Veterinary once with this, both in health and disease, that practice can alone be based. To one ignorant here, all is obscure; his treatment must be undecided, and of course unsatisfactory. The diseases of the organ are, to a remarkable extent, the result of the domesticity to which we have subjected the lower animals, and especially the horse; in our stables they are ever forcing themselves upon our notice, while so long as he is running wild, and breathing the untainted air, they are never seen, and in the other animals, with the exception of the dog, they are but rarely witnessed.

The front of the ball of the eye, and the inner surface of the eyelids, are covered with a membrane, the conjunctiva, most of whose blood-vessels are colourless. This membrane is the seat of common OPTHALMIA, in common speech, of inflamed eye. Whatever irritates, inflames; and hence we see how the application of any foreign body, a few particles of sand, or a hair, may produce ophthalmia. This is the only disease of the eye which has been noted in cattle, and arising solely from the cause now mentioned. Sometimes these bodies are actually impacted into the membrane; a straw or hay seed may be so fixed, that all the efforts of the animal may fail in removing it; the eye becomes red and troublesome, and hence the importance, in all cases, of carefully examining the organ, and satisfying ourselves there is no cause of external irritation present. It is not, however, to be supposed that these foreign bodies are the sole cause of ophthalmia in the horse. From the state of the constitution, exposure to weather, and often the contamination of a filthy stable, idiopathic ophthalmia arises. The conjunctiva and its offshoots, towards the lachrymal gland, and elsewhere, are implicated. It is found universally red and inflamed, the eye is very sensitive to light, it waters much, and there is pain. This may excite general fever, or it may not; and this is always an important element. It may continue a long while, and prove troublesome without the deeper parts of the organ being implicated, or they may be involved; and it may be acute, with a tendency to high inflammatory symptoms, or it may be chronic, where there is the very opposite, namely, weakness and debility in the parts, and in the frame; this latter state is apt to be quite as tedious, though not so painful as the former. This distinction should never be forgotten in practice. When called to treat a case of this common ophthalmia, after ascertaining there is no irritation from a foreign body, we are first to examine the state of the stable, that the air is not impure, or too hot. If a horse has previously had inflammation of the eye, this attack may be nothing more than a local affection of the vessels, and possibly a wash, or rather an injection, of some simple collyrium, once or twice a day, is all that is required. These external applications should not be used too strong. Bran mashes should be substituted for corn, and a laxative prescribed; the horse should not be exposed to the inclemency of the weather, and the light in the stable should be moderated. All this may by some be regarded unnecessary and troublesome; but so long as it is a fact that one attack is apt to induce another, and that these in the long-run destroy the sight, it is the greatest folly not to meet, and if possible remove at once, the present ailment, and the future tendency. If the symptoms do not speedily yield to this treatment, we must determine whether there is inflammatory diathesis, or chronic debility; the condition of the animal, of the pulse, of the eye, are all to be considered, and if these show that mischief threatens, the antiphlogistic regimen in all its parts is to be energetically applied, and the eye is to be protected from the stimulus of light; fomentations and injections are carefully to be applied, and setons introduced. These directions are given under the supposition we have to deal with acute ophthalmia. When it is chronic, this treatment would be detrimental, both to the disease and the constitution. In the chronic form, the local treatment generally consists in stimulating collyria and setons, and the constitutional, instead of being lowering, must be strengthening. A peculiar, and not unfrequent cause of irritation we must not omit, which consists in the inversion of the lower eyelid, whereby the eyelashes constantly play upon the eye-ball, and thereby inflame it, constituting the disease called TRICHIASIS. This complaint we have often witnessed in dogs and cattle, but seldom or never in the horse. Pulling out the eye-lashes affords but a temporary relief, as they soon grow again in a wrong position. A part of the loose skin of the eye-lid must itself be removed, by pinching up a portion, and removing it with scissors, and healing with stitches; after this, when the parts heal, the cilia are found restored to their proper position. It is in this connection that NEBULE and SPECKS in the Nebulae cornea are to be considered; the former being more superficial, the latter dipping more deeply into the substance of the part. Directly in the sphere of vision, these of course impede it, and cause obscurity of vision. Even here, we must proceed gently. These blemishes are the pure consequences of inflammation, and this subdued, their tendency is to disappear. Time and nature will do much; and the duty of the practitioner consists in helping forward the salutary process where necessary, by gently stimulating washes, whilst irritating powders should be avoided, especially in dogs. OPEN ULCERS frequently occur in the cornea, and are always to be viewed with alarm, as they may speedily cut deep. They should be delicately touched with a fine point of lunar caustic, by which the morbid action is usually changed.

As the conjunctiva is liable to acute inflammation, so is it with the internal membranes, the choroid, iris, &c. It seldom, however, happens in the lower animals, that an opportunity is afforded of examining these parts under disease separately; and hence, what has been called INFLAMMATION OF THE INTERNAL EYE, SPECIFIC INFLAMMATION, AND MOON BLINDNESS, may be considered as an inflammation of the whole internal parts of the eye. That there is any thing specific about this complaint, we do not believe, although high authorities have proceeded so far as to distinguish it as the specific gouty ophthalmia. All that we are to learn from this is, that the constitution is often at fault, and must be regulated; that there is an inflammatory diathesis, and that every error in diet or treatment tells upon the weakened part. This inflammation is apt to move from one eye to another; and overcome once, to return again and again, (hence its name moon blindness,) till the sight is entirely lost; all which, we believe, is owing mainly to two causes already hinted at; namely, that due care is not taken of the organ in early attacks, and in endeavouring to restore the constitution to sound general health. These views are to be our guides in the treatment; and if this required to be decided in the ophthalmia already dwelt upon, still more is it necessary in that now under consideration. As to the symptoms, this internal inflammation may exist without the external parts participating, but usually they are so involved. One symptom very pathognomonic we must also add; it is a whitish opaque state of the cornea, which supervenes in a few hours, completely obscuring vision, and interfering with our perception of what is going on within the eye. This is not to be viewed as a distinct disease of the cornea, as is often supposed, but merely the result of the fulness and pressure of the parts behind; and were that once relieved, the cornea would immediately regain its transparency. As to treatment, we have scarcely

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1 COLLYRIA. Cooling. Sugar of lead, one drachm; opium wine, one drachm; water, two pounds. Stimulating. Sulph. zinci, two drachms; opium wine, one drachm; water, two pounds; or nitrat. argent., one drachm, aquae distill. one pound. Veterinary any thing to add. The sight, and the whole value of the animal is at stake, and what is done, must be done promptly and thoroughly, and the animal should not be removed from the sick list till he is in sound wholesome condition, sound in lith and limb, when he would be as little liable to future attacks as others.

Cataract. Cataract is an opacity of the lens or its membrane. It may follow as a consequence of the disease last described, when no remedy can be of any use, as the whole organ is disorganized; or it may occur as a pure idiopathic disorder, when, ere long, it will completely obstruct vision. In this form it usually appears in the dog. This complaint can only be remedied by an operation; and extraction being exceedingly difficult in the horse, all attempts to perform it should be relinquished. Couching would be more easily performed. But still the removal of the lens is so detrimental, that it is scarcely worth a trial.

Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye, when pure, is an affection of the retina, or of the brain, which fails to receive the usual impression from light. Professor Coleman had a horse which fell backwards, on one side of the head, and the opposite eye became amaurotic, probably from injury to the brain. A touch of apoplexy often produces the same effect; or it may be acute inflammation of the retina; or chronic, which may never have attracted observation. Depletion may at first be tried; and then the use of setons, attending to the general health. Worms, the filaria already mentioned, (p.636,) occur in our East Indian possessions, in the aqueous humour of the eye of the horse, a curious locality, their occupancy of which is not readily accounted for. Twenty cases sometimes occur during a twelvemonth in a single cavalry stud. On puncturing the cornea, the prisoners escape.

The Ear of the dog is liable to several diseases, of which the internal and external canker are the most considerable. The former consists of irritation and ulceration of the tube, with discharge of matter, sometimes of blood, occasionally closing the ear, and producing deafness; or the ulceration may spread to the internal parts, and produce death. This chiefly occurs in water-dogs. Injections of sugar of lead, white vitriol, or nitrate of silver, are the most powerful local remedies, and the general state of health must be improved. Canker in the outside of the ear appears most frequently in smooth coated dogs; and the same kind of washes, with the decoction of oak bark and iodine ointment, are the most effective remedies. If it does not yield to these, the ear must be rounded, and the disease extirpated.

Cutaneous Affections. The name Surfeit has been given to a crop of small tumors about the size of hemp-seed or large peas, which break out suddenly over the bodies of horses, especially in spring, often beginning at the neck, and frequently disappearing as quickly as they come, being attended occasionally with itchiness. Its pathology is obscure. The digestive organs are supposed to be at fault; and poisonous herbs, a draught of cold water when heated, sudden exposure to cold and damp, calcareous balls, and worms, have been suspected. Moderate bleeding and laxatives form the surest remedies. The somewhat continued use of doses of antimony, nitre, and sulphur, have been much commended. The horse should be comfortably clad, and should receive regular exercise.

Mange is a very common and most loathsome disease of the domestic animals, arising from a cause the very reverse of that implied in the name of Surfeit, being the result of under-feeding, starvation, and neglect. It is in a high degree contagious; for not only contact with an infected animal, but even with the sordes from his body wherever they are found, is sufficient to produce it. While we thus state that mange is common in the lower animals, we mean nothing more than that a disease of the same general character may affect them all. It is sometimes supposed that all these are specifically the same, and that the itch in man, and the mange in the dog, are identical with the disease in the horse, the ox, and the sheep.

This, however, we apprehend is carrying the matter too far. It is said the mange in cattle has been propagated to the horse, and from the horse to cattle; but it is held there is no decided instance of the mange in the dog being communicated to the horse, and still less of the mange of the quadruped being communicated to man, or the itch of man to the quadruped. We may here however mention, that we have seen a herd of cattle labouring under ring-worm, a modification of the complaint, and the two boys who were keeping them were infected with the same complaint. In the Horse, we have noticed two varieties, the one of which is vesicular, and in this we are persuaded animalcule abound, whilst in the other there is only simple disquamation, with oozing of ichor and falling off of the hair. This variety is much the most common in summer. The face, particularly round the eyes and lips, the sides of the neck, the withers, shoulders, axillae, and thighs, are the parts most conspicuously manged. The grand cause we have already hinted is under-nourishment, what is technically called poverty; but when once induced, if care be not taken, it will spread widely. In stables we consider it a token of want of care, and sufficient dressing. When wishing to rid an animal of the complaint, or to guard against its being infected, the most minute attention must be given to its clothing and furniture, as brushes, combs, pails, manger, &c.: these must be purified and kept uncontaminated; after this the cure with a little trouble is readily effected. As to constitutional treatment, gentle laxatives and alteratives should be prescribed, and the food be nourishing and soft. As to local, sulphur ointment, in any of its well-known formulae, combined occasionally with some preparation of mercury, or tar with rape-seed oil, is a sovereign remedy. In Cattle and Sheep, the ichorous matter is apt to collect in the neglected hair and wool, and hence the name Scab-mange, Scab, and Scurf. In commencing the cure, these sordes must be washed off, and salting must be most freely administered. This should be done at the first appearance of the complaint, for when once introduced into a flock it greatly diminishes its value. It seems to spread not so much by direct contact, as from the infected stones, banks, &c. which are the principal resorts of the flock. In Dogs, the disease is obstinate, and exhibits several varieties. One of them is called the Red-mange, in which there is no particular eruption, but a general redness of the skin, which is hot to the touch. Sulphur, sulphuric acid, chlorine, mercurials, tobacco, and hellebore, are the local remedies, and laxative and alterative medicines, with abundant light feeding, the general.

Erysipelas in sheep appears in various slight modifications, which have received different names. Wildfire is said to be generally shown itself at the beginning of winter, and first attacks the breast and belly. The skin inflames and rises into blisters, containing a reddish fluid, which escapes and forms a dark scab. The animal sometimes fevers. Venesection should be used, the skin should be washed with a solution of sugar of lead or with lime water, and physic given, such as salts and sulphur; afterwards a few doses of nitre. Under a somewhat severer form, it is apt to spread quickly among the flock. It appears generally in autumn, and does not continue above eight days at a time, although the sheep once affected are liable to a relapse. The treatment is the same as in wildfire, but somewhat more vigorous. Mallenders is the name given to a Mallencury and somewhat obstinate eruption on the inside of the hock of the horse in the fore-leg, and Sallenders to Saller, a similar affection in the hind one. Washing with solutions of corrosive sublimate, or with sugar of lead, or anointing with iodine ointment, with an occasional laxative, and Saddle-diuretic, should effect a cure. Saddle-galls are sore galls. Veterinary arising from the friction of the saddle, for which a strong solution of salt with tincture of myrrh is a good application, whilst attention should be paid to the padding of the saddle. The tumors which sometimes result from the pressure of the saddle go by the name of Warbles; to which, when they ulcerate, the name of Sitfasts is applied, from the callous skin which adheres to their centre. Goulard water may be used to disperse the swelling; a digestive ointment will remove the sitfast, and the sore should be healed with a solution of sulphate of zinc.

Grease. The well-known and unsightly disease called Grease, is a morbid secretion from the cutaneous pores of the heels and neighbouring parts, of a peculiar greasy offensive matter, attended with irritation and increased vascular action. It is most frequently seen in coach and cart horses, but often also in young colts which are badly cared for; it is most common in the hind feet, but occurs in all. Its main cause seems to be sudden changes in the condition of the foot from dry to wet, and from heat to cold, greatly augmented, of course, by evaporation. It is seldom seen in thorough-bred horses, and this probably because they are well groomed. The first appearance of grease is a dry scurfy state of the heel, with heat and itchiness. Swelling succeeds, with a tendency to lameness; the discharge augments in quantity, the hair begins to fall off, and pain and lameness become marked. Deep fissures are apt to become prominent symptoms, and to occur sometimes at the upper portion of the fetlock; in the former case they are designated Dry-cracks, in the latter Rattails, by farriers. Pustules now arise, which burst, and expose great coarse granulations, which have received the name of Grapes, and which, with the thickened skin, become tough and hard, almost horny. The diseased foot at this time may be thrice its natural thickness. As to treatment, prevention being better than cure, we re-echo the statement of Professor Coleman regarding cavalry horses, that the soldier deserves punishment whose horse becomes greasy. In the early stage, the parts should be washed twice a day with soap and water, and a solution of sugar of lead and sulphate of zinc applied; this may not be chemically scientific, but we have found it superior to anything else. Even in old and aggravated cases it is very efficacious. When grapes abound, a little of the powdered zinc should be introduced among them, which application often supersedes the application of the actual and other cauteries, as do also more decidedly, strong washes with diluted sulphuric and nitric acids. We have also found a solution of corrosive sublimate, and iodine ointment, excellent remedies. If the horse be strong and full of flesh, laxatives should be given, followed by diuretics; if weak, tonics may be added to these last. The feeding too must be varied with the condition—green meat and carrots should be given, and mashes frequently as a substitute for corn. During convalescence exercise should be given; and bandages and pressure hasten the cure.

Warts or Angleberries are prone to occur in the horse, and in cattle, and to be troublesome, more especially in calves. They appear about the eyelids, ear, nose, neck, groin, sheath, and are apt to spread. They often require removal. Sometimes you must cast the horse, and remove them with the scissors, knife, and cautery, or with a ligature. Escharotics, however, have great efficacy, such as alum, blue-stone, corrosive sublimate, and sometimes arsenic. Encysted Tumors also are by no means uncommon, a kind of Tulip, which may generally be removed by simple incision, having no decided root or adhesion.

The domestic animals are apt to be annoyed with vermin, which slight knowledge and attention would readily remove. In particular states of hot weather, Fleas, especially some species of the Tabanidae are great nuisances; they will make a spirited horse unmanageable, will drive cattle from their pasture, to scamper about in a state of extreme agitation; and as to sheep, the Ettrick Shepherd says—

"The flies were at this time settled in the fold in such numbers, that we could with difficulty see each other; the heads of the sheep were swollen and black, and seemed all over a scab, the flies being settled on them like a black cloud. A few were anointed with train oil, and no sooner were they turned among the rest, than in less than a minute, not a fly was to be seen." Spirit of tar, added to the oil, renders it more efficacious; and as the fly will not face these remedies, horses and cattle should be protected. Fleas are very troublesome to dogs. Washing and combing are not without efficacy, nor tobacco-water, though it frequently poisons the dog. Mr Blaine says, "the only tolerably certain cure I know is, to make the dogs sleep on fresh yellow deal shavings." Rosin and bran may be usefully applied. Oil, however, we believe, is a specific. We have invariably found it so for Lice, so common in horses, cattle, sheep, and dogs. In horses, the prevalence of this filthy Lice vermin shows want of dressing, although it is often connected with poverty and mange. In the slighter visitations we have invariably found, that a single dressing of olive-oil alone, will cause their disappearance from all the above-named animals, or a solution of corrosive sublimate, although this requires a little more caution. For the Tick in sheep, a mixture of tar and turpentine is a speedy and certain poison; and for the Maggot, sometimes a most fatal vermin in this quadruped, the great matter is the shepherd's watchful care; as soon as discovered, the affected part must be shaved, and spirit of turpentine, or of tar with oil, or a solution of corrosive sublimate, applied.

(W. D.)

Works Generally on the Science.—Blaine's Outlines of the Veterinary Art, 5th edit., Lond. 1841; Boardman's Dictionary of the Veterinary Art, 4to, Lond. 1805; Briddon's Treatise on Veterinary Art, Svo, 1842; Dick's Manual of Veterinary Art, Post Svo, 1842; Do. Veterinary Art; Field's Records of Veterinary Art, Svo, 1843; Gunther's Homoeopathic Medicine of Veterinary Art, Svo, 1843; Hind's Veterinary Art Surgery, 2d edit., 12mo, 1829; Hurtrel's Dictionnaire de Médecine Vétérinaire, tom. 4, Paris; Huard's Equiste de Zoographie Vétérinaire; Morton's Calculus Concretions of Animals, Svo, 1844; Do. Veterinary Pharmacy; Ryde's Veterinary Art Surgeon's Manual, 12mo, 1826; Salaby's Lectures on Farriery, 4to, Lond. 1793; Do. Veterinary Art Surgery, 2d edit., 12mo, 1829; Spooner's Veterinary Art, post Svo, 1851; The Veterinarian Periodical Journal; The Quarterly Journal of Agriculture; Thomson's Popular Essays on the Diseases of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Dogs, Perth, 1831; White's Treatise on Veterinary Medicines, 4 vols. Lond. 1815; Do. Dictionary of the Veterinary Art, 1 vol. 12mo, Lond. 1817; Do. Compendium of Veterinary Medicine, 18th edit., 1852.

On the Horse.—Aimer's Diseases of Horses, 12mo; Blaine's Village Farrier, 12mo; Bower's Diseases of Horses, Svo, 1828; Brown's Manual of Farriery, Svo, 1847; Clarendon's Treatise on the Foot of the Horse, 12mo, 1847; Clark's (R.) Essay on the Bots of Horses, &c., 4to, Lond. 1815; Do. New Pharmacopoeia for Horses, 4to, Lond. 1819; Do. Description of a New Horse-Shoe, &c., 4to, 1820; Do. History of the Horse, Lond. 1834; Clark's (J.) Treatise on Shoeing, &c., Do.; Do. On the Prevention of Diseases of Horses, Svo, Edin. 1785; Do. Side View of the Foot of the Horse, 4to.; Do. Defects of Hoof of the Horse, 4to.; Do. Vertical Section of the Horse, folio; Do. Bits of Horses, &c.; Do. Gripes of Horses, &c.; Coleman's Farrier, 12mo; Coleman's Questions on Structure and Foot of Horse, 2 vols., 4to.; Freeman's Observations on the Horse's Foot, 4to, Lond. 1798; Ferguson On Blood-letting from Horses, Svo, 1843; Gerard On Teeth of the Horse, 12mo; Goodwin's System of Shoeing Horses, &c., Lond. 1820; Joca's Handbook of Farriery, 12mo, 1844; Lawrence's Inquiry into the Economy of the Horse, Lond, Svo.; Do. Complete Farrier, 4to.; Do. History and Delineation of the Horse, Lond. 1809; Mayhew's Treatise on Mouth of the Horse, Svo, 1849; Miles on Foot of the Horse, Imp. Svo, 7th edit., 1840; Peale's Observations on Diseases of the Horse, 1814; Percivall's Lectures on the Vet. Art, 3 vols., Svo, Lond. 1823; Do. Systematic Treatise on the Diseases and Lameness of the Horse, Svo, Lond. 1834; also, his Anatomy of the Horse; Do. Hypopatolgy, 3 vols., Svo; Do. Twelve Lectures on the Horse, Svo, 1850; Do. Form and Action of the Horse,