 | 6 | 29 | | Med. Institution, Gen. Coll. | New York, New York| 1813 | 6 | 29 | | Med. Faculty, Univ. N.Y. | New York | 1831 | 9 | 300 | | Albany Medical College | Albany | 1831 | 9 | 114 | | Jefferson Medical College | Philadelphia| 1824 | 7 | 514 | | Med. Dep., Pennsylvania Coll.| Pittsburgh | 1839 | 8 | 140 | | Med. School, Univ. Maryland | Baltimore | 1867 | 6 | 100 | | Washington Medical College | Baltimore, Maryland| 1827 | 6 | 25 | | Med. Dep., Columbia Coll. | Washington, D.C.| 1851 | 8 | 17 | | Med. Dep., Georgetown Coll. | Washington, D.C.| 1851 | 8 | 17 | | Med. Dep., Univ. Virginia | Charlottesville| 1819 | 4 | 113 | | Med. Dep., Hampton, Sd. Coll. | Richmond | 1838 | 7 | 90 | | Med. Coll., State of Carolina | Winston-Salem| 1838 | 2 | 2 | | Medical College of Georgia | Augusta, Georgia| 1829 | 8 | 158 | | Medical Dep., Univ. Louisiana | New Orleans, Louisiana| 1830 | 8 | 222 | | Med. Dep., Univ. Nashville | Nashville | 1830 | 8 | 419 | | Med. Dep., E. Tennessee Univ.| Knoxville | 1856 | 8 | 8 | | Med. Dep., Transylvania Univ.| Lexington | 1856 | 8 | 8 | | Med. Dep., Univ. Louisville | Louisville | 1857 | 8 | 8 | | Med. Dep., West Virginia Coll.| Lexington | 1844 | 6 | 160 | | Medical College of Ohio | Cincinnati | 1839 | 8 | 139 | | Med. Dep., Homestead Univ. | Cleveland | 1847 | 6 | 124 | | Med. Dep., Univ. Chicago | Chicago, Illinois| 1847 | 6 | 79 | | Med. Dep., Univ. Michigan | Ann Arbor | 1850 | 7 | 137 | | Med. Dep., Univ. of Louisi. | St Louis, Missouri| 1850 | 7 | 137 | | Med. Dep., Univ. Minnesota | Minneapolis | 1846 | 7 | 103 | | Med. Dep., State Univ. | Iowa City | 1849 | 6 | 80 | | Med. Dep., State University | Madison, Wisconsin| 1856 | 6 | 6 | **UNST. See Shetland.**

**UNDERWALDEN,** a canton of Switzerland, and one of the three that formed the original confederacy; bounded on the N. by the Lake of Luzern, E. by the canton of Uri, S. by that of Bern, and W. by that of Luzern. Its length from N.E. to S.W. is 25 miles, its breadth 21, and its area 262 square miles. It is entirely a mountainous country; and is enclosed on every side but the north by branches of the Alps, diverging from the central group of St. Gotard. One ridge, in which are the mountains Geisburg and Brünig, stretches along the southern border; another, containing the summits of Titlis (10,500 feet), Wallenstock, and Rothstock, each more than 8000 feet, divides it from Uri on the east; and a third, culminating in Mount Pilatus, (7000 feet), separates it from Luzern on the west. In the interior, the country is hilly rather than mountainous, and consists of two parallel valleys, sloping towards the Lake of Luzern in the north. Through the eastern of these flows the Engelberg Aa, and through the western the Sarner Aa, both falling into the Lake of Luzern. These are the only important rivers in the canton. Besides the Lake of Luzern, about a fourth part of which belongs to the canton, there are two others of much smaller size—that of Lunger, in which the Engelberg Aa rises, at the foot of the mountains in the south-east; and that of Sarnen, through which the Sarner Aa flows. The prevalent geological formation is chalk, in which a number of caverns occur. The soil is generally fertile; but as nearly the whole surface is occupied by mountains and hills, there is little ground fit for agriculture, and the canton is for the most part a pastoral country. Vines have been grown in some parts, but the wine is not good. The forests are extensive, stretching far up the mountain sides, and yielding valuable timber; while lower down there are plantations of chestnut-trees, and orchards yielding apples and pears. On the side of the Alps, at a great height, there is good pasture in summer, on which many cows are bred; and their milk is made into cheese, which is very highly esteemed in Switzerland and Italy. In the year 1854 Unterwalden contained 308 horses, 13,107 horned cattle, 4822 sheep, 7092 goats, and 4086 swine. In the same year there were 9100 milch cows in the country; and there were produced upwards of 21,000 cwt. of cheese, and 3500 cwt. of butter. The canton has no manufactures, nor is it favourably situated for trade. It exports cattle, cheese, butter, hides, and timber; and imports corn, wine, salt, manufactured goods, &c. It is divided into two parts, called Obwalden and Nidwalden, from their position above or below the forest of Kern, near the centre. The capital of Obwalden is Sarnen; that of Nidwalden, Stanz. These two divisions form separate states, having distinct administrations; and they each send one member to the national council, and one to the council of states. The inhabitants of both are of German origin, and speak a dialect of that language. They are a simple, pastoral people, attached to their ancient customs, and bigoted in their faith, which is that of the Roman Catholic Church, under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Chur. There are thirteen parish churches and five convents. The sovereignty is vested in the whole of the males above twenty, who assemble annually to appoint the government, and approve or reject the measures proposed by the legislature. The government thus appointed consists of a landammann, or president of the state, and an executive council. The people also appoint a legislative council. This account of

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**Theological Schools.**

| Name | Place | Denomination | Commenced | Op. No. | Professors | |------|-------|--------------|-----------|--------|-----------| | Bangor Theo. Seminary | Bangor | Cong. | 1816 | 4 | 40 | | Meth. Gen. Bib. Institute | Concord | Cong. | 1816 | 4 | 40 | | Gilmanston Theo. Seminary | Gilmanston | Cong. | 1825 | 2 | 25 | | N. Hampton Theo. Sem. | N. Hampton | Cong. | 1825 | 2 | 25 | | Theo. Dep. Yale College | New Haven, Conn. | Cong. | 1827 | 2 | 10 | | Theo. Inst. Episc. Church | New York, N.Y. | Presby. | 1817 | 5 | 58 | | Hamilton Theo. Seminary | Hamilton | Baptist | 1821 | 2 | 20 | | Rochester Theo. Seminary | Rochester | Lutheran | 1816 | 2 | 5 | | Hartwick Theo. Seminary | Hartwick | Dutch Ref. Ch. | 1814 | 2 | 15 | | Th. Semi. Dutch Ref. Ch. | Brunswick, N.J. | Dutch Ref. Ch. | 1814 | 2 | 15 | | Th. Semi. Presbyt. Church | Princeton | Presbyt. | 1812 | 2 | 15 | | Western Theo. Seminary | Lexington, Ky. | Presbyt. | 1828 | 2 | 48 | | Theo. Dep. Yale Univ. | New Haven, Conn. | Cong. | 1827 | 2 | 10 | | Western Theo. School | Madison, Wis. | Cong. | 1844 | 2 | 17 | | Th. Dep. Lewisburg Univ. | Lewisburg, Va. | Baptist | 1854 | 2 | 15 | | St. Mark's Theo. Inst. | Fairlawn, N.Y. | Presbyt. | 1824 | 2 | 20 | | Prince Ed Co. | Prince Ed Co. | Baptist | 1832 | 2 | 67 | | Theo. Sem. Kenton College | Kenton, Ohio | Cong. | 1832 | 2 | 67 | | Lexington Theo. Seminary | Lexington | Lutheran | 1832 | 2 | 10 | | Fairfield Dist. | Fairfield Dist. | Baptist | 1836 | 2 | 10 | | Howard Theo. Institution | Marietta, Ohio | Asso. Ch. | 1844 | 2 | 10 | | Western Bap. Theo. Inst. | Georgetown, Ky. | Baptist | 1854 | 2 | 15 | | Southwest Theo. Seminary | Danville, Ky. | Presbyt. | 1831 | 2 | 10 | | Theo. Sem. Camb. Univ. | Lebanon | Cong. | 1834 | 2 | 33 | | Theo. Dep. St. Louis Univ. | St. Louis, Mo. | Cong. | 1829 | 4 | 14 | | Theo. Sem. Kenyon College | Gambier, Ohio | Presbyt. | 1837 | 2 | 13 | | Grant Theo. Seminary | Hudson | Presbyt. | 1839 | 2 | 14 | | Oberlin Theo. Department | Oberlin | Baptist | 1842 | 2 | 8 | | Th. Semi. Ass. Ref. Church. | Springfield | Cong. | 1843 | 2 | 12 | | Wittenberg Theo. Seminary | Springfield | W. Lutheran | 1845 | 2 | 6 | | New Albany Th. Seminary | New Albany, Ind. | Presbyt. | 1832 | 2 | 10 | | Alton Theo. Seminary | Upper Alton, Ill. | Baptist | 1835 | 2 | 10 |

**Law Schools.**

| Name | Place | Founded | Professors | |------|-------|---------|-----------| | Dane Law School, H. Univ. | Cambridge, Mass. | 1817 | 2 | | Law School, Yale College | New Haven, Conn. | 1814 | 2 | | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa | 1850 | 2 | | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia, Penn. | 1850 | 2 | | Williams and Mary College | Williamsburg, Virginia | 1872 | 2 | | Law School, Univ. of Virginia | Charlottesville | 1825 | 2 | | North Carolina University | Chapel Hill, N.C. | 1836 | 2 | | University of Louisiana | N. Orleans, Louisiana | 1845 | 2 | | Transylvania University | Lexington, Kentucky | 1847 | 2 | | Univ. of Kentucky | Lexington, Kentucky | 1847 | 2 | | Cumberland University | Lebanon, Tennessee | 1847 | 2 | | Law School, Cincinnati Coll. | Cincinnati, Ohio | 1823 | 2 | | Indiana State University | Bloomington, Indiana | 1849 | 2 | | Indiana Univ. of Evansville | Evansville | 1855 | 2 | | Hamilton College Law School | Clinton, New York | 1855 | 2 | | N. Y. State & National Law, &c. | Poughkeepsie, N. Y. | 1845 | 2 | | University of Mississippi | Oxford, Mississippi | 1845 | 2 |

(The following authorities have been consulted—Bailul Historia Universitatis Parisiensis; Crevin's Hist. de l'Université de Paris; Conringii De Antiq. Acad. Dissert.; Itiner De Honoriique seu Gradibus Academicis Liber; Middendorpil Acis, Collectio Universalis Terrarum Orbis Libri VIII; Rabuffi De Scholasticorum ac Privilegiis; Savigny's Gesch. des Rechts im Mittelalter; Melnere's Geschichte der Höhen Schulen; Hallam's Middle Ages; Hallam's Lit. of Europe; Berlington's Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages; Melden on the Origin of Universities; Sir W. Hamilton's Discov. on Ed. and Univ. Reform; Waddington's Hist. of the Church; Wood's Hist. and Antig. of the Univ. of Oxford; Ayllife's Antient and Present State of the University of Oxford; Chalmers' Hist. of the Univ. of Oxford; Report of the Oxford Univ. Commission; Oxford University Calendar; Dyer's History of the Univ. of Cambridge; Dyer's Privileges of the University of Cambridge; Report of the Cambridge University Commission; Cambridge University Calendar; London University Calendar; Durham University Calendar; McCulloch's Statist. Accounts of the British Emp.; Reports of the Royal Commissions of Inquiry into the State of the Universities of Scotland; McCrie's Life of Melville; Monumenta Universitatis Glasguensis; Fasti Aberdonensis; Ordinances issued by the Commissioners under the Universities (Scotland) Act; Quarterly Journal of Education; Report of the Dublin Univ. Commission; Dublin University Calendar; Queen's University Calendar, &c.)

(G.F. and A.H.B.) the government applies to both the states that form the canton; but they differ in the numbers of the different councils, and in other slight particulars. Unterwalden is required to furnish a contingent of 382 men to the national army. Pop. (1850) 23,138.

UPSAL or UPPSALA, a city of Sweden, capital of a province of the same name, on the Sala, 47 miles N.W. of Stockholm. It is a fine old-fashioned town, and covers a considerable area of ground, the streets being generally wide and regular, and most of the houses having gardens attached to them. Many of the houses are of wood. The cathedral, though only of brick, is a very beautiful Gothic edifice, erected between 1258 and 1435. It is 330 feet in length by 140 in width, and has a fine west front flanked with towers. The interior is lofty and well proportioned, and contains tombs of Linnaeus and various of the kings of Sweden. The university of Upsala was founded by Sten Sture in 1477, and has faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy. In 1859 it had 31 professors, and was attended by 1451 students. Connected with the university are a library of about 130,000 volumes and 7000 MSS.; a museum, in the hall of which is a statue of Linnaeus by Bystrom; a valuable cabinet of coins; botanic garden, and observatory. Upsala possesses few manufactures, and carries on but little external trade, the inhabitants being chiefly connected with, or dependent on, the university. It is the seat of an archbishop, who is primus of the kingdom. Pop. (1855) 8006. The laen, or province of Upsala, has an area of 2067 square miles, and a population of (1855) 90,828. It contains the iron mines of Dannemora, the largest and richest in Sweden.