ENTOMOLOGY

ENTOMOLOGY.

ENTOMOLOGY, (from νθυσμός, "an insect," and λόγος, "a discourse,") is that part of zoology which treats of insects.

Many are disposed to reckon the study of Entomology trifling. Hunters of butterflies, and catchers of grasshoppers, are laughed at by the vulgar, and even by those who are more enlightened. The great numbers and diversity of insects, the beauty and configuration of

some of them, and the singular instincts of others, cannot but attract notice, and excite astonishment in those who are fond of contemplating the works of nature, rendering thus the study of Entomology, to them, a source of much pleasure. A collection of the individuals which compose any of the more numerous genera, placed at the same time, before one capable of attending to the striking similarity of the whole, and tracing

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the distinguishing peculiarities of each, cannot fail to create surprise. The great and almost phantastic variety of their forms, the nice adaptation of their parts to the situation in which each happens to be placed, must appear truly wonderful. In every department of nature, which comes within the reach of the human mind, a pleasing and luxuriant variety is discernible. The same Supreme Intelligence, which, by varying the position of the planetary orbs with respect to the sun, and by other seemingly simple but beautiful contrivances, hath produced their different length of day and year, and alternation of seasons, is manifest in the formation of the minutest insect. Each has received that mechanism of body, those peculiar instincts, and is made to undergo those different changes, which fit it for its destined situation, and enable it to perform its proper functions. The utility of many insects, such as the bee, the crab, the silk-worm, the cochineal insect, &c. renders them both interesting and important; and a more intimate acquaintance with the class, may enable us to add to the number of those that are useful to man, and to improvements in the management of those already known. The havoc many insects make in the vegetable kingdom, the vexation, diseases, and destruction they occasion among animals, should induce those who are engaged in agriculture, and in the rearing and management of animals, to pay attention to Entomology; for the better they are acquainted with their enemies, the abler they must be to attack them with advantage.

Most insects undergo three very distinct changes: which circumstance, joined to the very great difference of appearance which is often met with in the male and female, and even in the neuters of some species, renders their number apparently greater than it really is, and adds considerably to the difficulty of reducing them to order.

Different naturalists have attempted to arrange them into families and genera, particularly the celebrated LINNÆUS, whose arrangement is followed here. He has formed them into seven families or orders, composing his sixth class of animals, INSECTA. He defines an insect, a small animal, breathing through pores on its sides, furnished with moveable antennæ and many feet, covered with either a hard crust, or a hairy skin. Before the distinguishing marks of the orders and genera can be understood, it will be necessary to enumerate and explain the terms he has given to the different parts, and the most remarkable of the epithets he has applied to them.

The body is divided into Head, Trunk, Abdomen, and Extremities.

2. Clavate, clavate, i. e. club-shaped, when they grow gradually thicker from their base to their point.

3. Filiformes, filiform, i. e. thread-shaped, when they are of an equal thickness throughout the whole of their length.

4. Moniliformes, moniliform, i. e. of the form of a necklace, when they are of an equal thickness throughout, but formed of a series of knobs, resembling a string of beads.

5. Capitate, capitate, i. e. with a head or knob, when they grow thicker towards the point, and terminate in a knob or head.

6. Fissiles, fissile, i. e. cleft, when they are capitate, and have the head or knob divided longitudinally into three or four parts or laminae.

7. Perfoliata, perfoliated, when the head or knob is divided horizontally.

8. Pectinata, pectinated, i. e. resembling a comb, when they have a longitudinal series of hairs projecting from them, in form of a comb.

9. Barbate, barbed, when they have little projections or barbs placed on their sides. They are either, 1. Longiores, longer than the body; 2. Breviores, shorter than the body; or, 3. Mediocres, of the same length with the body.

The MOUTH, in most insects, is placed in the under part of the head; sometimes however, it is situated in the thorax, and in a few instances, is entirely wanting. It is furnished with, 1. Palpi, or feelers; 2. Rostrum, i. e. beak or snout; 3. Labium, or lip; 4. Maxille, or jaws, placed transversely, and moving laterally; 5. Dentes, or teeth; 6. Lingua, or tongue; 7. Palatum, or palate.

Palpi, feelers, which are 4 or 6 in number, are attached to the mouth, and have 2, 3, or 4 articulations.

The Stigmata are three prominent thinning points on the top of the head.

II. TRUNCUS, the Trunk, to which the legs are attached, is situated between the head and the abdomen. It is divided into, 1. the Thorax, or chest, which is the superior part; 2. Scutellum, i. e. small shield or escutcheon, which is the posterior part; 3. the Breast and Sternum, which is the inferior part.

III. The ABDOMEN, that part which contains the stomach, intestines, and other viscera, consists of several annular segments. It is perforated on the sides with spiracula, i. e. breathing-holes. The upper part of it is termed Tergum, or back; the inferior part Venter, or belly; the posterior part Anus.

IV. ARTUS, the extremities, are, 1. the Wings; Extremities. 2. Legs; 3. Toil.

I. ALÆ, the wings, are two, or four. They are either,

1. Plana, i. e. plain, such as cannot be folded up by the insect.

2. Plicatiles, or folding, such as can be folded up by the insect at pleasure.

3. Erectæ, erect, such as have their superior surfaces brought into contact, and stand upright when the insect is at rest.

4. Patentes, spreading; such as are extended horizontally.

5. Incumbentes, incumbent; such as rest on the upper part of the abdomen.

6. Deflexæ, bent down; such as are partly incumbent,

hient, but have their exterior edge inclined towards the sides of the abdomen.

7. Reversae, reversed; such as are incumbent, but inverted.

8. Dentatae, such as have their edges notched or serrated.

9. Caudatae, such as have processes extended from their extremities like a tail.

10. Reticulatae, netted; when the vessels of the wings put on the appearance of net-work.

11. Pictae, painted; such as are marked with coloured spots, bands, streaks, lines or dots.

12. Notatae, marked with specks.

13. Ornatae, adorned with little eyes, or circular spots, containing a spot of a different colour in their centre. The central spot is termed pupil; the exterior one is called iris. This may happen either in the primary or secondary wings, on their upper or under surfaces. The superior wing is called primary, and the inferior secondary, to avoid confusion, as they may be at times reversed.

Elytra. The ELYTRA are hard shells, occupying the place of the upper wings. They are, for the most part, moveable, and are either,

1. Truncata, truncated, when shorter than the abdomen, and terminated by a transverse line.

2. Spinosa, or prickly, when their surfaces are covered with sharp points or prickles.

3. Serrata, serrated, when their edges are notched.

4. Scabra, rough, when their surface resembles a file.

5. Striata, striated, when marked with slender longitudinal furrows.

6. Porcata, ridged, when marked with elevated ridges.

7. Sulcata, furrowed.

8. Punctata, marked with dots.

9. Fasgiata, when formed like the roof of a house.

Hemelytra. The HEMELYTRA, as it were half-elytra, partaking partly of the nature of crustaceous shells, and membranaceous wings; being formed of an intermediate substance.

Halteres. HALTERES, or poisers, are small orbicular bodies placed on stalks, situated under the wings of insects, of the order Diptera.

II. PEDES, the Legs. They are divided into, 1. Femur, or thigh, that part which is joined to the trunk; 2. Tibia, or shank; 3. Tarsus, or foot; 4. Ungues, hooks or nails; 5. Manus, (chela), hands or claws, simple, with a moveable thumb, as in the crab.

The hind-legs are termed, 1. Curforii, formed for running; 2. Saltatorii, formed for leaping; 3. Natatorii, formed for swimming.

III. CAUDA, the Tail, which terminates the abdomen, is, 1. Solitaria, i. e. single. 2. Bicornis, i. e. two-horned or double. 3. Simplex, simple, i. e. unarmed. 4. Armata, i. e. furnished, 1. with Forceps or Pincers; 2. with Furca, a fork; 3. with one or more Setae or bristles; 4. with an Aculens, or sting, either smooth or barbed. A sting is a weapon, frequently hollow, with which some insects are furnished, through which they discharge a poison into the wound they inflict.

Sexes. The SEXES of insects are commonly two, male and female. Neuters are to be met with among those insects which live in swarms, such as ants, bees, &c.

Most insects undergo three changes. An insect is at first hatched from a very small egg, and becomes a LARVA; a soft succulent animal, without wings, incapable of producing its species, slow in its motions, sometimes without feet, but more frequently with them; consuming greedily the kind of food which is peculiar to it, and which, in proper time, is changed into a pupa.

PUPA (Nympha, Chrysalis), is firmer and drier than the larva, and is confined either by a naked membrane, or enclosed in a follicle. It is commonly without a mouth; sometimes it has feet, but more frequently none.

1. Completa, complete in all their parts, and active; as the aranea, acarus, oniscus, &c.

2. Semicompleta, half complete, with only the rudiments of wings; as the gryllus, cicada, cimex, libellula, and ephemera.

3. Incompleta, incomplete, with immovable wings and feet; as the apis, formica, and tipula.

4. Obtecta, covered, having the thorax and abdomen enclosed in a skin, and that either naked, or enclosed in a follicle differently composed.

5. Coarctata, confined within a globe; as the musca, cestrus.

The pupa is converted into the imago, or the perfect insect.

IMAGO, is the perfect insect, active, furnished with antennae, and capable of generating.

Insects are said to inhabit those plants on which they feed, and not those on which they may be occasionally found, and receive from them many of their specific names.

LINNAEUS has divided the class of insects into seven orders.

I. COLEOPTERA, (from coleos, "a sheath," and pteron, "a wing"), are such insects as have four wings, the upper pair of which are elytra, or crustaceous shells, which, when the animal is at rest, shut, and form a straight future down the back.

II. HEMIPTERA, (from pteron, "half," and pteron, "a wing"), containing such insects as have four wings, the superior pair being half crustaceous, and incumbent, and a mouth or beak bent toward the breast.

III. LEPIDOPTERA, (from lepis, "a scale," and pteron, "a wing"), containing such insects as have four wings covered with minute imbricated scales, a hairy body, and a mouth furnished with an involuted spiral tongue.

IV. NEUROPTERA, (from neuron, "a nerve," and pteron, "a wing"), containing such insects as have four naked wings, marked with veins crossing one another like net-work; the tail unarmed.

V. HYMENOPTERA, (from hymen, "a membrane," and pteron, "a wing"), containing such insects as have four membranaceous wings, and a tail furnished with a sting.

VI. DIPTERA, (from dyon, "two," and pteron, "a wing"), such as have two wings and poisers.

VII. APTERA, (from ap, "without," and pteron, "a wing"), such as have no wings or elytra in either sex.

The insects belonging to this order are formed into four subdivisions. 1. Those that have the antennæ clavated, and thickened towards their exterior side. 2. Those that have the antennæ moniliform. 3. Those which have the antennæ filiform. 4. Those which have the antennæ setaceous.

1. SCARABÆUS. Tibiæ anteriores dentatæ.
2. LUCANUS. Penicilli duo sub labio, palpigeri.

3. DERMESTES. Caput inflexum sub thorace, vix marginato.
4. MELYRIS. Labium clavatum, emarginatum.
5. BYRRHUS. Labium porrectum, bifidum.
6. SYLPHA. Thorax et elytra marginata.
7. TRITOMA. Palpi anteriores securiformes.
8. HYDROPHILUS. Maxilla bifida.

9. HISTER. Caput retractile intra thoracem.
10. PAUSUS. Antennæ biarticulatæ. Clava uncinata.
11. BOSTRICHUS. Caput inflexum sub thorace, vix marginato.
12. ANTHRENUS. Maxilla bifida.
13. NITIDULA. Thorax et elytra marginata.
14. COCCINELLA. Palpi anteriores securiformes; posteriores filiformes.
15. CURCULIO. Rostrum elongatum corneum.

16. BRENTUS. Rostrum elongatum, corneum, rectum.
17. ATTELABUS. Rostrum elongatum, incurvum.
18. ERODIUS. Labium corneum, emarginatum.
19. STAPHYLINUS. Elytra dimidiata, alas tegentia. Vesiculæ duæ supra caudam exferendæ.
20. SCAURUS. Labium truncatum integrum.
21. ZYGIA. Labium elongatum, membranaceum.
22. MELOE. Thorax subrotundus. Caput gibbum, inflexum.
23. TENEBRIO. Thorax marginatus. Caput exsertum. Corpus oblongum.
24. CASSIDA. Corpus ovatum. Elytra marginata. Caput teclum clypeo.
25. OPATRUM. Thorax et elytra marginata.
26. MORDELLA. Laminæ ad basin abdominis. Caput inflexum.
27. CHRYSOMELA. Corpus ovatum, immarginatum.
28. HORIA. Palpi in equales. Maxilla bifida. Labium rotundatum.

S. The shanks of the fore-legs dentated.
L. Two tufts under the lip, to which the feelers are attached.

D. The head bent under the thorax, which is scarcely marginated.
M. The lip clavated and emarginated.
B. The lip stretched out, and bifid.
S. The thorax and elytra marginated.
T. The two anterior feelers hatchet-shaped.
H. The jaw bifid.

H. The head capable of being drawn back within the thorax.
P. The antennæ consisting of two articulations. The club hooked.
B. The head bent under the thorax, which is slightly marginated.
A. The jaw bifid.
N. The thorax and elytra marginated.
C. The anterior feelers hatchet-shaped; the posterior filiform.
C. The beak lengthened and horny.

B. The beak elongated, horny and straight.
A. The beak elongated and crooked.
E. The lip horny and emarginated.
S. The elytra half the length of the body, covering the wings. Two vesicles above the tail, which can be pushed out at pleasure.
S. The lip truncated, and entire.
Z. The lip elongated and membranaceous.
M. The thorax roundish. The head gibbous, and bent inwards.
T. The thorax marginated. The head stretched out. The body oblong.
C. The body oblong. The elytra marginated. The head covered with a shield.
O. The thorax and elytra marginated.
M. Laminæ at the base of the abdomen. Head inflected.
C. The body oval, immarginated.
H. Feelers unequal. Jaw bifid. Lip rounded.

29. APALUS. Thorax subrotundus. Caput gibbum, inflexum.

30. MANTICORA. Maxillæ exsertæ, dentatæ. Oculi prominenti.

31. PIMELIA. Thorax marginatus. Caput exsertum. Corpus oblongum.

32. GYRINUS. Antennæ rigidulæ. Oculi quatuor.

33. CUCUS. Labium breve, bifidum, laciniis distantibus.

34. CRYPTOCEPHALUS. Corpus ovatum immarginatum.

35. BRUCHUS. Antennæ extrofurum crassiores.

36. PTINUS. Thorax caput recipiens. Antennæ articulis ultimis longioribus.

37. HISPA. Antennæ porrectæ, approximatae, fusiformes.

38. BUPRESTIS. Caput dimidium, intra thoracem retractum.

39. NECYDALIS. Elytra dimidiata, alis nudis.

40. LAMPYRIS. Elytra flexilia. Thoracis clypeus caput obumbrans recipiensque.

41. CANTHARIS. Elytra flexilia. Abdomen lateribus plicato-papillosum.

42. NOTOXUS. Labium bifidum; laciniis conniventibus obtusis.

43. ELATER. Pectoris mucro è poro abdominis resiliens.

44. CALOPUS. Thorax ad latera mucronato-callosus.

45. ALURNUS. Maxilla fornicata.

46. CARABUS. Thorax obcordatus, posterior truncatus.

47. LYTTA. Thorax subrotundus. Caput gibbum, inflexum.

48. SERROPALPUS. Palpi anteriores profundè ferrati.

49. CERAMBYX. Thorax ad latera mucronato-callosus.

50. LEPTURA. Elytra apice attenuata. Thorax teretiusculus.

51. RHINOMACER. Antennæ rostro infidentes.

52. ZONITIS. Labium emarginatum.

53. CICINDELA. Maxillæ exsertæ, dentatæ. Oculi prominenti.

54. DYTISCUS. Pedes posteriores ciliati, natatorii.

55. FORFICULA. Elytra dimidiata. Alis tectis. Cauda forcipata.

56. BLATTA. Os maxillosum. Alæ coriaceæ, planæ. Pedes cursorii.

57. PNEUMORA. Os maxillosum. Alæ membranaceæ, deflexæ. Pedes cursorii. Corpus cavum, inflatum, diaphanum.

58. MANTIS. Os maxillosum. Pedes anteriores ferrati, ungue unico.

59. GRYLLUS. Os maxillosum. Pedes posteriores saltatorii.

A. Thorax roundish. Head turgid, inflected.

M. Jaws stretched out, furnished with teeth. Eyes rather prominent.

P. Thorax margined. Head stretched out. Body oblong.

G. Antennæ a little rigid. Eyes 4.

C. Lip short, bifid, the divisions distant.

C. Body oval, immarginated.

B. Antennæ growing thicker towards the external edge.

P. Thorax receiving the head: last joints of the antennæ longer than the rest.

H. Antennæ stretched forwards, approaching one another, and spindle-shaped.

B. Head half retracted within the thorax.

N. Elytra half the length of the body. Wings naked.

L. Elytra flexible. Shield of the thorax shading and receiving the head.

C. Elytra flexible. Sides of the abdomen edged with folded papillæ.

N. Lip bifid; the divisions of it obtuse and approaching closely.

E. A sharp point proceeding from the breast, springing out at a pore in the abdomen.

C. The thorax callous at the sides, and set with sharp points.

A. Jaw arched. Feelers 6.

C. The thorax resembling a heart inverted, and terminating abruptly behind.

L. Thorax roundish. Head turgid, inflected.

S. The anterior feelers deeply ferrated.

C. The thorax callous at the sides, and set with sharp points.

L. Elytra tapering towards the tip. Thorax roundish.

R. Antennæ seated on the snout.

Z. Lip emarginated.

C. Jaws stretched out, furnished with teeth. Eyes a little prominent.

D. Hind-legs fringed formed for swimming.

F. Elytra half as long as the body. Wings covered. Tail furnished with pincers.

B. Mouth furnished with jaws. Wings coriaceous, plane. Legs formed for running.

P. Mouth furnished with jaws. Wings membranaceous, deflected. Legs formed for running. Body hollow, inflated, and transparent.

M. Mouth furnished with jaws. The anterior legs ferrated, and terminated by a single claw.

G. Mouth furnished with jaws. Hind-legs formed for leaping.

60. FULGORA. Rostrum inflexum. Frons producta, inermis. Antennæ capitatae.
61. CICADA. Rostrum inflexum. Pedes posteriores saltatorii.
62. NOTONECTA. Rostrum inflexum. Pedes posteriores natatorii (ciliati).
63. NEPA. Rostrum inflexum. Pedes anteriores cheliferi.
64. CIMEX. Rostrum inflexum. Pedes cursorii. Antennæ thorace longiores.
65. MACROCEPHALUS. Rostrum inflexum. Antennæ brevissime.
66. APHIS. Rostrum inflexum. Abdomen bicornè.
67. CHERMES. Rostrum pectorale. Pedes posteriores saltatorii.
68. COCCUS. Rostrum pectorale. Abdomen (maribus) posteriorius fetosum.
69. THRIPS. Rostrum obsoletum. Alæ incumbentes, abdomine reflexile.

F. Snout inflected. Fore-head projecting, unarmed. Antennæ capitated.
C. Snout inflected. Hind-legs formed for leaping.
N. Snout inflected. Hind-legs fringed and formed for swimming.
N. Snout inflected. Fore-legs furnished with claws.
C. Snout inflected. Legs formed for running. Antennæ longer than the thorax.
M. Snout inflected. Antennæ very short.
A. Snout inflected. Abdomen 2-horned.
C. Snout placed in the breast. Hind-legs formed for leaping.
C. Snout placed in the breast. Abdomen (in the males) terminating in bristles.
T. Snout obsolete. Wings incumbent. The abdomen capable of being turned up.

70. PAPILIO. Antennæ extorsum crassiores. Alæ erectæ.
71. SPHINX. Antennæ medio crassiores.
72. PHALENA. Antennæ introsum crassiores.

P. Antennæ thicker towards the point. Wings erect.
S. Antennæ thicker in the middle.
P. Antennæ thicker towards the base.

73. LIBELLULA. Cauda forcipata. Os multi maxillosum. Alæ extensæ.
74. EPHEMERA. Cauda fetis 2 et 3. Os edentulum. Alæ erectæ.
75. MYRMELEON. Cauda forcipata. Os bidentatum. Alæ deflexæ.
76. PHRYGANEA. Cauda simplex. Os edentulum. Alæ deflexæ.
77. HEMEROBUS. Cauda simplex. Os bidentatum. Alæ deflexæ.
78. PANORPA. Cauda chelata. Os rostratum. Alæ incumbentes.
79. RAPHIDIA. Cauda filo 1. Os bidentatum. Alæ deflexæ.

L. Tail forked. Mouth with many jaws. Wings expanded.
E. Tail with 2 and 3 bristles. Mouth without teeth. Wings erect.
M. Tail forked. Mouth with two teeth. Wings deflected.
P. Tail simple. Mouth without teeth. Wings deflected.
H. Tail simple. Mouth with two teeth. Wings deflected.
P. Tail furnished with a claw. Mouth stretched out into a beak. Wings incumbent.
R. Tail ending in a simple thread. Mouth with two teeth. Wings deflected.

80. CYNIPS. Aculeus spiralis!
81. TENTHREDO. Aculeus ferratus! bivalvis.
82. SIREX. Aculeus ferratus, sub abdominis spina terminali.
83. ICHNEUMON. Aculeus exsertus! triplex.
84. SPHEX. Aculeus punctorius. Alæ planæ. Lingua inflexa, trifida.
85. SCOLIA. Lingua inflexa, trifida. Labium apice membranaceum.
86. THYNNUS. Lingua brevissima, involuta. Labium trifidum.
87. LEUCOPSIS. Labium maxilla longius, emarginatum. Antennæ clavatae.
88. TIPHIA. Labium breve, corneum, tridentatum.
89. CHALCIS. Antennæ breves, cylindricæ, fusiformes.
90. CHRYISIS. Aculeus punctorius. Abdomen subtus fornicatum.

C. Sting spiral.
T. Sting ferrated, two-valved.
S. Sting ferrated, under a spine which terminates the abdomen.
I. Sting stretched out, triple.
S. Sting pungent. Wings smooth. Tongue inflected, and divided into three at the extremity.
S. Tongue inflected, trifid. Lip membranaceous at the extremity.
T. Tongue very short, involuted. Lip trifid.
L. Lip longer than the jaw, notched. Antennæ clavated.
T. Lip short, horny, with three small divisions.
C. Antennæ short, cylindrical, spindle-shaped.
C. Sting pungent. Abdomen arched beneath.

91. VESPA. Aculeus punctorius. Alæ superiores plicatæ!
92. APIA. Aculeus punctorius. Lingua inflexa!
93. FORMICA. Aculeus obsoletus. Alæ neutris nullæ!
94. MUTILLA. Aculeus punctorius. Alæ neutris nullæ.

V. Sting pungent. Upper wings folded.
A. Sting pungent. Tongue inflected.
F. Sting obsolete. Neuters without wings.
M. Sting pungent. Neuters without wings.

95. DIOPSIS. Caput bicorne. Oculis terminalibus.
96. TIPULA. Haustellum sine vagina. Palpi 2, porrecti, filiformes.
97. MUSCA. Haustellum sine vagina, fetis instructum.
98. TABANUS. Haustellum vagina univalvi, fetisque instructum.
99. EMPIS. Proboscis inflexa.
100. CONOPS. Proboscis porrecta, geniculata.

101. OESTRUS. Haustellum retractum intra labia, connata poro pertusa.
102. ASILUS. Haustellum rectum bivalve, basi gibbum.
103. STOMOXYS. Haustellum vagina univalve convoluta, basi geniculata.
104. CULEX. Vagina exserta, univalvis, flexilis, fetis 5.
105. BOMBYLIUS. Haustellum longissimum, rectum, fetaceum, bivalve.
106. HIPPOBOSCA. Haustellum breve, cylindricum, rectum, bivalve.

107. LEPISMA. Cauda fetis exsertis.
108. PODURA. Cauda bifurca, inflexa, saltatrix.
109. TERMES. Os maxillis duabus. Labium corneum, quadrifidum.
110. PEDICULUS. Os aculeo exserendo.
111. PULEX. Os rostro inflexo, cum aculeo. Pedes saltatorii.

112. ACARUS. Oculi 2. Pedes 8. Palpi compressi.
113. HYDRACHNA. Oculi 2—8. Pedes 8, in anteriore corporis parte. Papillæ textoriae.
114. ARANEA. Oculi 8. Pedes 8. Papillæ textoriae. Palpi clavati.
115. PHALANGIUM. Oculi 4. Pedes 8. Palpi chelati.
116. SCORPIO. Oculi 8. Pedes 8. Palpi chelati.
117. CANCER. Oculi 2. Pedes 10, primo chelato.

D. Head two-horned. Eyes terminal.
T. Sucker without a sheath. Feelers 2, projecting, filiform.
M. Sucker without a sheath, furnished with bristles.
T. Sucker with a single-valved sheath, furnished with bristles.
E. Proboscis inflected.
C. Proboscis projecting, and bent with an angular flexure.

O. Sucker drawn back within the lips, which are perforated.
A. Sucker straight, with two valves, turgid at the base.
S. Sucker with a single-valved convoluted sheath, bent at the base, with an angular flexure.
C. Sheath stretched out, of one flexible valve, with 5 bristles.
B. Sucker very long, straight, fetaceous, with two valves.
H. Sucker short, cylindrical, straight, with two valves.

I. Tail ending in fetaceous bristles.
P. Tail forked, inflected, elastic.
T. Mouth with two jaws. Lip horny, cleft into four pieces.
P. Mouth armed with a ring capable of being pushed out at pleasure.
P. Snout inflected, armed with a ring. Feet formed for leaping.

A. Eyes 2. Legs 8. Feelers compressed.
H. Eyes 2—8. Legs 8. Abdomen furnished with papillæ, with which the animal spins thread and weaves itself a web.
A. Eyes 8. Legs 8. Abdomen furnished with papillæ, with which the animal spins thread and weaves itself a web.
P. Eyes 4. Legs 8. Feelers furnished with claws.
S. Eyes 8. Legs 8. Feelers furnished with claws.
C. Eyes 2. Legs 10, the first pair furnished with claws.

118. MONOCULUS. Oculi 2. Pedes 12, decem chelatis.
119. ONISCUS. Oculi 2. Pedes 14.
C. Pedibus pluribus. Capite à Thorace discreto.
120. SCOLOPENDRA. Corpus lineare.
121. JULUS. Corpus subcylindricum.

M. Eyes 2. Legs 12, 10 of them furnished with claws.
O. Eyes 2. Legs 14.
C. Legs numerous. Head distinct from the Thorax.
S. Body linear.
J. Body nearly cylindrical.

N. B.—In the following classification, some of the more remarkable species only are enumerated. Those marked with an asterisk are natives of Britain.

I. COLEOPTERA.

Elytra covering the wings.

1. SCARABÆUS, Beetle.

Antennæ clavated, the club lamellated. Feelers 4. Jaws horny, for the most part without teeth. The shanks of the fore-legs generally dentated.

The larvæ of the genus scarabæus have six feet, and a body composed of annular segments, furnished with hairs, and with vesicles at the end of the abdomen. Their heads are hard, formed of a substance like horn. They are commonly called grubs, and do much mischief, both in the fields and in the garden. They live chiefly under ground, or in dung, on which they frequently feed. The larvæ of the species etonia live on rotten wood, and those of the melolontha on the roots of plants. The pupa remains under ground.—Grubs are devoured by many kinds of birds, particularly by the rooks, which, on that account, ought not to be destroyed so eagerly as they are in many places; for, though they do much mischief themselves, in spring, and during harvest, yet it is amply compensated by the good they do through the year, in clearing the ground of grubs.

* Feelers filiform.

† Jaw arched.

a. Without teeth.

β. Thorax horned.

α. Scutellati.

smooth. The horns sometimes as long as the head, and sometimes twice as long; in the female hardly visible. Elytra striated. Shanks hairy. 9.

Thorax with four projections like teeth. The horn * mobilicornis. of the head bent back, and moveable. 116. Native of England and Germany. Black. Elytra striated. Female without horns on the head, or projections on the breast.

Smooth; thorax with two horns; horn of the head acilex. notched with one tooth, bifid at the end; elytra smooth. 3. Native of South America. The largest of all known insects, except crabs and monoculi. Elytra black, or azure spotted with black.

β. Thorax horned.

β. Without Scutellum.

Thorax with six spines; jaws prominent; front sloping; body entirely of a violet colour. 117. Native of Siberia; found under stones; small. Elytra marked with deeply excavated spots.

Horn of the thorax flat, marked with one tooth on the under side; the horn of the head terminating abruptly, with three teeth. 119. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Middle-sized.

Thorax with three horns, the middle one obtuse, and * lunaris. bifid; horn of the head erect; shield emarginated. 10. Native of Europe; on dunghills. The female always without horns on the breast.

Thorax marked with four projections like teeth; posterior part of the shield slightly marked with two horns; body black. 134. Native of Germany. The female with nearly the same marks as the male.

b. Thorax unarmed; Head horned.

a. Furnished with a Scutellum.

Thorax prominent, divided into two lobes; horn of the head simple; elytra striated. 12. Native of the south of Europe. Black.

A triple prominence on the breast; horn on the head bent back; elytra smooth. 15. Native of Europe; met with in dunghills. Its larva gray, with a reddish head, feet, and spiracula or breathing holes. Swammerdam has supposed it to be the coffus of the ancients. Vid. Plin. 17. 24. Thorax of the female roundish.

β. Without Scutellum.

Thorax prominent, formed of two lobes; horn on the head bent back, and simple. 136. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. The horn on the head of the female very short, and terminating abruptly.

Thorax flat, angularly rough; the horn on the head bent

* hercules. A horn on the thorax, large, and bent inwards, barbed below with one tooth; a horn on the head bent back, dentated on the upper side with many teeth. Syst. Nat. Lin. 1. It is a native of America, and varies in colour, being sometimes black, sometimes azure spotted with black. The female is without horns.

* centaurus. The horn on the thorax bent inwards, with two teeth at its base, and bifid at the point; the horn on the head bent back, furnished with one tooth. 92.

chorinaus. The horn on the breast bent inwards and very thick at the base, bifid at the point; the horn of the head bent back, very long, bifid. Native of Brazil. 96.

* typhacus. Bull-comber. With three horns on the thorax, the middle ones smaller than the rest, lateral ones projecting as far as the head does, which is without horns. It is a native of Europe; to be met with under cow-dung. It makes its nest in holes, which it digs deep into the ground. It is black. Head depressed, hairy at the sides, narrow. Knob of the antennæ grayish. Thorax

bent inwards; the body of a yellow colour. 22. Native of America. During the whole summer they may be seen in great numbers, rolling about balls which they form out of dung. They mutually assist one another to roll them into holes made for their reception, like the pilularis. Their bodies are broad, and depressed; the horn on their heads is placed backwards. It is black, and smooth. In the female it is effaced.

c. Both Thorax and Head without horns.

a. Furnished with a Scutellum.

Dunghill-beetle. Body black; head marked with tubercles, commonly three in number; the elytra reddish. 32. Native of Europe; frequently to be met with in dung.

Clock-beetle. Body black, smooth; the elytra furrowed; the head of a rhomboidal figure; fore-head prominent. 42. Native of Europe; to be met with in dung; much infested with some species of the acarus and ichneumon, and, on that account, frequently called lofty beetle. It flies about in the evening with a loud noise, and is said to foretell a fine day. It was consecrated by the Egyptians to the sun. It is sometimes of a greenish blue colour. It is likewise sometimes yellowish below, with dusky-red elytra. This is the shard-borne beetle of Shakespeare. The female digs a hole, and kneads a lump of fresh dung, generally of a cylindrical shape, on which she deposits one egg, and then covers it with more dung, attaching it to the root of some grass. In a few days the larva breaks the egg, and feeds on the fresh dung. During the autumn it changes its skin four times.

b. Without Scutellum.

The shield of the head marked with six denticulations; the thorax notched; the flanks of the hind-legs fringed; top of the head marked with two slight projections. 18. Native of the southern parts of the old continent. It is frequent in dry situations in the southern parts of Russia, where it rolls about cylinders formed of cow-dung. Its figure is carved by the Egyptians on the ancient pillars at Rome.

Pilularius. Black, opaque, smooth, yellow underneath; the thorax rounded behind. 40. Native of the south of Europe; of the same size with the lofty beetle. In pairs, they daily roll, like Sisyphus, a ball made of excrement, seven times the bulk of their own body.

Schaefferi. The thorax round; the shield emarginated; the elytra triangular; the thighs of the hind-legs elongated and dentated. 41. Native of Italy, Germany, and Siberia; to be met with on the sunny hills, where it rolls and buries balls made of cow-dung. It is black.

Jeffor. Thorax retuse; head marked with three tubercles, the middle one faintly resembling a horn. 31. A native of Europe, in sandy places, and in dunghills.

b. Jaw arched, furnished with some teeth; the point of the Abdomen naked, and obliquely truncated. Melolonthae.

Of a brick colour, and spotted with white. The scutellum with two notches; the antennae divided into seven leaves. 57. It inhabits sandy situations in Europe and Barbary, living on the oak, elmus arenaria, and arundo arenaria. It is hairy below: the hooks at the ends of their legs are furnished, at their base, with

a crooked branch. It is the largest coleopterous insect to be met with in Britain, except the stag-beetle. It is but rare in England.

The head and thorax beset with bluish hair; the elytra of a livid colour; the shield bent back at the top. 236. Native of Germany; on the ears of rye.

The head and thorax beset with bluish hairs; the elytra of a brick colour; the legs black. 59. Native of Europe; to be found in gardens, where its grub proves very destructive to cabbages, &c. and the beetle to the fruit-trees.

The thorax hairy; the elytra of a livid colour, with a black edge, and black band; the shield turned back at the top. 58. Native of Europe, on grass-fields.

The head and thorax covered with bluish hairs; the elytra reddish; the abdomen white and hairy. 240. Native of Europe; resembles the garden-beetle very much, and is very destructive.

Of a shining copper colour; the shield emarginated. regius. 241. Native of Africa, near the equator.

Green; the sides of the thorax yellow. 249. A vitis native both of Europe and America; on the vine: very like the frischii, differing only from it by the elytra, which are of a brick colour.

Blackish yellow; the elytra of a brick colour. 250. frischii. Is a native of Germany; on the vine, and the rose. The elytra, sometimes, are of the same colour with the thorax.

Above smooth, and of a golden colour; the scutellum, and a line on the back of the thorax, of a blood-colour. 253. A native of New Zealand.

Door-beetle, May-bug, Cockchaffer. Furnished with a scutellum; without horns; light brown; the thorax hairy; the tail bent inwards; a triangular white spot at each incisure of the abdomen. 60. It inhabits the northern parts of Europe; flies about in the evening, and feeds on the leaves of trees. It is the most destructive of all the European insects. When it happens to be more plentiful than usual, in the autumn, the vulgar entertain an opinion, that some epidemic diseases are to follow. The male is distinguished by a sharp inflected tail. The grub is gray, with reddish-brown head and feet. Eats the roots of plants, particularly of corn, frequently laying waste a great tract of country. They remain six years under ground, before they become beetles. Their thorax varies yearly in colour, from brown to black.

It is furnished with a scutellum, and is without horns; the thorax is hairy; the elytra are of a pale yellow colour, marked with three white parallel lines. 61. Is a native of Europe, to be met with among trees. The claws at the end of the legs, have one little projection, like a tooth, at their base. They make their appearance somewhat later than the May-bug, and are very frequent about the summer solstice.

Body of a brick colour, and woolly below; shield villofus, emarginated, and bent back; scutellum white. 263. Native of Europe; of the same size with the cockchaffer.

†† Jaw straight.

a. Sharp. Cetonise.

Furnished with a scutellum; without horns; sternum projecting; scutellum one half shorter than the elytra. 49. Native of South America. Of the same size and colour with the golden beetle.

fascicularis. Furnished with a scutellum; thorax marked with four small white lines; elytra green; incisures of the abdomen bearded. 75. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Covered on the under part of the body with pale red wool, collected into little bundles.

b. Jaws straight and blunt. Frischii.

* fasciatus. Furnished with a scutellum; body black, covered with yellow down; elytra marked with two yellow bands uniting into one. 70. Native of the north of Europe: feeding on the flowers of the syringa, filipendula, and on some umbelliferous plants.

* hemipterus. Furnished with a scutellum; thorax downy, edged with two longitudinal wrinkles; elytra shortened. 63. Native of Europe. The larva is found in wood; the beetle on flowers. The female is armed with a stiff, short sting.

** Feelers terminating in knobs. Trox.

* fabulosus. Furnished with a scutellum; black, opaque, with wrinkled tubercles; antennæ hairy at the base. 48. Native of Europe. To be met with on sandy hills, which are exposed to the sunshine.

quoricini. Shield unequal and fringed; elytra striated, and marked with convex sharpish points. 404. Native of Tartary. To be found in great numbers, under dead bodies, which have been dried by the sun. It makes a noise, by rubbing its tail against its elytra. Is of an opaque black colour; and of the same size with sc. fissor.

*** Feelers cylindrical; the Club of the Antennæ tunicated.

hemisphaericus. Hemispherical; the fore part of the shield marked with two obtuse projections. 406. Larger than the sc. fissor.

432 species of this genus, have been described by Gmelin, in his last edition of the System of Nature.

2. LUCANUS.

Antennæ clavated; the club compressed, being broadest at the sides, and divided into pectinated leaves. Jaws stretched out, and forked at the points. Two tufts under the lip, to which the feelers are attached.

steles. The jaws stretched out, and furnished with four teeth at the point. 8. A native of Asia.

* cervus. Stag-beetle. Furnished with a scutellum; the jaws stretched out, and forked at the points, furnished with one lateral tooth. 1. Native of Europe. It is the largest coleopterous insect to be met with in Britain. It feeds on decayed oak. The larva is white and very thick, with head and feet of a rusty colour. By some supposed to be the crassus of the ancients. The female smaller than the male.

elaphus. The jaws projecting, furnished with one tooth, and forked at the point; the lip conical and bent down. 9. Native of Virginia. In the female, which is smaller than the male, the jaws do not project.

vapreolus. Furnished with a scutellum; the jaws projecting, and only forked at the point. 2. It is a native of the south of Europe, and North America; about half the size of the flag beetle.

20 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

3. DERMESTES, Leather-Eater.

Antennæ clavated; club perfoliated; three articulations thicker than the rest. Thorax convex, slightly margined. Head bent and concealed under the breast.

The larvae, or grubs, of this tribe, devour dead bodies, skins, leather, and almost any animal substance; and are exceedingly destructive to books and furniture.

* Jaw bifid.

Black; the fore part of the elytra of an ash colour. * lardarius. 1. It is a native of Europe. Sometimes, though rarely, the anterior part of the elytra is of a rusty colour.

This insect is the common pest of museums, libraries, and preparations of natural history. It is also found in old bacon, whence it has received its name. When it is eating, it protrudes balls of excrement from its anus, which hang down in a string. The larva is oval and hairy.

Black; the elytra livid at the base, and marked with elongatus. a band of the same colour, at the posterior part; the antennæ and feet of a rusty colour. 2. Native of Europe; to be met with in old wood; almost filiform.

Oblong, black; the elytra marked with a double undatus. white linear band. 3. A native of Europe. Feeds on putrid animal substances.

Black; the elytra marked with two white spots. 4. * pellio. It is a native of Europe. Feeds on skins, bacon, and old books. Its larva is oblong, hairy, and furnished with a bristly tail.

Oblong, of a rusty colour; with red eyes. 19. Na- * panicus. tive of Europe. In bread that has been long kept; in bookbinders glue; in books, &c. About the size of a millet seed. The larva is oblong, white and shining.

** Jaw furnished with one tooth. Apatæ.

The elytra reticulated, blunted behind and notched; muricatus. thorax prickly and turgid. 6. It is a native of South America; in wood, and sugar canes.

Of a dusky colour; the head drawn back; the an- * ruficornis. tennæ and feet reddish. 70. It is a native of Europe, and very small.

70 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

4. BOSTRICHUS.

Antennæ clavated; the club solid. Thorax convex, and scarcely margined. Head inflected and concealed under the thorax.

Black; the elytra and abdomen red; the thorax capucinus. flattened. 1. It is a native of Europe, and of Siberia. It is to be found in trunks of trees, particularly dead ones, and in houses.

Of a brick colour; hairy; the elytra striated, blunted * typogra- and notched. 4. It is a native of Europe, and Ame- phus. ca; to be met with under the bark of trees. It is particularly hurtful to the pine tree; very prolific, and very voracious; scooping out furrows under the bark, from which other smaller ones proceed, in a parallel direction. They are very tenacious of life; and according to age and size, vary in colour, from a yellow to a brown, and from that to black.

Black; the elytra red, and notched. 5. It is a na- chaleogra- tive phus.

tive of Europe; to be found under the bark of trees. It sometimes varies in colour.

polygraphus. Blackish; the elytra are sometimes blunted, and of an azure colour. 6. It is a native of Europe. It forms winding canals under the bark of trees, and is one of the most destructive of this genus.

micrographus. Of a rusty colour; the elytra entire, and of a brick colour. 7. It is a native of Europe; in wood, also within the bark of trees; small, black; the elytra, antennae, and legs, of a brick colour.

piniperda. Black, and somewhat hairy: the elytra entire and black; the feet reddish. 13. It is a native of Europe; on the under branches of pine-trees, which it perforates, dries up, and destroys. It sometimes varies in the colour of the elytra.

22 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

5. MELYRIS.

Lip clavated, and emarginated. Antennae perfoliated throughout their whole length. Jaw with one tooth, and pointed.

viridis. Green; the elytra marked with three elevated lines.

1. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

nigra. Black; the elytra marked with three elevated lines.

2. About the third part of the size of the preceding species.

6. PTINUS.

Antennae filiform; the articulations towards the points larger than the rest. Thorax roundish, not marginated, receiving the head.

Feelers elevated. Anobia.

rugosus. Brown; thorax unequal; elytra striated. 1. It is a native of Europe; without spots, and double the size of the subsequent species.

pertinax. All over brown. 2. It is a native of Europe; is very destructive to wooden furniture, particularly to articles made of oak; likewise to books, &c. When caught, it contracts itself and counterfeits death. It can be put in motion again, neither by pricking, nor any other means, except by the application of a strong heat. It is destroyed by the attelabus formicarius.

mollis. Of a brick colour, with dark coloured eyes. 3. It is a native of Europe, amongst rubbish; an unwelcome visitor in collections of plants, and to be got rid of effectually, in no other way but by the heat of an oven. The larva is white, and is capable of enduring a great degree of cold.

pulsator. Death-watch. Cylindrical, opaque, and much wrinkled, sprinkled with gray spots. 13. It is a native of Europe. It is common in trunks of old trees, particularly of the willow, and in houses. It beats, especially in the night-time, making a noise resembling that produced by one's nail struck against a table. This is done by seven, nine, or eleven distinct strokes, and has been considered by the vulgar, as foreboding some fatal occurrence to the family occupying the house in which the noise is heard. But, it is nothing more than the call of one sex to the other.

Feelers filiform, bifid. Ptini.

Light brown, and almost without wings; the thorax marked with four projections like teeth; the elytra marked with two white bands. 5. It is a native of Europe, and is exceedingly destructive to seeds, museums, books, furniture, preserved subjects of natural history, and even to the leaves of tobacco. It delights in cold and moisture; and is best kept off by heat and dryness, by arsenic or alum. It is most effectually destroyed by corrosive sublimate. The female is without wings. The larva has six feet, and is soft, thick, and hairy. The pupa is enclosed in a glutinous spherical covering.

Brown; the thorax somewhat crenated; the elytra marked with a white blotch, divided into lobes. 4. It is a native of the north of Europe; to be found in trees. It is about the size of a grain of wheat: the antennae are of the same length with the body; the legs are of a rusty colour; the scutellum white; the elytra marked with a white spot, resembling the eagle worn on the imperial standard; from whence it has received its name.

The thorax black, and smooth; the elytra connected, shining, brown. 22. It is a native of Europe; on the birch.

32 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

7. HISTER.

Antennae clavated. Club solid, the lower joint compressed, and bent down. Head capable of being drawn back into the body. Mouth furnished with pincers. Elytra shorter than the body. Shanks of the fore-legs notched.

Very large. 1. It is a native of India, similar to maximus, the unicolor, but ten times larger. The corners of the thorax rounded; point of the breast extended, not quite up to the mouth.

Black; the elytra obliquely striated. 3. It is a native of Europe and America; in sand, and in dung.

Black; the posterior part of the elytra red. 5. Native of Europe; in cow dung.

17 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

8. GYRINUS, Whirler, or Water-flea.

Antennae cylindrical. Jaw very sharp, and horny. Eyes four; two above, and two below.

These little animals are found on the surface of water, on which they run very nimbly, and describe circles. When attempted to be taken, they dive down, drawing after them a bubble, resembling a globe of quick-silver.

Black; faintly striated. 1. Native of Europe; in lakes and ponds.

Black above; below, of a rusty colour; hind-legs compressed. 3. Native of Europe; frequents waters; is larger than the natator.

Nine species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ clavated, and perfoliated. Feelers equal, and somewhat clavated. Jaw bifid. Lip bifid.

gigas. Black; the elytra of a rusty colour, and marked with points. 1. Native of Europe. The anus of the female furnished with a ring.

*pihula. Brown; the elytra marked with black grooves. 4. Native of Europe; in sandy places. It is sometimes, though rarely, black.

*varius. Black; thorax of a bright yellow; elytra brown, and marked with three short green grooves, spotted with black. 5. Native of Britain.

Nine species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ clavated. Club solid. Feelers unequal, filiform. Jaws membranaceous, linear, bifid. Lip entire.

pimpinella. Black; elytra marked with a white band, and of a rusty colour towards their points, with a white stain. 4. Native of Europe; feeds on the flowers of the pimpinella.

*serophulariae. Black; elytra spotted with white; future of a blood-red colour. 1. Native of Europe; on the serophularia.

*muscorum. Clouded; elytra slightly clouded. 2. Found in museums, destroying animals preserved in them, and books.

*verbasci. Black; elytra marked with three waved bands. 3. Native of Europe; on the verbascum.

Seven species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ clavated. Club perfoliated. Elytra marginated. Head prominent. Thorax flattened, marginated.

These are chiefly found under the loose bark of trees, or on the half-decayed carcasses of animals, upon which both the grub and the insect feed.

*germanica. Oblong, black; shield roundish, unequal, and marginated; elytra very obtuse, with a rusty-coloured lateral margin. 1. Native of Germany. There are many varieties of this species. They deposit their eggs in the carcasses of other insects, which they bury under ground.

*vespillo. Oblong, black; shield almost spherical and unequal; elytra marked with a double rusty-coloured band. 2. Native both of Europe and America.—There are many varieties of this species. In America, some of them are ten times larger than those in Europe. They frequently have the smell of musk, and fly very quickly, with their elytra erect, and applied close together. They are much infested by the acarus, and deposit their eggs in the carcasses of other insects, which they bury.

*quadripustulata. Black, oblong; elytra marked with two rusty spots. 5. Native of Europe and America, in decayed wood; very smooth; the larva oblong, gray and hairy.

*quadrimaculata. Red; thorax and elytra black; the latter marked with two red spots. 27. Native of Europe.

*rufifrons. Oblong, smooth, black; the front, the legs, and two

spots on the elytra, of a rusty colour. 41. Native of England. Antennæ black; club reddish; thorax smooth, without spots; elytra smooth.

Blackish; elytra wrinkled, and marked with three *rugosa. elevated lines; thorax wrinkled and scolloped behind. 16. Native of Europe and Asia. It consumes dead bodies, either flesh or skin. When caught, it vomits a very foetid fluid.

94 species of this genus are described by Gmelin, in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ clavated. Club solid. Elytra marginated. Head prominent. Thorax a little flattened, and marginated.

Brown; thorax wrinkled, which, together with the *aquatica. elytra, are of a brownish yellow. 1. A native of Europe, in stagnant waters; very small, and frequently to be found among the converva.

Brown; thorax wrinkled, and of the colour of brass; *minuta. elytra pale. 4. To be found in England, in stagnant waters; very similar to the aquatica, but only the third part of its size.

Oval, black; elytra marked with a red dot. 5. *bipustulata. It is a native of Europe; and feeds on animal substances.

Black; elytra of a dusky colour at the point. 16. *discoidea. Native of England.

30 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ moniliform, thicker towards the outside. Elytra marginated. Head prominent. Thorax somewhat flat, and marginated.

Of an ash-colour; thorax flat, and marginated; *griseum. elytra marked with three elevated lines, and dentated behind. 1. Native of Italy, larger than the fabulosum.

Brown; thorax emarginated; elytra marked with *fabulosum. three elevated lines, and dentated. 2. Native of Europe and North America, in sandy plains.

Brown; thorax and elytra hairy. 16. Native of monilicornis. Europe; not quite half an inch in length.

Of a light brown colour; eyes, thorax, elytra, and antennæ dark brown. The base and tips of the latter are reddish; the elytra marked at the base with a large brick-coloured spot, resembling a crescent; the thorax impressed with two dots.

22 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ clavated. Club perfoliated. Feelers, anterior pair hatchet-shaped.

Black; the elytra marked with a lateral scarlet line. *bipustulata. 1. Native of England, to be met with in those species latum. of boletus which grow on trees.

Smooth,

glabrata. Smooth, black; the antennæ and legs of a dark colour. 2. Native of the north of Europe, to be met with under the bark of trees. It somewhat resembles the bipustulatum.

Seven species of this genus are described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ moniliform. Elytra marginated. Head concealed under the shield of the thorax.

* viridis. Green. 1. Native of Europe; frequently met with on thistles, and on a variety of plants. The larva is depressed, and furnished with six feet; it is armed with acute lateral prickles, and has a tail formed of two bristles. It walks about covered with its own excrement.

varia. Black, with a red shield; the elytra of a blood-colour, sprinkled with black dots. 2. Native of Europe; to be met with on different kinds of plants.

* nobilis. Gray; the elytra marked with a very bright blue line. 4. Native of Europe; to be met with on thistles and various plants. The bright blue line on its elytra disappears when it dies, but reappears on its immersion into warm water.

fastuosa. Black; elytra reddish yellow, spotted with black. 52. Native of Europe, but rare. It is to be met with on the white poplar, is about the same size with the nobilis, and, like it, loses its bright colour along with its life.

jamaicensis. Of a bright glossy yellow colour; the elytra, without spots, are marked with small concave dots. 21. Native of America. At the anterior part of the future, there is a prominence forming a bunch on its back. It loses its colour in spirits of wine, and recovers it again on being immersed into warm water.

superba. Black; elytra and shield dotted, and of a golden green colour; antennæ, abdomen, and legs green. 39. Native of Europe. It loses its golden colour at the same time with its life.

This genus contains 77 species.

Antennæ clavated. Club solid. Feelers, the anterior pair hatchet-shaped; the posterior filiform. Body hemispherical. Thorax and elytra marginated. Abdomen flat.

* The Elytra red or yellow; marked with black dots.

marginata. The elytra yellow, without spots, with a black margin; the margin of the thorax marked with two white dots. Sometimes the elytra are red, with a black edge; the margin of the thorax marked with a white dot on each side. 1. Native of America, of a middling size.

immaculata. Elytra yellow, without spots; thorax marked with a black spot, and two white dots. 155. Native of Europe.

* bipunctata. Elytra red, marked with two black dots. 7. Native of Europe; frequent in gardens and woods; feeding on aphides.

* quadripunctata. Elytra yellow, marked with four black dots. 9. Native of Europe. Of a middle size; black below; thorax yellow, with four black dots; feet yellow.

* quinque-punctata. Elytra of a blood colour, marked with five black dots. 11. Native of Europe; to be met with on trees.

Elytra red, marked with seven black dots. 15. * septempunctata. Native of Europe. The dots on the elytra are placed in the form of a triangle. This insect, as well as some others of the coleoptera, is said to possess the property of giving immediate and effectual relief in the most violent paroxysms of the toothache, by rubbing them between the finger and thumb, and applying the finger to the affected tooth.

Lady-cow. Elytra red, marked with six black spots; * sexmaculata. the four anterior ones transverse and arched. 68. It lata. is a native of India. Head whitish; thorax white before with a black spot, black behind; future red; body pale yellowish.

The elytra yellow; with 12 black dots and a black variegata. band in the middle. 86. It is a native of the Capo of Good Hope; of a middle size.

The elytra tawney, with a great number of black centum-dots, many of them running together. 118. It is a punctata. native of India, about three quarters of an inch long.

* * * The Elytra red or yellow, marked with white.

The elytra red; marked with 14 white, and three punctato-black dots. 32. A native of Europe; differing per-guttata. haps, only in sex, from the decempustulata.

Elytra yellow, marked with 15 white spots; the quindecem-middle one, common to both elytra, almost effaced. guttata. 127. A native of Europe.

Elytra yellow; marked with 16 white spots. 35. sedecem-guttata. Native of Europe.

* * * Elytra black, marked with red.

Elytra black, without dots, but marked with red at analis. the points. 129. It is a native of Europe, very like the haemorrhoidalis, but only half its size.

Elytra black, their points red, marked with a black haemorrhoidalis. band. 130. It is a native of Germany. It is frequently marked on the back with a red dot common to both elytra.

Elytra black, marked with two red spots. 41. It caeli. is a native of America; on the castrum, and is frequently gathered along with the cochineal insect. It is very similar to the bipustulata, which is common in Europe.

Elytra black, marked with two red spots; abdomen * bipustulata. of a blood-red colour. 42. It is a native of Europe, lata. common in gardens. Each of the spots on the elytra is composed of three spots uniting into one.

* * * * Elytra black, spotted with white or yellow.

Elytra black, marked with eight yellow dots. 48. pantherina. Native of the north of Europe.

Elytra black, marked with eight yellow dots, the lunularis. two anterior ones hooked. 146. A native of Europe.

163 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers, six; short. Jaw, horny; arched.

Black; thorax scarlet; elytra yellow. 1. It is a grossus. native of America and India. Antennæ black, half as long as the body; thorax a little rough, pointed on each side at the base; the hind margin black; scutellum rounded, black; elytra larger and longer than the body.

Yellowish

e morotus. Yellowish green, with a metallic lustre; the thighs and shanks of the hind-legs dentated. 2. It is a native of India. It is large, smooth, and shining; the antennæ are half as long as the body; the extreme articulations are black.

dentipes. Black; the thighs and shanks of the hind-legs dentated. 3. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. It is smooth, without spots, and very similar to the al. femoratus.

There have been only three species of this genus described.

Antennæ moniliform. Feelers fix, growing thicker towards their exterior sides. Thorax marginated; elytra not marginated. Body (in most of the species) oval.

This numerous and beautiful tribe is found everywhere, in woods and gardens. Their motion is slow, and some of them when caught, emit an oily fluid of a disagreeable smell. The larvae of this and the next family feed on the leaves of trees and plants, the fibres and cuticle of which they leave, contenting themselves with the pulp.

tenebrivides. Without wings, black; antennæ and legs of a violet colour. 1. It is a native of the south of Europe. The larva has a bunch on its back, of a violet colour, with a red anus; it feeds on a variety of vegetables.

gottinensis. Black; the legs of a violet colour. 4. It is a native of Europe; very rare in England.

vittata. The elytra blue, with a yellow edge, and marked with a yellow stripe in the middle. 3. It is a native of America; very large.

lustanica. Thorax of a copper colour; elytra resembling brass; impressed with bluish dots, of a violet colour underneath. 74. Native of Portugal.

banksi. Of a brass colour above, and of a brick colour below. 76. Native of Italy and Portugal, smaller than the preceding species. Very rare in England.

hemorrhoidalis. Black, shining; antennæ yellow at the base; anus red above. 6. Native of Europe, on the birch and alder. The elytra are marked with regular lines of dots.

graminis. Greenish-blue, very shining; the antennæ and legs of the same colour. 7. Native of Europe, on different plants, especially on grass.

ænea. Green, shining; the extremity of the abdomen reddish. 8. Native of Europe; on the alder.

hæmoptera. Of a violet colour; feet and wings red. 11. Native of Europe.

centaurei. Of a bright copper-colour; beneath green and gold; the legs of a bright copper-colour. 102. Native of Europe, on the centaurea. It exhibits some variety, especially in size.

melanostoma. Oblong, black; head red, the mouth and a spot on the back part of the head black; the thorax red, with a black spot on each side; the elytra red, with a black future. 254. Native of Europe.

polita. Thorax gilt; elytra reddish. 27. Native of Europe; to be met with on the poplar and willow.

cruentata. Black; the elytra smooth; marked with red wavy

cross bands, and with spots of the same colour. 182. Native of South America.

Blackish-blue; the elytra blackish-yellow, marked anglica, with dots arranged in straight lines; wings red. 187. Native of England.

* * The Thighs of the Hind-legs thickened, and formed for leaping. Altice.

Of a greenish blue. 51. Native of Europe. It oleracea, feeds on different kinds of plants, particularly on those of the class tetradynamata. This is the little insect which is so troublesome in fields and gardens, commonly called turnip-fly. It attacks turnips, radishes, and cabbages, when newly sprung above ground, and consumes their feminal leaves. It frequently destroys whole fields of turnips, so completely, as to render a second sowing necessary, which goes like the first. The attempts may be repeated with similar success, till the season for sowing be lost.

Blackish blue, the head and four fore-legs yellow. 53. chrysocampa. Native of Europe.

Greenish blue; the legs testaceous; the thighs of the hyoscyami hind-legs of a violet colour. 54. Native of Europe; on the henbane, turnip, and cabbage.

Black; the elytra marked with four reddish spots. quadripustulata. 217. Native of England and France, in gardens.

Black; the elytra and lower part of the legs pale. anglica. 218. Native of England, on various sorts of vegetables.

Greenish yellow, with a metallic lustre; legs black. nigripes. 220. Native of England.

Of a violet colour; head and thorax reddish; legs fuscipes. black. 224. Native of Britain, on plants of various sorts.

Testaceous, hunch-backed; elytra very smooth. 225. testacea. Native of England, on different kinds of vegetables.

Blackish yellow; oblong, with black legs. 246. cruciferarum. Native of Europe, on tetradynamous plants.

270 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers four. Thorax marginated. Elytra not marginated. Body nearly cylindrical.

* Feelers equal, filiform.

† Jaw furnished with one tooth.

a. Lip entire, Body cylindrical.

Dusky black; the elytra pale, marked with three longipes, black blotches; fore-legs very long. 1. Native of Europe, on the hazel and willow.

Black; the elytra red, marked with two black dots; quadri- the antennæ short and serrated. 3. Native of Europe, punctatus. very common on the hazel. The larva is contained in a rough-bag; which, on the fore-part, is terminated obliquely and abruptly.

Of an obscure brass colour; the elytra of a brick co-longime-lour, with a black spot at the base. 19. Native of Europe; feeds on the trifolium montanum, and the euphorbia cyparissia; the fore-legs are very long; the larva is enclosed in a bag.

Thorax variegated; elytra reddish, marked with two cordiger, black dots. 25. Native of Europe, on the hazel and willow.

willow. The spot on the middle of the thorax is sometimes of the shape of a heart.

* vitis. Black; smooth; elytra reddish. 27. Native of the south of Europe; on the vine, committing sometimes great havoc.

erythri. Black; thorax and elytra reddish brown, without spots. 28. Native of Europe; on the hazel.

b. Lip bifid; Body oblong. Cistelae.

gigas. Hairy, brown; elytra, abdomen, and thighs of a brick colour. 91. Native of the south of France; very large.

* cercinus. Livid; with brown legs. 92. Native of the north of Europe.

rusticaris. Black; thorax square; elytra striated and of a brick colour. 96. Native of the south of Europe; on the ears of rye.

* sulphureus. Yellow; the elytra of a sulphur colour. 98. Native of Europe. Feeds on umbelliferous plants.

* murinus. Black; the elytra and legs reddish brown. 103. Native of the north of Europe.

* angustatus. Thorax and elytra of a dark reddish colour, black in the middle. 106. Native of Britain; somewhat resembling the murinus, but narrower.

* pallidus. Pale; the head, and tips of the elytra, brown. 107. Native of Britain.

†† Jaw bifid, Body oblong. Cricerides.

lineola. Gray; the thorax marked with a line behind; the elytra with a black dot at their base. 124. Native of Italy.

nymphaca. Brown; the margin of the elytra a little prominent and yellow. 125. Native of Europe, on the water-lily.

tenellus. Of a rusty colour, the edge of the thorax and elytra yellow. 133. Native of Europe, on the willow.

* cantharoides. Of a violet colour; head, thorax, and legs reddish. 139. Native of Britain.

* cyanella. Blue; thorax cylindrical; prominent on the sides. 161. Native of Britain.

melanopus. Blue; thorax and legs reddish. 162. Native of Europe. Feeds on the oak.

* subspinosus. Black; head and thorax somewhat prickly; feet reddish. 164. Native of Britain.

* asparagi. Thorax red, marked with two black dots; elytra yellow; marked with a black cross, and four black dots. 167. Native of Europe, feeding on asparagus. There are two or three varieties of this species. $\backslash beta$. With two spots on the elytra connected at the base, is to be met with in Italy. $\backslash gamma$. With two narrow red bands on the elytra, is to be met with in France.

* phellandrii. Black; the edge of the thorax and two lines on the elytra yellow. 168. Native of Europe; to be found at the roots of the phellandrium aquaticum.

* * Feelers unequal, the anterior ones hatchet-shaped.

† The Lip of a substance like horn. Erotyli.

giganteus. Oval, black; the elytra marked with a great many tawny dots. 191. Native of India.

varnereus. Black; the thorax and elytra of a bright copper colour. 205. Native of New Holland.

†† The Lip membranaceous. Lagriæ.

Black; the thorax red and hairy. 221. Native of elongatus. Europe, particularly of England.

Smooth; thorax reddish; elytra yellow. 230. Native of glabratus. England.

268 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

20. HISPA, Blossom-eater.

Antennæ cylindrical; approaching one another at the base, and placed between the eyes. Feelers spindle-shaped. Thorax and elytra frequently prickly.

Body entirely black; antennæ spindle-shaped; thorax atra. and elytra prickly. 1. Native of the south of Europe and north of Africa. To be found at the roots of grass.

Without prickles; the antennæ hairy. 4. Native mutica. of Europe; in rubbish and in museums.

Antennæ ferrated; thorax red; elytra blue; head cornigera. furnished with two horns. 15. Native of Britain.

Black; the antennæ pectinated; the elytra stripped. flabellicornis. 19. Native of England.

20 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

21. BRUCHUS, Glutton.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers equal and filiform. Lip pointed.

The elytra black, spotted with white; the anus white, pisi. with two black spots. 1. Native of North America. It has been lately introduced into Europe, where it commits great havoc in the fields of peas. It is also very destructive to orchards when in bloom.

Gray, somewhat shining; the elytra very little shorter robiniae, than the abdomen. 9. Large; and has been introduced into Europe, along with the seeds of the robinia pseudacacia from America.

Black; the elytra red, marked with raised stripes. scabrosus. 11. Native of Europe, chiefly on the horse-chestnut.

Body brown, spotted with gray. 13. It feeds on cacao. the seeds of the theobroma.

The elytra gray; spotted with black; legs red; theobromascentellum white. 2. Feeds on the seeds of the theobromascentellum.

Asp coloured; elytra brown; with a black dot at bipunctatus. the base; surrounded by a yellow circle. 17. Native of Switzerland, on different plants.

Elytra black; speckled with white; the thighs of granarius. the hind-legs are marked with a single projection reus. resembling a little tooth. 5. Native of Europe. Feeds on the seeds of various plants.

Black; the base of the antennæ and fore feet reddish seminarum. brown; thighs smooth. 6. Native of Europe, on us. flowers; very small.

25 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

22. PAUSUS.

Antennæ consisting of two articulations, clavated. Club solid and hooked.

1. It is a native of North America; entirely black, the head very small, the thorax narrow, with an elevated transverse margin on the fore-part; the elytra terminated abruptly by a transverse line, and a little longer than the abdomen; which is likewise terminated abruptly. It is about the size of the dermestes lardarius.

Antennæ moniliform. Feelers unequal, filiform. Lip elongated, membranaceous. Jaw furnished with one tooth.

Oblong, reddish; head and elytra of an obscure blue. 1. Native of the east.

Antennæ setaceous. Feelers four, filiform; shorter than the jaw, which is entire. Lip emarginated.

Yellow; the elytra marked with a black dot in the middle and at the base. 1. Native of Egypt. Black below; the extremity of the abdomen reddish.

Reddish; the elytra yellow and black at the tip. 2. Native of the east.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers equal; filiform. Jaw horny; furnished with one tooth. Lip membranaceous; terminating abruptly, and entire.

Furnished with wings; black, the elytra yellow, marked with a black dot behind: formerly meloe bimaculatus. Native of the north of Europe; to be seen early in the spring, in sandy places.

Antennæ moniliform, advancing beyond the middle of the snout. Mouth furnished with a straight, cylindrical snout, which projects considerably.

Cylindrical; snout very long, bearded beneath; the elytra lengthened out and elevated. 1. Native of New Zealand. Snout longer than the body; antennæ shorter than the snout, placed near the tip; eyes globular, black; thorax cylindrical, black with gray hairs; elytra streaked and dotted, with furrowed spots; legs black, with gray hairs.

Linear; the elytra striped with yellow: thorax lengthened. Native of South America and India.

This genus includes 11 species.

Antennæ clavated, placed upon the snout, which is formed of a horny substance, and prominent. Feelers four, filiform.

This beautiful and numerous genus is divided into five subdivisions: their larvae have a scaly head, and six scaly legs. Those of the long-snouted ones are most

destructive in granaries, and to feeds of almost every description. They insinuate themselves into the grain, and consume it gradually, leaving nothing but the skin, in which they lie concealed, and undergo their metamorphosis. Those with the short snout infest artichokes, and the stalks and leaves of plants. The leaves of many trees, particularly the elm, may be seen marked with yellow spots, occasioned by the larvae of this tribe insinuating themselves within the cuticle of the leaf, and forming a bag, in which they lurk, till they come forth a perfect insect.

The thorax and elytra rough. Antennæ white at gigas, the tips. Native of Japan. Snout cylindrical, long, arched, brown on the fore part, of an ash-colour behind; thorax round, brown, rough, with raised sharp points; elytra rough, gray, with scattered brown and white dots.

Black; thorax flat and dotted, with a line slightly brachy-elevated; elytra shortened and somewhat stripped: the pteros. intervals dotted. 555. Native of Europe.

Black; the elytra marked with white dots set in regular rows, and with white interrupted waved bands. 556. Native of Europe.

Scarlet; the elytra marked with ten rows of dots. coccineus. 558. Native of Europe.

Black; the elytra of a violet colour; the scutellum cyanus. white. 5. Native of Europe, particularly on the willow.

Black above; ash-coloured below, and hunch-backed. 6. Native of Europe; feeds on the feeds of the vetch; it is very small.

Gray; the elytra and legs reddish brown. 101. Native of England, on the mallow. The snout and abdomen black.

The snout and thorax red; the elytra of a violet roboris. colour. 103. Native of Europe, on the oak.

Black; with the abdomen oval. 13. Native of the north of Europe, frequently to be met with on plants of the class tetradynamia.

Of a blood-colour. 15. Native of Europe, and very destructive to corn which has been long kept. frumentarius.

Black; the thorax dotted, and of the same length with the elytra; the elytra marked with two red spots. This species is very destructive to rice kept in granaries. oryzae.

Weevil or Bond. Black; the thorax dotted, and of the same length with the elytra. 16. This destructive little animal does much mischief in granaries, and in biscuit kept in ware-houses, or on ship-board. Wood, henbane, and elder, are said to drive them away from grain which has been infested by them, and, on that account, is sometimes mixed with the grain.

The elytra of a brick colour, with cloudy bands. 19. Native of Europe; in the bark of the pinus sylvestris. pinus.

Black, sprinkled with green: snout black and bent, somewhat resembling a keel. 121. Native of Africa, and the south of Europe: on the flowers of the artichoke.

Cylindrical and ash coloured; the elytra set with sharp parapleura. parapleura.

sharp points. 34. Native of Europe; on umbelliferous plants, particularly on the phellandrum aquaticum; in the stalks of which the larva is frequently lodged, and is supposed to be the cause of the flaggers in horses.

bardanae. Cylindrical; covered with a gray down; the fore-legs long. 152. Native of Europe, on the bardock. When old, it loses the gray down, and becomes smooth and black.

bacchus. Of a bright copper-colour; snout and feet black. 38. Native of the south of Europe, on the vine and hazel. Somewhat hairy above.

fragileus. Oblong; of a chestnut colour; the elytra equalling the thorax, marked with four red spots. Native of South America and India. It is small, and very destructive to grain.

†† Hind thighs thickened. Saltatorii.

* quercus. Pale yellow; eyes black. 25. Native of Europe; on the willow, elm, and oak, the leaves of which it frequently covers with blotches, by infirmating itself within the cuticle. It is about the size of the pediculus humanus.

segetis. Body black; elytra oblong. 45. Native of Europe; on the ears of corn.

††† Thighs dentated.

sterrenus. Black; the elytra shining. 10. Native of Europe; very frequent on plants of different kinds.

* cerasi. Black; the elytra opaque and oblong. 11. Native of Europe; on the leaves of the cherry and pear-tree, the cuticle of which it eats.

* pomorum. The thighs of the fore-legs dentated; body gray, clouded. 46. Native of Europe, on the flowers of fruit-trees.

* caliginosus. The streaks of the elytra approaching one another, and dotted. 243. Native of Britain, but rare. Body oblong, entirely black, opaque; thorax round and punctured; elytra with deep approximate striae in pairs; thighs sharply dentated.

* germanus. Black; the thorax marked with two reddish dots on each side. 58. Native of Europe; very common in Germany. It is amongst the largest of this genus that is to be met with in Europe.

* nocum. Body gray, of the same length with the snout. 59. Native of Europe; frequently to be found in hazel-nuts.

* scrophulariae. The elytra marked with two black spots situated near the future. 61. Native of Europe; on the figwort, the capsules of which the larvae consume, and substitute in their place brown follicles.

* * Brevirostris.

† Thighs dentated.

specabilis. The body variegated with green and black. 298. Native of New Holland.

fulco-maculatus. Black; the thighs faintly dentated; the thorax and elytra smooth, spotted with brown. 301. Native of Europe; large, smooth.

coatus. The abdomen oval and black; the legs and antennae reddish. 69. Native of Europe; in orchards.

* pyri. Yellowish-brown. 72. Native of Europe. The larva feeds on the leaves of the pear tree; the perfect insect on the flowers of the pear and of the plum. The colour varies; sometimes it is bronzed, red, green.

VOL. VIII. Part I.

&c.; legs reddish; body covered with oblong scales of various colours; elytra striated, punctured.

Downy, brown; the thighs acutely dentated; antennae and legs brownish. 308. Native of Europe; on the apple-tree.

†† Thighs smooth.

The thorax marked with lines; the elytra of an ashi-polygoni colour, marked with little brown lines; the future brown, dotted with black. 26. Native of Europe; on the polygonum.

Above, brownish-gray; beneath, ash-coloured; snout * griseus grooved. 335. Native of Britain.

Blackish; the elytra gray, marked with two white * triguttata spots, and with a larger one behind, which is common tus. to both elytra. 336. Native of Britain.

The elytra marked with black elevated stripes, and imperialis with bright green and gold dotted furrows alternately, swelling out at their base, and drawing to a point at their tips. 349. Native of South America. It is very large, and the most beautiful insect hitherto known; commonly known by the name of the diamond-beetle.

Body green, silky, striped with broad gold bands. regalis. 75. Native of South America. The thighs brown, marked with a golden ring.

Oblong, brown; the back part of the thorax flat. * incanus. 81. Native of Europe; common in fir.

616 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

28. RHINOMACER.

Antennae setaceous, placed upon the snout. Feelers four, thicker towards their exterior side.

Covered with gray down; antennae and legs black. curculioides.

1. Native of Italy. Covered with black hair; antennae and legs reddish. attelaboides.

2. Native of Europe; in pine-forests. Blue, somewhat hairy; base of the antennae and the caruleus legs yellow. 3. Native of Europe.

Only three species of this genus have been described.

29. ATTELABUS.

Head drawn to a point on the hind part, and inclined. Antennae moniliform, the articulations towards the point thicker than the rest.

* Jaw bifid.

Black, the elytra red and reticulated. 1. Native * coryli of Europe; on the leaves of the hazel, which it rolls up into cylinders and shuts up at both ends.

Black; legs formed for leaping. 7. Native of * betule. Europe; on the leaves of the birch, which it renders beautifully curled by its gnawing. It leaps very nimbly.

* * Jaw furnished with one tooth.

† The posterior feelers hatchet-shaped. Clerie.

Black; the elytra marked with three white bands, and mutillarius red at the base. 19. Native of Europe.

Black; thorax reddish; elytra red, white at the base. * formica and rius.

and marked with two white bands. 8. Native of Europe; it destroys the pinus pertinax and many other insects.

* apiarius. Bluish; the elytra red, marked with three black bands. 10. Native of Europe and America. The larva is frequently to be met with in bee-hives, the perfect insect on flowers. It is double the size of the formicarius.

†† Feet four, nearly filiform. Spondilides.

cerambycides. Black; the elytra full of wrinkles, and broader than the thorax. 12. Native of Europe, in the boletus fomentarius.

bostrychides. Black; the elytra very much ribbed; the thorax almost globular. 13. Native of Europe, in woods.

There are 34 species of this genus.

30. NOTOXUS.

Antennæ filiform. Feet four, hatchet-shaped. Jaw furnished with one tooth.

* mollis. Downy; the elytra black, marked with three pale bands. 3. Native of Europe; on flowers.

* monoceros. Thorax projecting over the head like a horn; elytra pale, marked with a black band and dot. 4. Native of Europe, on umbelliferous plants.

There are four species of this genus.

31. CERAMBYX.

Antennæ setaceous. Feet four. Thorax prickly or turgid. Elytra linear.

This is a very beautiful and finely variegated family. The larvae resemble soft, oblong, slender worms, with a scaly head and hard legs on the fore part. They bore through the inner part of trees, pulverising the wood, and are transformed into perfect insects in the cavities they make. Many of them diffuse a strong smell, perceivable at a great distance; and some, when taken, utter a sort of cry, produced by the friction of the thorax on the upper part of the abdomen and elytra.

* Feet four, equal.

a. Filiform.

† Jaw cylindrical, entire. Prioni.

a. The Thorax furnished with moveable spines.

trochlearis. The elytra variegated with a dark colour and white, with raised dots. 2. Native of India.

longimanus. The elytra marked with a small projection at their base, and with two at the tip; the antennæ long. 1. Native of South America. The flanks of the fore-legs, in the male, are very long.

b. Thorax marginated.

sericicornis. The thorax with three little projections on each side; the jaws stretched out, and furnished with one spine on their outside; the antennæ short. 3. Native of America. The larva is found in the wood of the bombax. It is eatable, and reckoned a delicacy by the natives.

The thorax furnished with four small projections on armillatus, each side; the elytra rusty-coloured, edged with black; the thighs of the hind-legs marked with a little projection. 4. Native of India; very large.

Thorax furnished with very small projections; the damicornis jaws stretching out, and furnished with two teeth; the antennæ short. 86. Native of South America. The larva is eaten by the natives, and much relished.

The thorax wrinkly and marked on each side with a faber, small projection; the elytra black; the antennæ of a middling length. 6. Native of Europe; in wood.

Thorax marked with three small projections; body * coriarius black; the elytra furnished with sharp points; antennæ shorter than the body. 7. Native of Europe; on decayed birch-trees. It produces large, oblong, yellowish eggs.

†† Jaw obtuse, furnished with one tooth. Cerambyces.

Thorax prickly; elytra formed like the roof of a nebulosus house, marked with black bands and dots; the antennæ longer than the body. 29. Native of Europe; in the stems of fir-trees, which it kills by consuming the inner bark.

Thorax prickly; elytra entire, marked with three fascicula prickly dots; the antennæ of the same length with the tur body. 106. Native of Europe.

Thorax prickly; elytra whitish at their anterior part, * hispidus, and furnished with two small projections at their tips; the antennæ of the same length with the body, and rough. 30. Native of Europe.

Green shining; thorax prickly; antennæ blue, and * moscha of the same length with the body. 34. Native of tur. Europe; on the willow. The colour of the antennæ and legs varies from a blue to a brown. The living insect has a smell of musk, which is said to have a soporific effect. It produces white eggs. The green colour of this insect is sometimes tinged with blue, and at other times it is entirely blue and gold. The smell it diffuses, is imagined by some to resemble the smell of a rose, and frequently pervades a whole meadow, where the insect happens to be plentiful.

Black; the thorax prickly and wrinkled; the elytra heros, somewhat prickly and reddish brown; antennæ long. 128. Native of Europe; on the oak.

††† Jaw divided.

* Horny. Lamiæ.

Thorax prickly; elytra black, with rusty-coloured futor spots; scutellum yellow; antennæ very long. 38. Native of Europe; in woods.

Black; thorax prickly; scutellum bright yellow; fartor elytra without spots; antennæ very long. 159. Native of Europe; larger than the preceding species.

Thorax prickly; elytra black and convex; antennæ textor of the same length with the body. 41. Native of Europe; on trunks of trees.

Black; thorax somewhat prickly; elytra ash-colour fuliginator ed; antennæ short. 43. Native of Europe. When old, it becomes entirely black. It is met with in wool, after it has been cut from the sheep.

Thorax prickly, and marked with green bands; the regalis elytra sprinkled with green, with three tawney spots. 167. Native of Africa. Antennæ longer than the body, black; head beneath lined with green; a tawney spot under

under the eyes; thorax black, with three impressed green bands; elytra somewhat striated; black, sprinkled with green; abdomen with a white line of tawney dots on each side.

*** Membranaceus. Saperdae.

cartharias. Thorax smooth, cylindrical; body gray, dotted with black; antennæ of the same length with the body. 52. Native of Europe.

cardui. Of a dusky colour; thorax marked with lines; scutellum yellow; antennæ long. 56. Native of Europe; on thistles, injuring them much in the month of May. Body brown, speckled with yellow; thorax marked with three yellow lines.

populneus. Thorax without spines, cylindrical, yellow, and marked with lines; elytra marked with four yellow dots; antennæ of the same length with the body. 57. Native of Europe; on the poplar. Body brown; antennæ variegated with black and white.

cylindricus. Cylindrical, black; fore-legs yellow. 5. Native of Europe; on the pear and plum-tree.

β. Feelers capitated. Rhagiae.

curfor. Thorax prickly; elytra obtuse and reddish, marked with a black line, and black along the suture; antennæ of the same length with the body. 45. Native of Europe.

anglicus. Thorax prickly; elytra marked with two oblique yellow bands. 237. Native of Britain.

inquisitor. Black; thorax prickly; elytra clouded with brick-coloured stripes; antennæ shorter than the body. 49. Native of Europe, on the trunks of trees. The larva has six feet, and is naked; white; head and collar horny, brown; back grooved.

elegans. Black; thorax with a spine on each side; elytra chestnut-coloured; their base suture, and a spot on each, are black; they are likewise marked with two yellow bands. 242. Native of Europe.

γ. Feelers clavated. Callidia.

rusticus. Thorax naked; body pale; the antennæ tapering, and shorter than the body. 67. Native of Europe; in woods.

laridus. Thorax naked and furnished with knobs, black; the elytra of a brick colour. 68. Native of Europe; in fir-woods.

violaceus. The thorax somewhat downy; body of a violet colour; antennæ shorter than the body. 70. Native of Europe; chiefly in fir-timber, which has been cut down some time, and which has not been stripped of its bark. It bores serpentine cavities between the bark and the wood, which are larger in diameter as the insect increases in size, filling the space it leaves behind with its excrement, which resembles saw-dust. Body dark violet; a little hairy; antennæ hardly as long as the body, hairy; sternum with a small projecting point; elytra linear, round at the tip, turgid at the base. It varies in having the head and thorax, and even the body, greenish.

bojulus. Thorax hairy, marked with two protuberances; body brown. 76. Native of Europe, on the trunks of trees, in timber, in houses, perforating the joints, particularly those that have been formed of fir-timber.

*** Feelers unequal; the anterior pair filiform, the posterior clavated. Stenocori Fabricii.

Thorax slightly prickly; elytra formed like the roof of a house; the anterior part of them reddish brown; nut. the breast shining. 47. Native of Europe. Male of a brick colour, female blackish; larva lives under ground, and has very long legs.

379 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

32. CALOPUS.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers four; the anterior ones clavated; the posterior filiform. Thorax turgid. Elytra narrow, and of an equal breadth throughout their whole length.

Brown; the antennæ compressed. 1. A native of ferratiicornis. Europe; it is long, and cylindrical.

Very small, brown; the antennæ ferrated and hairy. pygmaeus. 3. A native of Europe; about the size of a flea.

There are three species described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

33. LEPTURA.

Antennæ setaceous. Feelers four, filiform. Elytra growing smaller towards the tip. Thorax somewhat tapering.

* Lip entire. Donacia of Fabricius.

Of a golden colour; the thighs of the hind legs clavated and notched. 1. A native of Europe; on aquatic plants, on the water-lily, phellandrum aquaticum, at the roots of which the pupa may be found enclosed in brown globes. The thighs of the hind-legs are sometimes without notches. Antennæ blackish, the joints pale, reddish at the tip; head with a little down on the middle; thorax grooved; elytra streaked, dotted, and terminating abruptly, with short appendages at each margin; body beneath downy; legs dull, brownish red.

Of a golden colour; the thighs simple. 17. A native of Britain; on aquatic plants.

Shining green golden colour; the elytra marked with nitida. dotted streaks and with crenated wrinkles, likewise with a bright purple and green fillet; the abdomen, antennæ, and legs, of a golden colour; the thighs of the hind-legs notched. 88. A native of Europe.

Silvery green; the elytra marked with dotted streaks, vulgaris. crenated wrinkles, with a broad green and purple fillet common to both elytra; the head, abdomen, and legs, of a golden colour; the thighs of the hind-legs without notches. 89. A native of Europe.

*** Lip bifid. Lepture.

A. The Thorax on the fore part somewhat oblong and narrow.

Black; the elytra reddish, with a black dot in the unipunctata. middle. 22. A native of Europe.

Black; elytra red, black at the tips and at the fur-hastata. suture. 23. A native of Europe. The abdomen is reddish in the male, which is smaller than the female.

melanura. Black; the elytra reddish or livid, black at the tips and at the suture. 2. A native of Europe; the elytra are black at the tips in the male, in the female they are all of one colour.

* rubra. Black; the thorax, the elytra, and the legs, purple. 3. A native of Europe; on flowers.

* villica. Of a rusty colour; the antennæ, elytra, and breast, dark brown. 28. A native of Britain.

splendida. Black; covered with yellow hairs; the elytra smooth at the tips; the legs tawney; antennæ brown, and of a rusty colour at the base. 49. A native of Europe.

rufipes. Black; the legs reddish; the thighs red at the base. 52. A native of Europe; frequently to be met with in the month of May, on the buckthorn, the dog-wood, and hawthorn.

B. The Thorax nearly globular, and not attenuated on its anterior part; the Elytra blunt at the tips, but not truncated.

* virginia. The thorax globular and black; the elytra of a reddish colour; the abdomen reddish. 15. A native of Europe.

* collaris. The thorax globular and red; the abdomen red; and the elytra black. 16. A native of Europe.

bipartita. Black; the thorax of a rusty colour, marked with a longitudinal black line; the elytra marked with a rusty-coloured spot, common to both of them. 71. A native of Europe.

nitens. The thorax globular, which, as well as the abdomen, is of a shining black, covered with a yellow down; the elytra black; marked with four broad transverse yellow bands; the legs of a rusty colour. 67. A native of America.

100 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin, in the last edition of the System of Nature.

34. NECYDALIS, Carrion-Eater.

Antennæ either setaceous or filiform. Feelers four, filiform. Elytra smaller, shorter, or narrower than the wings. Tail simple.

* Antennæ setaceous; Elytra shorter than the wings or abdomen.

* major. The elytra of a rusty colour, without spots; the antennæ shorter than the body. 1. A native of Europe.

* minor. The elytra reddish brown, with a small line at the top; the antennæ larger than the body. 2. A native of Europe.

* umbellata. The elytra of a brick colour, without spots; the antennæ long. 3. A native of Europe; on umbelliferous plants.

* * Antennæ filiform; the Elytra growing narrower towards the tips, and of the same length with the abdomen.

* viridiflamma. The thorax somewhat tapering; body green. 13. A native of Europe; very frequent in gardens.

* humeralis. The elytra black, yellow at the base. 18. A native of Britain.

melanura. Black; the thorax and elytra reddish brown; the latter are black at the tips. 20. A native of Europe; on plants of different kinds.

26 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

35. LAMPYRIS, Fire-Fly.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers four. Elytra flexible. Thorax flat, hemispherical, surrounding and concealing the head under it. The sides of the abdomen furnished with folded papillæ. The female in most of the species without wings.

* Feelers nearly clavated.

Glow-worm. Oblong, brown; shield ash-coloured. * noctiluca. 1. A native of Europe; in woods and meadows. The female is larger than the male, and emits a beautiful phosphoric light, for the purpose of attracting the male. It is apparent that their shining light depends on a fluid placed near the extremity of the abdomen; the light becomes brighter, and of a finer green colour, when the insect is in motion. The little animal can withdraw the light at pleasure by contracting itself. Though the insect be bruised, the light continues for a considerable time.

Dusky black; the shield marked, on both sides, with corusca, a circular rose-coloured spot. 2. A native of North America.

Oblong, brown; the shield resembling glass at the splendida tip. 3. A native of Europe; in woods. This has been thought only a variety of the noctiluca; it is peculiarly resplendent in showery weather. The female emits the brighter light, particularly when pregnant.

The shield reddish, and black in the middle; the pyralis, elytra black, with a white edge; the abdomen white. 4. A native of the south of America.

Yellow; the third segment of the abdomen from the japonica, anus is black. 22. A native of Japan; very plentiful in the months of May and June; diffusing a very strong light from two small bags at its tail, filled with air; eyes, antennæ, and wings black.

The elytra brown; the thorax transverse, red. 11. italica. A native of Italy and Switzerland; on trees; less than the rest of the genus; brown; the last two segments of the abdomen yellow; the breast and legs pale yellow; the female black.

* * Feelers nearly filiform.

Black; the sides of the thorax and elytra of a blood sanguinea, colour. 17. A native of Europe; in stony ground.

Black; the thorax and elytra of a brick colour; antennæ pectinicornis, pectinated. 34. A native of Europe.

Black; the thorax and elytra of a blood colour, and coccinea, without spots. 18. A native of Europe; in hedges; head sometimes reddish, the elytra sometimes striated.

* * * Feelers with the last joint thicker than the rest, and terminating abruptly. Lyci.

Yellow; elytra with a black marginal spot, and latissima, black behind, the lateral margin very much dilated. 14. A native of Sierra Leona. Mouth cylindrical, prominent; body narrower before, and very wide behind; antennæ ferrated.

Black; thorax orbicular, and with the elytra red, atra, marked with an impressed black spot on the back. 44. A native of Europe.

Forty-four species.

Antennæ moniliform. Feelers four, thicker towards their outer side. Lip linear, rounded at the tip.

testacea. Reddish; antennæ and legs black. 1. A native of Tranquebar; the hind thigh of the male thickened, and grooved beneath, and marked with a little projection.

ermesoides. Reddish brown; eyes, wings, and breast black. 2. A native of Europe.

There are only two species of this genus described.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers four, equal; the last articulation terminating abruptly, and thicker than the rest. Lip short, bifid; the divisions linear, and distant from one another. Body depressed.

naticus. Thorax unarmed, black, with an impressed dot on each side; elytra striated, brown. 2. A native of Europe; black.

testaceus. Of a brick colour; thorax nearly square, unarmed; thighs compressed. 3. A native of Europe, under the bark of the birch tree.

quadratus. Black; the thorax square, notch behind marked with tubercles in the middle, and wrinkled on the external edge, clavated on the anterior part; the antennæ brown; the legs and elytra simple and reddish. A native of Europe.

Eleven species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ filiform. Thorax (for the most part) marginated, and shorter than the head. Elytra flexible. Sides of the abdomen edged with folded papillæ.

This is an extremely rapacious genus, preying on other insects, and even on its own tribe; those of the division lymexylon only, both in the grub and perfect state, feed on green wood.

fusca. Thorax red, with a black spot; elytra brown. 2. A native of Europe; in hedges; most rapacious, and devouring its own species.

marginella. Reddish; the abdomen black and marginated; the back part of the head, eyes, and breast yellow. 73. A native of Europe.

media. Brown; the thorax, head, base of the antennæ, the sides and tip of the abdomen, and the legs reddish. 14. A native of Europe.

hamatiformis. Black; mouth and abdomen red. 75. A native of Europe.

biguttata. The middle of the thorax black; the elytra shortened, black and yellow at the tip. 11. A native of Europe; in groves and gardens.

cardiacus. The thorax somewhat marginated; body black; antennæ pectinated; the elytra marked with a blood-coloured dot at the tip. 13. A native of Europe; on the leonurus cardiacus.

lissus. Black; the thorax, the base of the antennæ, pos-

terior base of the segments of the abdomen, and legs yellow, with a brown spot on the thorax. 82. A native of Europe.

* * * Feelers filiform, the last articulation setaceous. Malachii.

Bright greenish yellow; the upper surface of the * area. elytra red. 7. A native of Europe; on plants. It is furnished with two tentacula at the base of the abdomen, of a blood colour, blunt, and connected at the base; likewise two on the thorax which can be stretched out. There is a smaller variety, with the elytra wholly of a blood colour.

Bright yellowish green; the elytra red at the tips. * bipustulata.

8. A native of Europe. Black; the thorax and tips of the elytra red. 86. haemorooides.

A native of Europe. Thorax red, emarginated; elytra blue and smooth; crusomiloides. antennæ and legs black. 63. A native of France; des. when touched under the breast, it contracts its head and body; when set at liberty it runs off very quickly.

* * * The anterior feelers stretched out; the last articulation but one, is enlarged with a large oval split appendage; the last articulation arched, and acute. lymexylon.

Black; the elytra light brown, and black at the tip; proboscis. the feelers hooked, and irregular. 69. A native of dea. Europe; in timber.

Brown; the antennæ and shanks of the legs black. barbata. 70. A native of Europe; in timber; covered with glossy down of a changeable hue; antennæ and legs paler.

The thorax somewhat tapering; body yellow; the * navalis. margin and tips of the elytra black. 26. A native of Europe; in the timber of the oak, to which it is very destructive.

Eighty-six species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ setaceous. Feelers four, unequal; the anterior one longer than the rest, and deeply ferrated; four articulations, the last one very large, terminating abruptly, compressed, and like a plate; the posterior one nearly clavated. Thorax marginated, the anterior one receiving the head, with a prominent angle on each side. Head bent down. Legs formed for digging.

Body brown; the elytra striated. A native of the striatus. island of Runfala; found on old wooden buildings in autumn.

Body black; the elytra smooth. 2. A native of levigatus. Europe.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers four, hatchet-shaped. Under side of the thorax terminating in an elastic spine, coming out from a cavity of the abdomen; by which means the body, when placed on the back, springs up and recovers its natural posture.

Brown;

flabellicornis. Brown; antennæ with a fan-shaped tuft of eight large black leaves. 1. A native of India. This is one of the largest of the genus; the antennæ short.

noctilucus. Sides of the thorax marked with a smooth yellow spot. 4. A native of America. This insect, like the lampyris and fulgora, affords a strong phosphoric light in the night time, the streams of which are so strong, that a person may see to read the smallest print. When placed on its back, it will spring four or five inches from the level on which it is put, to recover its natural position; the abdomen when removed from the body is luminous internally.

phosphoreus. Brown; the thorax marked on its posterior part with two smooth yellow spots. 5. A native of South America, resembling the noctiluca very much, but only half the size, although considerably larger than the species to be found in Europe; the spots of the thorax shine in the night light like the preceding species.

bipustulata. Black, shining; the elytra marked with a black dot at the base. 9. A native of Europe, on pasture grounds.

brunnus. The thorax reddish, and black in the middle; the elytra and body of a rusty colour. 10. A native of Europe; in gardens.

cruciatus. The thorax black, rusty-coloured on the sides; the elytra yellow, marked with a black cross, and black on the edges. 12. A native of Europe; on pasture grounds.

ruficollis. Black; the hind part of the thorax red, and shining. 14. A native of Europe; on grass land.

mesomelos. The thorax and edge of the elytra of a rusty colour; body and elytra black. 16. A native of Europe; larva fix-footed, filiform, and hardish, furnished with a horny shield at the tail, notched at the sides, and furnished beneath with a conical hollow tubercle in form of a leg on the under side. It is common in decayed wood.

aterrimus. Thorax black and shining; the elytra striated and black. 17. A native of Europe.

castaneus. The thorax reddish and downy; the elytra yellow, and black at the tip. 13. A native of Europe; in low grounds.

sanguineus. Black; elytra of a blood colour. 21. A native of Europe; in grass lands. The tip of the elytra black. —A larger variety is found with the thorax downy and tawney; the elytra of a deep colour, and marked with a faint black blotch at the base.

segetis. Black; the antennæ and feet brown; the elytra marked with longitudinal black and brown lines. 114. A native of Europe; at the roots of corn. The larva destroys the fields, especially in dry seasons; it is a long time before it undergoes its metamorphosis.

funereus. Reddish; the elytra striated; head brown. 144. A native of Europe.

obscurus. Of a rusty colour; head and thorax brown, the latter, together with the elytra and legs, are of a brick colour. 146. A native of Europe.

149 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

CICINDELA, the Sparkler.

Antennæ fetaceous. Feelers fix, filiform; the posterior ones hairy. The jaws prominent and many-toothed. Eyes prominent. Thorax rounded and margined.

* Lip divided into three little projections.

This is, in general, a very beautiful genus of insects; they are found in dry sandy places, and prey with the most ravenous ferocity upon all other insects which come in their way, and which they can overcome. The larva is soft, white, long, and has six feet, with a brown scaly head; and lurks in a round perpendicular hole in the ground, with its head at the entrance, to draw in, and devour whatever insects may come near, or fall into it.

Green; the elytra marked with five white dots. 1. * campestris. A native of Europe; in sandy plains. The upper part tristis.

of the antennæ brown, the under part red; thorax a little angular, rough; elytra irregularly dotted; upper lip white; jaws projecting, sharp; legs red, with a coppery tinge.

Purple; the elytra marked with a white band, and * hybridus. two white circular dots. 2. A native of Europe; in sandy places.

Of a copper colour; the elytra green, marked with a white spot, like a crescent, at the tip. 4. A native of Europe. It varies in colour, being sometimes blue, green, or black. germanica.

Black, above bright brown; the elytra with lateral danica. striae at a good distance from one another. 40. A native of Europe.

Black, on the upper part nearly of the colour of punctata. brass; the elytra striated, marked with four impressed dots; legs a yellowish brown. 41. A native of Europe.

Of a rusty colour; legs, elytra, head, and thorax ferruginea. reddish; the latter green behind; the elytra are marked with a waved green band, and have a green future. 49. A native of Europe; in water. Head two-lobed behind; lip white; thorax jagged on the fore part; it has no scutellum; elytra with each 15 punctured striae, and three spots at the base near the anterior margin.

* * Lip rounded, pointed, entire. Elaphrus.

Of a bright greenish yellow; the elytra marked with * ripario. broad concave points. 10. A native of Europe; in moist places.

Of an obscure brass colour; the elytra somewhat * flavipes. cloudy, legs yellow. 11. A native of Europe; on banks. The elytra are sometimes dotted; antennæ black, the first joint yellow; thorax rounded, and grooved on the back.

Black; the elytra brown, marked with two pale quadrimaculatus. spots, the shanks of the legs reddish. 13. A native of Europe.

Of a bright brass colour, polished; head striated. * aquatica. 14. A native of Europe; common in water.

48 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

42. BUPRESTIS, the Cow-burner.

Antennæ filiform, serrated, and of the same length with the thorax. Feelers four, filiform; the last articulation obtuse and terminating abruptly. Head half drawn back within the thorax.

This is a genus remarkable for its rich metallic colours,

lours, having frequently the appearance of the most highly polished gold or copper; the larvae are usually found among timber, and in decayed trees.

vitata. The elytra dotted, and furnished with two little projections; they are likewise marked with four elevated lines, and with a broad fillet of green and gold. 33. A native of India.

fastuosa. The elytra terminating abruptly, furnished with two small projections, green, and marked with dotted stripes; the back is of a bright golden colour. 34. A native of America.

berolinensis. The elytra variegated with green and black, and furnished with two small projections; the anus is furnished with three small projections. 36. A native of Europe.

oblongata. The elytra formed like the roof of a house, and destitute of projections, marked with four white spots; body blue. 2. A native of Europe; in groves.

maculosa. The elytra black, striated, furnished with projections, and terminating abruptly, marked with four yellow spots. 50. A native of Europe; of a middle size. Head and abdomen green and gold; the legs and thorax black; the edge of the latter yellow.

mariana. The elytra are ferrated, and marked with longitudinal wrinkles, likewise with two impressed spots; the thorax furrowed. 6. A native of Europe.

chrysostigma. The elytra are ferrated, marked with two golden impressed spots, and longitudinal furrows; the thorax dotted. 7. A native of Europe.

rustica. The elytra formed like the roof of a house, and striated; the thorax dotted. 8. A native of Europe; in groves.

fulcica. Shining green; the elytra entire, of a golden colour, and green at the base. 85. A native of Europe; on the willow.

120 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

43. HYDROPHILUS.

Antennæ clavate; the club perforated. Feelers four, filiform. The hind-legs hairy, formed for swimming, and almost destitute of nails or claws.

The insects of this and the next genus, dytiscus, are inhabitants of ponds and stagnant waters, where they swim with much dexterity, turning round with great velocity. They fly abroad by night in search of other waters. The males are distinguished from the females, by having a horny concave flap or shield on the fore-legs, near the setting-on of the feet; the hind-legs are peculiarly fitted for their aquatic situation, being furnished on the inner side with a series of long and closet filaments, resembling a fin, by which they are enabled to swim with great ease and celerity. The larvae remain about two years and a half before they change into pupæ, forming a convenient cell, and secreting themselves in some bank; are extremely voracious and destructive to the more tender aquatic insects, worms, and young fish, which they ravenously seize, with their forked jaws, and destroy by sucking out their juice.

picus. Water-clock. Black; breast grooved, with a long spine pointing backwards. 1. A native of Europe.

The larva appears to have its legs seated on the upper part of the body near the back; but this is occasioned by the peculiar shape and position of the legs; the female spins a flatish circular web, terminated by a long tapering horn, from which the young escape, as soon as they are hatched.

Black, shining; the elytra somewhat striated. 2. A. curaboides.

Black, shining; the edges of the thorax and elytra scrobicoides. yellow. 3. A native of Europe. Feelers filiform.

Oval, black; the elytra and legs gray. 11. A native of Europe. It makes a buzzing noise in the evening. Thorax is sometimes gray.

Black, shining above, and thickly dotted. 13. A. pilula. native of Europe.

Twenty species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

44. DYTISCUS.

Antennæ setaceous. Feelers six, filiform. The hind-legs hairy, almost entirely destitute of claws or nails, and formed for swimming.

Black; the edges of the elytra dilated, marked with a yellow line. 6. A native of Europe. It is so voracious as even to destroy its own species. The male is smooth, the female grooved.

Black; the whole of the edge of the thorax, and the outer edge of the elytra, yellow. 7. A native of Europe. The fore-feet of the male have a hemispherical appendage, with two circular cavities in the middle. The female is semistriated.

Brown; the elytra hairy, marked with ten furrows, semistri- reaching half their length. 8. A native of Europe. It is furnished with a sharp crooked concealed sword. Its eggs are oblong, large, and white.

The elytra marked with ten longitudinal furrows, sulcatus. and are hairy. 3. A native of Europe and America. The elytra of the male are smooth.

Brown; thorax yellow, marked with four black dots. notatus. 31. A native of Europe. The thorax is sometimes reddish, sometimes variegated with black dots, or with a short black band.

The thorax of a rusty colour, marked with two black dots at the base; the elytra brown, spotted with red. 32. A native of Europe.

Brown; the elytra smooth; the legs and belly of a rusty colour. 86. A native of Britain; in stagnant waters.

Bluish, clouded with black; the antennæ and legs of a rusty colour; the belly black, the margin of a light-brown colour. 87. A native of Britain; in stagnant waters.

133 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

45. CARANUS, Bull-head.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers six; the last articulation obtuse, and terminating abruptly. Thorax heart-shaped; smaller end which terminates abruptly being next the body. Both thorax and elytra are margined.

These insects are exceedingly active and quick in running: they devour the larvae of other insects, and all the weaker animals they can overcome; the legs are long,

long, thighs compressed, shanks rounded and ciliated within; the fore ones prickly before; the larvae are found under ground or in decayed wood.

coriaceus. Black, opaque; without wings; the elytra connected and marked with dots which run into one another, and somewhat wrinkled. 1. A native of Europe; in woods. One of the largest species in Europe; head and thorax irregularly dotted; body beneath shining.

granulatus. Without wings, and blackish; the elytra of the colour of brass, striated, and marked with elevated dots, placed between the striae. 2. A native of Europe; in fields.

hortensis. Without wings; black, the elytra smooth, marked with a triple row of bright yellow depressed dots, and with a blue edge. 3. A native of Europe; in gardens and woods. The dots on the elytra are sometimes of the same colour with the elytra.

arvensis. Without wings, and of a blackish copper colour; the elytra striated, and marked with a triple row of concave dots. 42. A native of Europe.

nitens. Without wings; the elytra rough, green, with longitudinal raised lines, the edge golden; legs black. 6. A native of Europe; in woods.

auratus. Without wings; the elytra gilt, and marked with elevated ridges and smooth furrows. 7. A native of Europe; in close confined places in woods.

violaceus. Winged; the elytra somewhat smooth, black, with a gilt edge; the thorax of a violet colour. 8. A native of Europe; very common in woods.

syco-phanta. Shining golden colour; the thorax blue; the elytra marked with strips of green and gold. 12. A native of Europe. This is the largest of this genus that is to be met with in Europe; the larva is black, it attacks caterpillars by night, and devours them.

adspersus. Without wings; above of an obscure greenish yellow; beneath black; the elytra marked with four rows of concave spots, and with furrows. 82. A native of Europe; in woods, under ground. The elytra are sometimes black.

fabulosus. Pale; the head black, and a black spot on the elytra. 96. A native of Europe; in sandy grounds.

ruficornis. Black; the elytra smooth, and furrowed, the antennae and legs reddish. 97. A native of Europe; in woods frequently.

pilicornis. The thorax roundish; the elytra striated, and marked with impressed dots; the antennae hairy. 104. A native of Britain. It is sometimes black, sometimes of a bright yellow.

spinibarbis. Blue; the thorax spherical; mouth, antennae, and shanks of the legs reddish. 105. A native of England.

crepitans. The thorax, head, and legs, of a rusty colour; the elytra black. 13. A native of Europe; in groves. It pursues the larger beetles, driving them away by the noise made by its belly.

280 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennae moniliform; the last articulation roundish. Thorax flat on one side, and convex on the other,

and margined. Head projecting. Elytra somewhat rigid.

* Feelers six, filiform; the Fore-legs formed for digging, furnished with projections at the extremity like a hand.

The larvae of some of the species of this genus live in damp places under ground among rubbish; of others, in flour and different kinds of food, where they perform their metamorphosis. The perfect insects are very troublesome in houses, eating bread, meal, &c.; they precipitately avoid the light; resort to damp cellars, and dark places, where putrefaction allures and nourishes them. They are all of a very dark gloomy appearance, from which circumstance they have received their name.

Black; thorax nearly square; the elytra very smooth. complanatus. 13. A native of Cayenne; large.

Black. 7. A native of Europe; on sand hills, in *fossor. which it digs holes.

Brown; thorax oblong, marked with five projecting *curfor. angles. 8. A native of Europe; in sand hills.

Wholly black, and smooth. 21. A native of E. atratus, gypt; the elytra joined together, the fore legs furnished with two projections.

*** Feelers four; the anterior ones faintly clavated, the posterior ones filiform.

Black; the thorax nearly square and smooth; the laminatus. elytra furrowed; the shanks of the fore legs crooked and sharp, terminating in a rusty-coloured plate. 22. A native of India; the largest of the genus.

Black; the elytra striated; thorax smooth. 1. A gigas. native of Surinam, about the size of the stag-beetle; the antennae are somewhat clavated.

Wholly black; the thighs of the fore legs thicker *molitor. than those of the rest. 2. A native of Europe; among flour, in bake-houses, mills, dry bread, &c. The larva is white, soft, and smooth, composed of thirteen segments; it is eagerly fought after by the nightingales.

Of a rusty colour; the elytra striated, the shield culinaris. emarginated. A native of Europe; in loose sand, in rubbish, and in granaries.

Black above; beneath of a deeper and brighter black; *pomona. the elytra marked with five elevated striae on each side.

45. A native of Europe, in orchards; the larva, covered with a loose net, by twos or threes lurk in the folded leaves.

The thorax marked with two cavities; the elytra of *lignarius. a violet colour or reddish; the antennae and legs of a rusty colour. 57. A native of Europe. The larva is to be met with in the trunks of pine trees that have been cut down, the inner bark of which they consume; the insect is, when full grown, about half an inch long.

64 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennae filiform. Feelers four. Thorax flat on one side, and convex on the other and margined. Head projecting.

jecting. Elytra slightly ridged. Wings are wanting in many of the species.

* Antennæ moniliform towards their extremity.

A. Feelers clavated.

giger. Black; thorax roundish; the elytra sharp pointed and very smooth. 1. A native of Europe.

fulcata. The elytra furnished with sharp points, and furrowed. 2. A native of Egypt; common in gardens. They are recommended as remedies in the carache, and against the bite of scorpions; the Turkish women dress and eat them, and think them very fattening.

* mortisaga. Black; the elytra are furnished with sharp points, and smooth. 3. A native of Europe; in shady close situations. This insect is regarded as a presage of the death of one of the family, by the common people in Sweden, when it is seen crawling about the house.

B. Feelers filiform.

maricata. Black; the elytra obtuse, striated, and furnished with sharp points. 20. A native of Europe, and the northern parts of Africa and Asia; it makes a noise by rubbing its hind legs against its elytra; it resembles the mortisaga, but larger.

striatula. Black; the elytra oblong, oval, and striated. 54. A native of Europe.

** The Antennæ filiform through their whole length.

A. Feelers four, filiform.

tricuspida. The thorax furnished with three sharp points; body gray. 56. A native of Egypt.

B. The anterior feelers hatchet-shaped, the posterior ones clavated.

carulca. Bluish; the thorax nearly round, the elytra striated. 61. A native of Europe.

* anglica. Black; the thorax roundish before; the elytra dotted and striated; the antennæ reddish at the tips. 76. A native of England.

harpia. Black; smooth and furnished with wings; the thorax circular; the jaws strong, furnished with teeth, and longer than the head. 84. A native of Europe.

84 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

48. MANTICORA.

Antennæ filiform. The articulations cylindrical. Feelers four, filiform. Thorax roundish before, and emarginated at the tip behind. Head projecting. Jaws projecting. Elytra united. No wings.

maxillosa. 1. Native of the Cape of Good Hope; body large, black; head nearly globular, and impressed on each side; jaws furnished with teeth at the base; thorax impressed in the middle, and clavated behind, the margin rounded and notched at the tip; elytra above, flat and rough, deflected at the edge with a very sharp lateral serrated line; legs simple, black.

Only one species of this genus has been described.

49. ERODIUS.

Antennæ moniliform. Feelers four, filiform. Jaw horny, bifid, and ending abruptly. Lip horny, emarginated.

testudinarus. Hunch-backed, black; the elytra united and rough; the sides dusty white. 1. A native of the Cape of Good Hope; large, flat beneath.

VOL. VIII. PART I.

Hunch-backed, black; the elytra marked with three gibbus. dotted lines. 2. A native of Africa; in loose sand, and very common in Egypt.

Black; the elytra marked with one clavated line. planus. 3. A native of Egypt.

Black; the elytra very smooth. 4. A native of Asia. minutus. Only four species of this genus have been described.

50. LYTTA.

Antennæ filiform. Feelers four, unequal; the posterior pair clavated. Thorax roundish. Head inflected, and turgid on the upper side. Elytra soft, and flexible.

Green; the antennæ black. 1. A native of Europe; on the privet, the ash, the elder, the lilac both common and Persian, the poplar, and on the Tartarian woodbine.

This insect is used in pharmacy, chiefly for the purpose of raising blisters. It multiplies greatly, and has a nauseous smell, not much unlike that of mice; which helps to conduct those who go in quest of them. The odorous particles exhaled from them are extremely corrosive. They were formerly ranked among the cantharides; more recently in the genus meloe. More accurate observation has placed them in the genus lytta.

Green and gold; the elytra reddish brown. 2. A nitidula. native of England.

Black, smooth; breast downy; the elytra grayish yellow, marked with two black and almost square spots. culata.

14. A native of the north of Asia. A pleasant smelling oil exudes from its legs.

Smooth, pale reddish brown; thorax depressed; the fenestrata: elytra gray, and black at the tips, and marked with two square glazed spots. 15. A native of the north of Asia, among flowers; of a middle size. A pleasant smelling oil is likewise exuded from its legs.

Brown; the fore part of the elytra, and the thorax, formicaria which are elongated, are red. 29. A native of Europe.

29 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

51. MELOE, the Blossom-eater.

Antennæ moniliform. Thorax roundish. Elytra soft, and flexible. Head inflated, and turgid on the upper side.

The larva as well as the perfect insect, both of this and the preceding genus, feed on leaves.

* No Wings; Elytra shortened.

Body of a violet colour. 1. A native of Europe. * proficua. It is to be met with, particularly in the spring, in sandy plains. They feed on the ranunculus and veratrum; its eggs have a pleasant smell; when touched, a very thin yellowish oil exudes from the joints of its legs. It is recommended as a remedy in the hydrophobia. The female is thrice as large as the male.

The segments of the abdomen red. 2. A native of the south of Europe. majalis.

* Furnished with Wings; the Elytra covering the Wings.

A. Jaw bifid.

Black; the elytra yellow, marked with three black cichorei. bands.

bands. 5. A native of Asia, and the east of Europe. It is used in medicine among the Chinese. The antennæ are sometimes yellow at the tips.

decem-punctatus. Black; the elytra reddish, marked with five black dots. 6. A native of Italy. The last articulation of the antennæ clavated.

B. Jaw entire.

schæfferi. Green; the antennæ and legs yellow. 12. A native of Europe.

schreberi. Green; the antennæ, legs, and three segments of the abdomen, yellow.

32 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

52. MORDELLA, the Nibbler.

Antennæ moniliform or pectinate. Feelers four; the anterior pair clavated, the posterior filiform. Head bent down under the neck. Elytra bent downwards towards the lip. Before the thighs, and at the base of the abdomen, there is a broad plate.

** Antennæ pectinate.

paradoxa. The sides of the thorax, and the elytra, a brick colour. 1. A native of Europe; on umbelliferous plants.

stabellata. Reddish brown; mouth, breast, and upper part of the abdomen, black. 10. A native of Europe.

** Antennæ moniliform.

bimaculata. Of a rusty colour; breast black; elytra reddish, marked with a black spot. 13. A native of Europe. Large.

* aculeata. Black; the anus terminating in a spine. 2. A native of Europe; on umbelliferous, and a variety of other plants.

* abdominalis. Black; thorax and abdomen tawney; the anus terminating in a spine. 19. A native of Europe.

* humeralis. Black; the mouth, sides of the thorax, and legs yellow. 3. A native of Europe; on flowers.

* bicolor. Black; the elytra reddish, black at the tip, and marked with a black band in the middle. 25. A native of Britain; very common on the flowers of the hawthorn, of the dock, and of some kinds of umbelliferous plants. Very small.

*** Antennæ clavated.

* clavicornis. Wholly black. 23. A native of Europe; on the rhubarb.

28 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

53. STAPHYLINUS, Rove-beetle.

Antennæ moniliform. Feelers four. Elytra half the length of the body. Wings covered. Tail simple, furnished with two vesicles, which can be thrust out at pleasure.

This is an extremely rapacious tribe, devouring whatever insects they can catch, and frequently each other; many of them, when laid hold of, turn up the tail; the jaws are strong and projecting, with which they bite and pinch very hard. Most of them are found in damp places, among putrid substances, and a few upon flowers. The larvae live under ground.

* All the Feelers filiform.

Hairy, black; the thorax and posterior part of the abdomen black. 1. A native of Europe; in sandy places.

Downy, and ash coloured, clouded with black. 2. * marinus. A native of Europe; in dead bodies, and in dung. The elytra blue underneath; larva fix-footed, naked, pale; the head and three first segments of the abdomen chestnut brown; tail with two jointed bristles, and a cylindrical tubercle beneath.

Downy black; marked with ash-coloured bands; * maxillo. the jaws of the same length with the head. 3. * fusus. native of Europe; in woods, living on plunder.

Black; the thorax and elytra shining. 5. A native of Europe; on dead bodies; when recently caught, it diffuses a very fragrant smell.

Black; the edges of the thorax yellowish; the elytra * nitidulus, of a rusty colour, with a black edge. 4. A native of Britain.

** The posterior Feelers hatchet-shaped.

Reddish; the head, posterior part of the elytra and abdomen, as well as the base of the thighs, black. 6. A native of Europe; on the boletus.

Black; the elytra, antennæ, and legs of a rusty co-flavipes. 22. A native of Europe; on the boletus.

*** The anterior Feelers clavated.

Reddish; the elytra blue; the head and tip of the abdomen black. 9. A native of Europe.

Black; thorax reddish; the elytra pale blue. 96. * ruficollis. A native of Europe; under stones.

Black; the posterior part of the elytra, the legs and antennæ, of a rusty colour. 14. A native of Europe.

54. FORFICULA, the Earwig.

Antennæ setaceous. Feelers unequal and filiform.

Elytra half the length of the body. Wings covered. Tail furnished with pincers.

The larvae of the forficula run very quickly. This insect is very common, and very well known; the pincers at its tail, from whence it has received its Latin name forficula, afford a very good distinguishing mark.

The elytra white at the tip; the antennæ have fourteen articulations. 1. A native of Europe; common laria. in fruit. It is accused of creeping into the ears of people while sleeping, whence it has received its name, earwig.

Pale above, variegated with black; the anus furnished with two projections; the pincers projecting considerably, and each furnished with one projection. 3. A native of Europe. Very large.

The elytra reddish, without spots; the antennæ * minor. have ten joints. 2. A native of Europe. The tips of the antennæ are whitish. It is rare.

Black; the hind-part of the head and legs reddish; bipunctata. back of the elytra marked with a white spot. 4. A native of Europe. The antennæ have eleven joints.

11 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

THE mouth and snout bent inwards, towards the breast. Wings covered with hemelytræ. The upper wings, composed of a femicrustaceous substance, do not form a straight suture when shut, but the inferior edge of the one passes over the superior edge of the other.

Head bent inwards. Antennæ setaceous. Feelers unequal, filiform. Elytra and wings smooth, and somewhat resembling leather. Thorax flattened, circular, and margined. Feet formed for running. Two small horns are situated at the tail in most of the species.

These insects, with their larvæ, wander about by night, and secrete themselves by day. They are fond of warmth, and haunt about houses, devouring meal, and whatever provisions they can get at. They run with great celerity; and are destroyed by the fumes of charcoal or sulphur, also by the root of the nymphaea alba boiled in milk.

gigantea. Livid; the shield of the thorax marked with a square chestnut-coloured spot. 1. A native of Asia and America. It is the largest of this genus, being nearly the size of a hen's egg.

madere. Brown; the thorax and elytra livid, and variegated with brown. 11. A native of the island of Madeira; a little smaller than the last species.

americana. Of a rusty colour; the shield of the thorax whitish behind. 4. A native of America; it has been introduced into Europe along with sugar.

australis. Of a rusty colour; the thorax black, marked with a white ring; the elytra marked at the base with a small white line. 13. Found in ships returning from the south seas.

orientalis. Of a rusty brown colour, without spots; the elytra short, marked with an oblong furrow. 7. A native of America, and has been introduced into Europe for almost two hundred years. Frequent in many countries of Europe, in meal and bread, and other provisions; likewise in shoes, which it destroys. It thuns the light, and runs very quickly. It is much harassed by the large tenthredo carulea. The female is without wings; she produces a cylindrical egg, half the size of the abdomen.

japonica. Yellowish; the elytra spotted with black. 3. A native of Europe; consuming provisions. In the moist woods however of the east of Europe it is less noxious.

germanica. Livid; body yellowish; the thorax marked with two black parallel lines. 9. A native of Europe.

maculata. Thorax black, with a whitish edge; the elytra pale, marked with a large black spot near the tip. 25. A native of Europe; in pine forests and heaths.

43 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Body oval, inflated, and transparent. Head bent inwards, and furnished with jaws. Thorax convex, beneath formed like a keel of a ship. Elytra deflected and membranaceous. Legs formed for running.

The whole of this genus seem to consist of a mere hollow inflated membrane; by rubbing their legs against their bodies, they make a shrill noise in the twilight; and during the night, they are attracted by a bright light.

Elytra without spots. 1. A native of the Cape of immaculata. Good Hope. Head green; eyes white; between the eyes are three red stigmata, and above these two short projections; antennæ short, green; thorax rough, with a short tooth before and an impressed wrinkle in the middle; the elytra ash coloured, reticulated with green, sometimes marked with very small black dots; they are very rarely yellowish or reddish; the insect is about twice the size of the house-cricket.

Three species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Head nodding; furnished with jaws. Feelers filiform. Antennæ setaceous. Wings four, membranaceous, rolled up. Fore-legs compressed, notched underneath, furnished with one hook, and with a lateral setaceous jointed finger; the four hind-legs smooth, and formed for walking. Thorax linear, long, and narrow.

The thorax somewhat tapering and rough; the elytra very short; the legs prickly. 1. A native of Asia; wings very large.

Thorax margined, and marked with small projections; the elytra variegated with green and white; dotted with white along the edge. 17. A native of Alexandria.

The thorax smooth; the elytra green; the wings reddish at the anterior part, marked with a black spot. 6. A native of Europe. This insect rests sometimes on its four hind-legs, stretches the fore-legs out to the right or left, and for this reason has been supposed to point out the way to strangers, when asked.

The thorax somewhat fringed; the elytra greenish, marked with a rusty-coloured ocellus. 8. A native of America and Africa; the half of the ocellus on the elytra is white, sometimes entirely white. This is supposed to be the idol of the Hottentots.

Linear, ash-coloured, spotted with black. 30. A native of the Cape of Good Hope. This is the tutelary deity of the Hottentots.

52 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Head bent inwards; furnished with jaws. Feelers filiform. Antennæ either setaceous or filiform. Wings four, either deflected or twisted; the under wings folded. Hind-legs formed for leaping.

The whole of this genus feed on vegetables, except those contained in the first division, acrida, which devour other insects; the achete destroy the roots of plants; the tetigonia and locusta, the leaves or tender shoots, in some countries laying waste whole districts; the larvæ and pupæ resemble the perfect insects, reside chiefly under ground, and are fix-footed, voracious and active: some of this tribe are used as an article of food by the natives of Africa and India; many of them produce found by the friction of some parts of their body.

* Antennæ the shape of a sword; Head conic, and longer than the thorax. Acridæ.

nasutus. Body green. 1.

currius. Head conic; antennæ sword-shaped; the wing transparent. A native of Africa and the southern parts of Europe; the mouth placed at the under part of the head; antennæ on the top of the head, and not longer than the thorax.

giganteus. Green; marked with two reddish fillets; the antennæ of a rusty colour; thorax marked with three raised lines. 64. A native of America; larger than the gr. nasutus.

foliaceus. Wings yellowish; the antennæ resembling a leaf. 67. A native of Asia.

* * Thorax formed like a keel; Antennæ filiform, shorter than the thorax. Bullæ.

* bipunctatus. Brownish; the scutellum of the thorax, of the same length with the abdomen. 7. A native of Europe; on sand hills exposed to the sunshine.

* subulatus. The scutellum longer than the abdomen. 3. A native of Europe; in ditches. It is sometimes gray, sometimes brown.

* * * Antennæ setaceous; Feelers unequal; Thorax rounded; the Tail furnished with two bristles.

* gryllotalpa. Mole-cricket. The wings furnished with a projection like a tail, and longer than the elytra; the fore-feet formed like hands, and downy. 10. A native of Europe. This troublesome little animal frequents gardens and cultivated grounds, both of Europe and America, where it burrows below the ground, and is very destructive; eating and destroying the roots of plants. Body dark brown, hairy; antennæ shorter than the body.

monstruosus. The elytra and wings furnished with projections like tails, and rolled up. 73. A native of India.

* domesticus. House-cricket. The wings furnished with a tail and longer than the elytra; legs simple; body yellowish brown. 12. A native of Europe; in many houses, about ovens, and kitchen chimneys: wanders about during the whole night, keeping a continual chirping, especially before rain; is said to forsake houses infested by the cockroach. There is a variety of this species six times the size of the European. Arsenic or the root of the wild carrot, mixed up into a paste with flour, is sometimes made use of to poison them; but an opinion prevails among the vulgar, that their presence in any house is the cause of good fortune; and, therefore, though they be troublesome, they are unwilling to drive them away.

* campestris. Field-cricket. Wings shorter than the elytra; body black, and furnished with a long spine. 13. A native of Europe; chirps from the beginning of May till the end of September, and is said to drive away the house-cricket when domesticated.

pellucens. Whitish; thorax of the form of a trapezium. 85. A native of Carniola and Europe; in vineyards and gardens; about half an inch in length; it makes a noise during the whole summer in the night time; it resembles the house cricket, but larger; the head is shining; the thorax is marked with three brown spots, the elytra with yellowish ones.

* * * * Antennæ setaceous. Feelers unequal. Tail of the female armed with a projection like a sword. Tettigonie.

The thorax round, and somewhat warty; wings very aquilinus. broad; with 15 nerves. 27. A native of South America and India; large; the elytra of the shape of a lance; the thorns of the legs set with four rows of prickles.

Brown; the thorax roundish and keel-shaped be-griacus. hind, furnished with a black crooked spine resembling a sword, the base of which is pale on each side. 108. A native of Europe; the antennæ yellow, and of the same length with the body; legs greenish; the elytra variegated with brown and ash-colour.

The thorax round; the wings green and without viridifl. spots; the antennæ very long. 31. A native of mus. Europe; on trees, in pasture grounds, in barley fields. It makes a noise in the night time in warm weather about the time of the dog days.

Thorax nearly square and smooth; the wings green, * verruc. spotted with brown; the antennæ setaceous, about the corus. same length as the body. 34. A native of Europe, and is collected by the common people of Sweden for the purpose of destroying warts in the hand; which it is said to perform by biting off the excrescences, and discharging on the wound a fluid which causes them to decay.

* * * * * Antennæ filiform, Feelers simple, Tail unarmed. Locustæ.

The thorax entirely keel-shaped; body without elephas. wings. 35. A native of Africa; this is the largest and heaviest of the Locustæ; green, the thighs smooth, the rudiments of two wings.

The thorax faintly cinnate, composed of one seg-migrans. segment; head obtuse; jaws black. 41. A native of torius. Tartary, and migrates in incredible swarms into various parts of Europe. The mischief these voracious creatures do, when they appear in vast swarms, far exceeds that done by any other tribe of animals. By suddenly destroying all vegetation, they change the most fertile countries into barren deserts, leaving behind them desolation and famine. They have occasionally appeared in small flights in England, but have perished in a short time. This was probably the species that constituted one of the plagues of Egypt. They are eaten by the inhabitants of different countries, particularly by the Egyptians, who roast them alive and eat their bodies, after having removed their wings and legs.

The thorax marked with an elevated ridge like a * stridulus. keel, the wings red and black at the tips. 47. A native of Europe; in dry sandy situations, chirping all day long, till late at night. Either black or variegated with black and yellow.

240 species of this genus have been described.

59. FULGORA, Lanthorn-fly.

The head inflated; forehead prominent. The antennæ short, placed under the eyes, composed of two articulations, the upper one being the largest and globular.

globular. The snout long and bent inwards, is a sheath consisting of five articulations. Legs formed for walking.

lanterna-ria. The forehead extended, forming a straight beak; wings bluish, the under wings marked with ocelli. 1.

A native of South America. It emits a very bright light from the prominent part on its forehead. Travelers are said to avail themselves of the light they emit; two or three of them, fixed on the end of a stick, affording light sufficient to let them see in the dark.

diadema. The forehead set with tapering points, and extended into a beak, divided at the tip into three; wings black, spotted with red. 2. A native of India.

caudellaria. The forehead extended into a clavated beak; the elytra green, spotted with yellow; the wings yellow with black tips. 3. A native of China.

phosphorea. The forehead raised into a tapering beak; body grayish yellow. 4. A native of South America.

hyalina. The forehead conic and unequal; wings transparent, marked with a black streak. 17. A native of Bengal.

20 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

60. CICADA, Frog-hopper.

Snout bent inwards. Antennæ setaceous. Wings four; membranaceous and deflected. Legs (in the most of the species) are formed for leaping.

The insects of this genus feed on the juice of plants; the larva is without wings; the pupa has only the rudiments of wings, but they have both six legs; they very much resemble the perfect insect, and are very active; the perfect insect chirps as well as those of the preceding genus.

* Antennæ tapering at the point, and placed on the forehead. Membracidae.

A. Thorax compressed, membranaceous, and larger than the body. Foliacæ.

infata. The thorax inflated, light brown and reticulated. 52. A native of Cayenne.

* genifera. The thorax brown; lengthened out behind, the abdomen being half the length of the thorax. 56. A native of England; on the genista tinctoria.

incerta. The thorax greenish, tapering to a point, and of the same length with the abdomen. 57. A native of America, on plants.

B. The thorax furnished with a horn on each side. Cruciatæ.

* cornuta. The thorax furnished with two horns; black, tapering to a point behind, and of the same length with the abdomen; wings brown. 6. A native of Europe; on thistles and willows.

** Legs not formed for leaping. Maniferæ.

plebia. The tip of the scutellum marked with two small projections; the elytra marked with four anastomoses, and six lines of a rusty colour. 15. A native of Europe and Africa, very large. Of this insect Virgil says, et cantu querculeæ resonant arbusta cicadae, et sole sub ardente resonant arbusta cicadae.

scia. Black, spotted with yellow; the elytra are surrounded with a thin edge, with six brown connected dots; the wings are white, marked with two black spots, and

yellow at the base. 16. A native of Europe; the larva is eatable.

*** Antennæ filiform, situated under the eyes.

A. The sheath of the snout stretched out, obtuse, and grooved above. Cercopidae.

Yellowish; the elytra brown, marked with two bifasciated white bands. 11. A native of Europe; on plants of different kinds.

Brown; the elytra are marked on the sides with * spumaria. two white spots, and with a double interrupted whitish band. 24. A native of Europe; on various plants,

frequently on the rose, on grails and osier; the larvae and pupæ of this, and some others of the genus, discharge a frothy matter from numerous pores about the tail, within which they are completely enclosed; this is frequently found in summer on various plants, very much resembling a quantity of saliva, and is commonly known by the name of cuckoo spit; the perfect insect will frequently leap two or three yards to escape from any one who attempts to catch it.

Brown; the fore part of the thorax marked with im-punctulate pressed dots, the elytra marked on the sides with two white spots. 212. A native of Europe.

†† The sheath of the snout very short, membranaceous, cylindrical, obtuse.

* Legs formed for leaping. Ranatræ.

Brown; wings transparent, spotted with brown, and nervosa. marked with dotted ribs. 25. A native of Europe; on plants.

Yellow; the elytra gilt and brown. 123. A native of Britain; on plants.

§§ The wings deflected, covering the sides. Desflexæ.

Yellow; the elytra marked with brown, with four aurata. black spots, and gilt behind. 48. A native of Europe.

Yellowish; the elytra marked with blood-coloured quercus. spots, and brown at the tips. 173. A native of Europe; on the oak.

240 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

61. NOTONECTA, Boat-fly.

Snout bent inwards. Antennæ shorter than the thorax. Wings four, folded cross-wise, the upper ones coriaceous. Hind legs hairy, formed for swimming.

The insects of this and the next genus, Nepa, live in stagnant waters, and prey on aquatic animals; the larvae and pupæ are six-footed, active, and swim readily, and very much resemble the perfect insect; the larvae is destitute of wings, the pupæ have only the rudiments of wings.

* Lip long.

The elytra gray, dotted with brown along the edge, and divided at the tip. 1. A native of Europe; in waters, very troublesome to fish. It swims on its back, for which reason it has been called by the Greek name of notonecta. The hind legs, which are longer than the rest, serve it as oars. When caught, it must be cautiously handled, as the point of its snout is very sharp, and its puncture very painful.

** No.

* friata. The elytra brown; marked with a great number of cross waved lines of a darker colour. 2. A native of Europe.

14 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Snout bent inwards. Antennæ short. Wings four, folded cross-wise, the upper ones coriaceous. The fore-legs formed like claws; the other four are formed for walking.

The insects of this genus are very voracious, and feed on other aquatic animals, which they pierce and tear with their sharp snout, while they hold them with the claws of their fore-legs. They fly well, especially in the evening and night, and convey themselves from one pool to another, particularly when water begins to fail in the pool they have been in.

* Antennæ divided into several divisions resembling a hand; Lip wanting.

* cinerea. Ash-coloured; thorax unequal; body long and oval. 5. A native of Europe; in stagnant waters; the upper part of the abdomen red.
* linearis. Linear; the claws furnished with a lateral spine. 7. A native of Europe and India, in fresh water. The eggs of this insect are furnished at one end with two hairs; they deposit them in holes made in stalks of rushes, leaving the hairs standing out.

** Lip stretched out and roundish. Naucorides.

* cinicoides. The edge of the abdomen slightly notched. 6. A native of Europe.

Twelve species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Snout bent inwards. Antennæ longer than the thorax. Wings four, folded cross-wise; the upper wings coriaceous in the fore part. Back flat. Thorax margined. Legs formed for running.

Most bugs have a bad smell; all of them except the reduvii, feed on the juice of plants, and all of them, without exception, on the juices of animals, particularly of the softer insects, which they suck by means of their snout. The larvae and pupæ have six feet, run quickly, and very much resemble the perfect insect; the larvae have no wings, only stumps of wings.

* Antennæ placed before the Eyes.

† Without Wings.

* leclucii. House-bug. Without wings. 1. A native of Europe, though originally a foreigner; it was introduced into Europe before the Christian era, but not into Britain until the seventeenth century, being little known before the year 1670. It is a troublesome and nauseous

inhabitant of most houses in large towns; crawling about in the night time to suck the blood of such as are asleep, and hiding itself by day in the most retired holes and crevices.

†† The Elytra almost totally coriaceous. Coleoptati.

Black; without wings; the elytra oval, with yellow grylloidei edges, and shorter than the abdomen. 13. A native of Europe. The thorax resembling the gryllus.

††† Membranaceous and very flat.

The thorax divided into three wings; the scutellum resembling a leaf; the elytra reticulated and swelling out at the base. 137. A native of Europe; on the under surface of the leaves of the pear tree, which become spotted with its punctures.

† The scutellum of the same length with the Abdomen. Scutellati.

Black; the thorax marked with five, and the scutellum with three orange-coloured lines; the abdomen yellow, dotted with black. 6. There is a variety of this species.

(β) Red; the thorax marked with five, and the scutellum with three black lines; the abdomen yellow, dotted with black. A native of Europe; on the flowers of the apple and elder.

†† The Thorax armed with a spine on each side. Spinosi.

The thorax armed with blunt prickles; the elytra gray, marked with a brown spot, the shield emarginated. 190. A native of England; in thickets.

††† Thorax without spines.

Somewhat tawney, the edge of the abdomen spotted with brown. 45. A native of Europe; on berries.

Blue, with a metallic lustre; the thorax marked with a small line; the tip of the scutellum, and dots on the elytra, all of a red or white colour. 53. A native of Europe; on tetradyynamous plants. It is very destructive to cabbages and to turnip fields.

† Antennæ terminating in small hairs.

Black; head, thorax, and legs reddish. 364. A native of England.

** Antennæ clavated.

Brown; head and thorax reddish. 679. A native of Europe.

† Legs smooth.

Yellowish; elytra green. 36. A native of Europe; in meadows.

†† Legs

coloratus. Brown; the upper part of the abdomen of a blood colour; the thighs of the hind-legs furnished with six sharp projections. 114. A native of Europe.

abietis. Spotted, with tawney coloured spots; legs reddish; thighs thick. 115. A native of Europe; on the fir tree.

potulinus. Green, without spots; wings transparent. 83. A native of Europe; in meadows.

pedes. Variegated, with brown and yellow; the thighs of the hind-legs long and notched. 524. A native of India.

* flagnorum. Black and tapering; the thorax marked in the centre with two globular dots. 113. A native of England; very common in lakes.

trifasciatus. Greenish brown; the antennæ long, with three erect prickles on the back. 542. A native of Surinam.

succinus. Ash-coloured; the thighs clavated. 543. A native of Europe.

tipularius. Whitish; all the legs very long; the thighs clavated. 120. A native of Europe; on mosses.

personatus. The antennæ resembling hairs at the tips; body somewhat hairy and brown. 67. A native of Europe; in rubbish. The larva is rough, and destroys the house-bug.

fridulus. Smooth, black; the elytra brown, spotted with black, and with a red edge. 557. A native of Europe. It is small, and moves about with great agility early in the spring; it keeps its antennæ in constant motion, and makes a shrill noise by rubbing them against the thorax.

693 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Snout bent inwards. Sheath of one valve, and consisting of three articulations, and furnished with three bristles, destitute of jaws, feelers, and lip. Antennæ

stretched forwards, very short, clavated, and nearly moniliform. Head oblong, cylindrical above. Scutellum of the length of the abdomen, flat and membranaceous.

A grayish-reddish colour; the scutellum of an ash-cimicoides colour; a yellow spot on the elytra; the wings of a purplish violet colour; the thighs of the fore-legs thickened. 1. A native of America.

Only one species of this genus has been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Snout bent inwards; a sheath of five joints, furnished with one bristle. Antennæ setaceous, and longer than the thorax. Wings four, erect in none. Legs formed for walking. Abdomen frequently terminating in two horns.

The minute animals which compose this singular genus, infest various plants, generally in large societies, hindering their growth, and consuming their juices. A peculiarity in the mode of their propagation attracted the attention of naturalists a good deal towards the beginning and about the middle of last century. Reaumur, from some observations of his own, and from the opinions of some preceding observers, was led to believe, that they propagated without sexual connection. Bonnet adopted the same opinion, and thought he had established it beyond controversy by some very accurate experiments and observations of his own, which he communicated to the Royal Academy of Sciences. He shut up a young aphid, at the instant of its birth, in the most perfect solitude, which nevertheless brought forth 95 young ones in his sight. The same experiment being repeated on one of this family, it multiplied like its parent; and one of this third generation, brought up in solitude, proved no less fruitful than the others. Repeated experiments, in this respect, as far as the fifth or sixth generation, all uniformly afforded the same result. A suspicion entertained by Mr Trembley induced Mr Bonnet to repeat his experiments with still more accuracy, and to continue them longer. He reared to the amount of the tenth generation of solitary aphides, and had the patience to keep an account of the days and hours of the births of each generation: he discovered, that they are really distinguished by sexes; that the males are produced only in the tenth generation, and are but few in number; that these soon arrive at their full growth, and copulate with the females; that the virtue of this copulation serves for ten generations: he likewise found that they were viviparous during spring and summer; and that they were oviparous only in the tenth generation; that from these eggs the aphides of the following year were hatched early in the spring. His observations have been repeated by other naturalists, particularly by Dr Richardson of Rippon, who has given a very minute account of his observations, in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xi. art. 22. These little animals discharge from their anus a sweet fluid, commonly called honey-dew, which attracts the bees and ants. The species are very difficultly distinguished; it is still more difficult to describe them; different species are sometimes found on the same plant.

* longirostris. Of an ashy colour; the snout three times the length of the body. 34. A native of Europe; under the barks of trees; feeds on the larvae of the ants.

* vitis. 56. A native of Europe; on the vine. This destructive little insect cuts through the peduncles, or stems which support the clusters of grapes, in their very early stage, causing them to wither and drop off soon after the fruit is formed.

* pistacie. Black; wings whitish; shanks of the legs very long; the thorax warty. 33. A native of Europe and Asia; on the pistachia: the antennæ moniliform; eyes blackish; the abdomen without bristles, covered with white down, mixed with small balls; the wings sometimes erect. It is lodged in a follicle arising from the base of the leaf, swelling out in the middle, and tapering towards each end, of more than an inch in thickness, at first green, after the insects have left it becoming flesh-coloured.

77 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

66. CHERMES.

The snout is a sheath placed in the breast, furnished with three bristles, bent inwards. Antennæ cylindrical, longer than the thorax. Wings four, deflected. Thorax turgid on the upper side. Legs formed for leaping.

These insects inhabit various trees and plants, and produce by their punctures, protuberances and excrecences of various shapes and sizes, in which are frequently enclosed the eggs, and insects in their several states; the larva is six-footed and apterous; the pupa is distinguished by two protuberances on the thorax, which are the rudiments of future wings.

* graminis. 1. A native of Europe; on grasses, particularly the aira flexuosa.

* castanea. Brown; the antennæ setaceous and smooth; the wings very much ribbed. 21. A native of Europe; on different plants.

Twenty-six species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

67. COCCUS, COCHINEAL.

The snout furnished with bristles, situated in the breast. Antennæ filiform. The anus furnished with bristles. Male with two erect wings; female without wings.

These are extremely fertile, and very troublesome in both houses and greenhouses: the male is very active, with an oblong body, and ovate abdomen; the tail furnished with a style and two long bristles; the female has a body nearly globular, and is inactive and fixed to different parts of plants.

* hesperidum. Oval, oblong. 1. A native of Europe; on evergreen plants, in greenhouses, e.g. the orange, the laurel, &c.

* adonidum. Reddish, dusted over with powder, and hairy. 4. A native of America and Africa, lately in the warmer parts of Europe; on trees. Body oval and whitish; antennæ and legs brown, marked on the back with an elevated line, and with a raised dot on each of its segments, with the edges of the side acute, furnished with fourteen prominent segments and raised dots; its surface

sprinkled with as many dots set longitudinally between the clavated line on the back and the edge; the tail divided: the perfect insect constructs a follicle in which it conceals itself and its yellow eggs.

Body oblong, ovate; purple or chestnut. 17. On polonicus, the roots of the sceranthus perennis.—This insect without impropriety may be called the cochineal of the northern part of the world. It prefers cold climates, and is commonly called coccus tinctorius polonicus, or the scarlet grain of Poland. Ray calls the plant on which it feeds the polygonum cocciferum; but it is not confined to one kind of vegetable, for it is found on the mouse-ear, pimpernel, and pellitory, as well as on the sceranthus perennis. It is a native of some other northern countries as well as Poland; though formerly the greatest quantity of it used to be collected there. Towards the end of June the coccus is in a fit state for gathering. Every one of these creatures is then nearly of a spherical form, and of a fine violet colour. Some of them, however, are not larger than poppy seeds, and others of the size of a pepper corn. The males are produced from the small grains, the females from the larger ones; each of them is lodged in a sort of cup like that of an acorn. These cups cover more than one half of the body of the animal. They are rough and of a blackish brown on the outside, and smooth and shining on the inside. At the roots of some of the plants only one or two grains are to be found, at the root of others more than forty are to be met with.

Those who collect the grains have a short spade, with which they raise the plants from the ground; after the insects have been collected they replace the plants; the grains are then separated from the earth, which may have adhered to them, by means of a sieve, and sprinkled with very cold water or vinegar to prevent them from hatching.

After this they are dried in the sun, or by gentle artificial warmth; but this must be managed with caution, as too hasty drying might injure their colour. Sometimes the grains are separated from their covers, and made up into balls.

According to Bernard de Bemith, the Turks and Armenians make use of these grains not only for dyeing silk and wool, but likewise the manes and tails of their horses. The Turkish women use it for tinging the tips of their fingers. The Dutch formerly mixed it with the true cochineal. The colouring matter extracted from this insect, by means of a solution of alum with the addition of a little chalk, is said to form a lake equal in beauty to that of Florence. The great superiority of the Mexican cochineal, has caused the scarlet grains of Poland to be neglected in all the countries of Europe where dying is best understood, as they contain not a fifth part of the colouring matter which may be extracted from the real cochineal.

Body depressed, downy, and transversely wrinkled; cauli. abdomen purplish; legs short and black; antennæ subulate, the third part of the length of the body. 22. A native of South America, on the caulus coccinilifera. The male is very small; its body is long, of a deep red colour; two long diverging threads proceed from the extremity of the abdomen; its wings are large, white, and incumbent; its legs are pretty long; the antennæ are nearly the length of the body.

The female is more than double the size of the male, when

when at its full growth, it is almost as large as a pea, of a dark brown colour, and covered with a white powder; the antennæ are short; the body flat beneath, and convex above, and edged with annular segments distinctly marked; the legs are short.

The female of this insect is the real cochineal, so highly valued in every part of the world, for the incomparable beauty of the red colour which it affords, which forms so considerable a branch of commerce between the new and old continents. In the year 1736, there was imported into Europe 700,000 pounds weight, worth upwards of 700,000 sterling. It was a long while made use of before its nature was ascertained: for a considerable time it was thought to be the fruit of some vegetable. The same opinion prevailed with respect to another species of coccus, which was much used as a dye before the introduction of the Mexican cochineal, and which, under the name of ermes, is collected in Spain, Sardinia, Africa, and Asia Minor. America is still the only quarter from which the true cochineal is to be obtained. The principal countries, where the cochineal insects are bred, are Oaxaca, Tlascala, Chulula, Nueva Galicia, and Chiapa, in the kingdom of New Spain; and Hambalo, Loja, and Tucuman in Peru; but it is only in Oaxaca that they are gathered in great quantities, and form a branch of commerce; the cultivation of these little creatures being there the chief employment of the Indians. It is imported into Europe, in the form of small irregular grains, flat on the one side, and convex on the other: the best is of a flat gray colour, mixed with red, and covered with a white powder. There are two kinds of cochineal, first the fine, called by different names, according to the places from whence it comes, viz. Mastique, Campeane, and Tetrascale; of these the mastique is reckoned the best. The second is called sylvestre, from its being commonly collected from a species of caclus, which grows without culture; this is much inferior to the other, both in price and in the quantity of the colouring matter which it affords; it is likewise smaller, and generally believed to be a different species of coccus. The plant on which they rear the best cochineal is called nopal by the Indians, (caclus coccinellifera of Linnaeus). The colour of the cochineal is by some supposed to be derived from the juice of this plant. Its flowers and the juice of its fruit are of a beautiful red colour. The natives of those countries where the cochineal is reared, form plantations of the nopal in small gardens near their houses; the plant is propagated by cuttings, which grow freely. In about eighteen months after the plantations have been formed they are fit for the reception of the insects. These plantations must be renewed every six years, as the insects succeed best on young vigorous plants.

The nopal will grow on almost any soil, and needs no other culture but to be kept clear of weeds, and protected from the north-wind. The insects are placed upon the nopal about the middle of October, the period at which good weather commonly commences in Mexico after the rains. Those who rear the insects, take care to preserve a sufficient number of females for this purpose, either by protecting them during the rainy season with a covering of mats, or by removing some branches of the nopal loaded with them into their own houses. Eight or ten of these females are put into a small nest,

formed of a tuft of threads collected from a species of palm, or of any other cottony matter, which is attached to the spines of the nopal, on that side of the plant exposed to the rising sun, the rays of which promote the hatching of the young insects, which soon proceed in great numbers from the nest, as each female produces upwards of a thousand. The larvae spread over the plant, and soon fix themselves by means of their trunk; after this, should they by any accident be displaced, they inevitably perish, as their trunks are broken. In some districts the females are preserved during the rainy season in boxes carefully shut up. The males live for little more than one month. The females about double that time. Both of them remain in the state of larvae for about ten days; they remain fifteen days longer in the state of pupæ. The males when they pass from the state of pupæ get wings; but till that time they are not distinguishable from the females, except that they are only about half the size. After they acquire wings, they impregnate the female, and die. The female, in going through her different changes, does not change her form, but only calls her skin. After she has been impregnated she lives for about a month, and increases considerably in bulk; then lays her eggs, and dies. According to M. Thierry, there are six generations of these little animals in the year. They might be collected during the whole year, did not the rainy season check their progress, and almost entirely destroy them. According to all the writers on the subject, there are three collections made of them yearly. The first takes place about the middle of December, and the last in the month of May. When they make the first collection, they take away the nests, and pick out the dead females, which had been placed on the nopal the preceding October. The second collection is made when the insects again begin to produce young. The insects are detached from the plant with a knife, the edge and point of which have been blunted, to prevent the nopal from being injured. The insects are received into a vessel as they are separated from the plant, put to death, and dried. The Indians have several ways of killing these insects; which they are anxious to accomplish as soon as possible, because the females may live for some time after they are detached, and produce their young, which might escape and diminish the quantity of cochineal collected. Some natives put the cochineal in a basket, and dip them in boiling water; afterwards they expose them to the sun to dry.

Others put them in a hot oven, or on heated plates of iron. But it appears that the best cochineal is obtained by following the first mode. The different colours imported into Europe depend entirely on the mode of killing the insects. That which has been killed by dipping in boiling water, loses part of the white powder, with which they were covered, and acquires a brownish red colour: this kind is called renagrada. That which is killed in an oven retains the white powder, and remains of a gray colour: this is called jarpeada. That which is killed by plates of heated iron becomes blackish, and is called negra.

The dead females which are taken from the nests which had been put on the nopal, lose more of their weight in drying than the insects which are taken off alive and full of young; the first losing three-fourths, and the last two-thirds in drying. After it has been dried

it may be kept for any length of time without losing either weight or colour.

It requires much care and attention to preserve these insects from their numerous enemies. The principal enemies which infest the cochineal are, the larvae of a species of coccinella, which suck them, and leave nothing but the skin. A caterpillar of about an inch long, and of the thickness of a crow quill, is their most destructive enemy, which would soon destroy the whole race, were they allowed to carry on their depredations without molestation. The larvae of a species of otinus feeds on them likewise. There is a species of insect which lives on the nopal in great numbers, and does as much injury to the plant as the cochineal insects themselves do; which pinches their body, prevents them from taking nourishment, and causes them to drop from the plant. A small mouse which always prefers the fine cochineal to the sylvestre, because the cottony matter with which the sylvestre is more abundantly covered entangles its teeth, also preys on them. Many birds, too, are fond of them, and would destroy great numbers of them, were they not driven away by the owners of the plantations.

The sylvestre is smaller than the true cochineal; their bodies are covered with a white cottony matter, and edged all round with hairs. About eight days after they are fixed, the cottony matter and the hairs increase in length, and become so closely attached to the plant, that part of them is commonly left adhering after the insect has been removed. Though these insects commonly feed on a prickly species of cactus, which grows wild, the Indians frequently rear them on the nopal, because they are collected from it with much more facility than from the uncultivated species: for the most dexterous workman cannot collect more of the insects in one day than will produce two ounces of cochineal when dry; whereas he can collect from the cactus coccinellifera as many as will yield three pounds when dry. There is also another advantage obtained from rearing the sylvestre on the nopal which they cultivate in their gardens; the insects become almost as large as the true cochineal, and lose more and more of their cottony covering in proportion to the frequency of their reproduction. The sylvestre has been lately introduced into the British settlements in India. The following account of its introduction and comparative value has been published by Mr Nicolas Fontana, who resided for many years in that part of the world.

"The introduction of cochineal into Bengal, which our neighbours had endeavoured to naturalize in their West India possessions, deserves particularly to be marked, as being likely, under proper management, to become not only a new era in the progressive resources of the company, but an accession of opulence to the British empire: an era the more remarkable, as notwithstanding the attempts of government, the design was not accomplished but through accident, the great parent of discovery, which, with never-ceasing influence operates in many ways for the good of mankind.

"After a large plantation of the various species of opuntia had been reared at Madras, waiting only the arrival of the insect to make it serviceable, which a long correspondence of thirteen years could not obtain, Dr Anderson's solicitations about it had almost been for-

gotten; yet though his laborious industry and zeal for his country's interest, had no other reward, the introduction of the cochineal insect into India is entirely owing to his publications on the subject, which fortunately fell into the hands of Captain Nelson, who was then stationed at Madras with the 52d regiment. On the captain's return to India in 1795, the fleet in which he sailed, repaired for refreshment to the port of Rio de Janeiro. In his perambulations a little way out of this town, he was attended as usually by the sentinel, when he saw a plantation of opuntia with the insect upon it. This circumstance immediately brought to his recollection the ardent wish for the importation of the insect expressed in the letters he had read at Madras; and he conceived the hope of being able to gratify Dr Anderson's desire, by carrying some to India with him.

"A day or two previous to his embarkation, he took another walk to the place where he had seen the opuntia or nopal. He made bold to ask the cultivators for some of the plant, being curious, he said, in matters of natural history. Having collected several other plants, he wished to have this also. The good people being the less suspicious as he was in his regimentals, granted his request. They gave him several plants with insects on them, which he carefully carried aboard. Many of these, during the passage to Bengal, which was remarkably long and tedious for such delicate passengers, died. A few insects only remained alive on the last plant, several of the leaves having withered.

"Captain Nelson, on his arrival in Calcutta, sent the survivors to the botanic garden, where they were distributed on the different species of the opuntia. This well nigh frustrated the whole labour. On the China and Manila species, they were found to die fast. It fortunately occurred to make trial on the indigenous opuntia of Bengal, which is also abundant in many parts of India. On this the insects thrived amazingly; inasmuch, that from these few, in the course of four or five months, a quantity had been collected sufficient for distribution among all who wished to try the rearing of them, and several plants upon which the insects were feeding were sent to Madras.

"The novelty and importance of the object promising so speedy and plentiful a harvest of fortune, engaged a multitude of individuals to undertake the business; and this, no doubt, the more readily, as the cultivation of this field of wealth required but very little capital. Many golden dreams were enjoyed by the new planters. All who had a mind were provided with insects; and undertook plantations of opuntia.

"The anxiety and impatience natural to all, who indulging in ardent expectations, undertake new enterprises, induced some of the planters of nopal to put the insect upon it when the plant had just emerged from the ground. Others, through inattention, kept their insects in places too near to where the opuntia was growing young, which in that tender and premature state was devoured by these creatures when hard pressed by hunger. The unskilful mode of drying was likewise adopted; and some of those persons whose opinions led the multitude, declared in the most decided and positive manner, that the cochineal would never answer, as it would not be found worth the trouble and expence attending the cultivation of it. All these considerations damped in a great measure the ardour of the enterprise. Many

Many abandoned the pursuit, and left the insects to provide for themselves, after the plants destined for their use were destroyed, wherever they could find nourishment. They were seen flying about indiscriminately on various other plants, and thus perishing; while others rooted out the plantations, and employed the ground for other purposes.

" Besides the discouraging circumstances already mentioned, it was urged that the species imported into India was the grana sylvestris, and that the first specimens sent home had been of no value. They had grown lumpy and mummy for want of being properly dried, or thoroughly divested of the cottony matter with which the insect is covered. But supposing, it was added, that a proper mode of drying and preparing it could be found out, and the cultivation of it brought to the greatest perfection, it would soon overstock the market, as there is a certain quantity only, and that not very great, which is required for Europe. This would soon be supplied, and loss instead of gain would accrue to the planters. This excess, however, it was farther urged, was to be presumed only in the case of the country being able to supply plants sufficient for the food of the insect, which was very doubtful on account of its quick reproduction, as it sends forth a new generation every forty days. These with other objections of less force, may easily be refuted by any impartial observer acquainted with the nature of the climate and soil of India, even without any kind of knowledge of agriculture. In such a vast extent of territory as that of the East India Company, and lying under such a variety of climates, it is not surely impossible, or very difficult, to find a climate and soil fitted for the naturalization and rearing the cochineal insect, and where the plants will grow to proper size for affording it food; in the same manner as in the districts of Mexico, where the people who take most pains, have them growing to such a height as to require ladders to gather the insects. Such a state of the plant would check the too rapid reproduction of the insect, and at the same time improve its quality; for it is a fact, that the sylvestre cochineal, when bred upon a full grown nopal, loses part of its tenacity, and grows to double the size of that gathered on gummy plants, and is less covered with the cottony substance.

" The cultivation of cochineal, would in all probability be greatly favoured by the vicinity of a hilly country; such as the Boglepore, Rajahmahl, and Purneah. It can be ascertained by good authority, that there are already in the Chittagong district, plantations of large opuntias, which have been growing for two years past. Whenever the insect shall be placed on these plants, we shall see cochineal of a very good quality. The nature and habits of the natives seem entirely calculated for the employment of gathering the insect; work that may be done by old men, women or boys.

" As to the drying the insects, there is no country where the sun has such influence as in Bengal. The method of drying in the sun, after scalding the insect in hot water, is that practised in Mexico and in Brazil: the insects collected in wooden bowls are thereby spread from them on a hot dish of earthen ware, and placed alive on a charcoal fire, where they are slowly roasted, till the downy covering disappears, and the aqueous juices of the animal are wholly evaporated. During this operation, the insects are constantly stirred about

with a tin ladle, and sometimes water is sprinkled upon them, to prevent absolute torrefaction, which would destroy the colour: but a little practice will teach them to remove them from the fire, though surely its barbarity ought to prevent its adoption.

" By an estimate, made on a large scale, of the necessary expence that would attend the cultivation of one hundred bighas of opuntia, it appeared, that after making every possible allowance for ground rent, ryots gathering, and an European overseer, and interest on disbursement at twelve per cent. the quantity produced of grana sylvestris, during nine months of the year, reckoning it at four sicca rupees per seer of thirty-two ounces, would more than treble the capital employed. But if this calculation be just in the vicinity of Calcutta, and there is no reason to suppose it otherwise, where labour and ground rent is dear; how much would the whole expence of cultivation and preparation be, if transferred to a greater distance, and to the other provinces!

" When the insect has been well dried, it should be packed immediately, as it might otherwise be affected by the damp air of Bengal. In this business the method used in Mexico should be followed; which is to put it first into a linen bag, covered with a compact net; and then over the whole an ox's hide sewed so closely as to render it impervious to water.

" For some of the cochineal which I wanted for the purpose of making experiments, collected at Entally, two miles from Calcutta, I paid in 1796 sixteen rupees per seer; for the same quantity raised by another planter the following year eight rupees; and in 1797, I might have bought a great quantity, part of which came one hundred miles from Calcutta, at five rupees per seer.

" The improvability of the grana sylvestris, by attention, will be ascertained more clearly by the following fact, than by a thousand arguments. Some merchants, at my recommendation, bought about two hundred pounds of cochineal made at Rassapuglah, five miles from Calcutta, at five rupees per seer. The same house paid for seven mauns, or 280 seers, to Mr Stephens at Keerpay, seven rupees per seer; and I can say, that it was the best of the sort that had yet been seen in the town, both for its size, cleaning and drying.

" Let us now suppose for a moment, such cochineal as that made at Keerpay, to be the best that can ever be obtained at Bengal, and that the above may be within a rupee, more or less, the average price. The grana fina that is brought to Bengal by way of Manila, sells, when abundant, at sixteen rupees per seer, but oftener at nineteen and twenty. The Bengal sylvestris contains only from $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to $\backslash frac\{2\}\{3\}$ parts of the colouring matter contained in the other; but say only one half, so that the manufacturer will be obliged to use two seers instead of one, the quality of the colour to be the same; even at this rate, the silk manufactories at Bengal might be supplied with it, with a yearly saving. After supplying this market, if the quantity be increased, there will be a demand for it in the China and English markets, though only of the sylvestre kind. Supposing it for ever to remain such, by leaving it to the indolent natives only, even this would be a great acquisition, considering the various ways in which it can be employed by the dyers. Besides, if the prices were immediately to fall, so as not to indemnify the present freight and insurance to the private adventurers, how easy would it be to reduce the in-

fect to a much smaller bulk, by making a lake, and producing carmine no less valuable than the grana fina.

"The overstocking of the market, however, with a drug so important, and of such extensive use, is not a thing very likely to happen. The manufacturer, wherever he could get it at a low price, would use it generally, and substitute it in the room of other materials for reds, such as madder, red-wood, and others, used for woollens, and silks; besides the great varieties of shades from scarlet and crimson, down to all those various tints to be obtained by modifications of reagents from cochineal, with a brilliancy, and stability, that would soon repay the small additional expense that might be incurred by the substitution.

"It is a thing greatly to be wished, by every citizen and patriot, that the Bengal cochineal may soon be brought to such a degree of perfection, and produced in such plenty, as may admit of a reduction of its price sufficient to induce the calico printers in Europe to use it more commonly than hitherto, in the dyeing of cotton; which would open a much wider field for its consumption. As to the flyness of cotton to the admission of this animal colour, it is not an obstacle that ought by any means to be considered as insurmountable in the present state of chemistry, advancing so rapidly to further improvements, and particularly applying with vast success many of its operations to the art of dyeing. The few unsuccessful attempts made by manufacturers and chemists to fix this colour on cotton, have been defeated more by the dearth of the drug, than by any impracticability of the design. This exhausted at once the purse and patience, both of the artist and chemist; and precluded that continuation, repetition, and diversification of experiment, which is necessary to the completion of new inventions.

"It was upon cotton that the Spaniards first saw the cochineal used in Mexico; but for want of preparation it produced but a dull crimson. When some of the dried Bengal insect was shewed to the vakeel of the rajah of Napaul, residing as minister to our government at Calcutta, he soon knew it, and declared that it was always used in dyeing his country robes and turbans. The opportunity arising from the management of a chintz manufactory, induced me to make some trials of cochineal in cotton cloth and thread. By these it was ascertained, that the quantity of colouring matter contained in the Bengal cochineal of 1796, compared with the grana fina, was from nine or eleven to sixteen. I then repeated, as far as the chemical reagents to be obtained in India would permit, various experiments of the kind mentioned by Dr Bancroft, in his first volume of the Philosophy of Fast Colours; and nearly with the same success, in variety of shades, and degrees of permanency. From these experiments, there resulted two considerable benefits to that manufactory: the first was, that I was induced to make an addition of a certain quantity of powdered cochineal to the morinda root, for the fine cloths and muslins that were to undergo the boiling process in the vat. The second, I was led to mix with the basis for printing red (alum), a decoction of cochineal, instead of the turmeric or red wood, formerly used by printers in tracing their designs. This last substitute was only boiled in simple morinda, and the other with the addition of cochineal. By this process,

deep and brilliant reds were obtained, such as had not hitherto been seen in Bengal."

The cultivation, therefore, of the cochineal insect, is an object worthy of all the countenance and care of government. The attempts towards its naturalization ought not by any means to be abandoned; but continued with all persevering industry, and unwearied attention to every circumstance that may promote to important a branch of commerce. For this article we send annually immense sums to the Spaniards. Not only might this expense be saved to Britain; but, in due time, the rest of the world might be supplied from the Bengal produce of this valuable commodity. It is in the recollection of most people conversant with India affairs, how the first specimens of indigo sent home from Bengal were depreciated and rejected. Hence the cultivation of it was obstructed for some years. But when it began to be attended to in 1780 and 1782, by people who were acquainted with the best modes of manufacturing it, it was improved with such rapidity that in 1795, some of the Bengal indigo was judged to be equal to the Guatimala, and bore the same price. The quantity sent home in the years 1795 and 1796, was far beyond what had ever been imported into the port of London from all the world, and more than is required for the annual consumption of Europe. The use of indigo in the dye-house is very circumscribed, and confined chiefly to the colours of blue and green. It gives also a few finer blacks, with lilac grounds; but it cannot, like cochineal, be applied to the various principal colours, as crimson, scarlet, purple, and all the intermediate shades.

Body red; antennæ branched; tail furnished with feces. two bristles. 23. A native of India; on the ficus religiosa and indica. This is the insect which produces the gum lac.

In the months of November and December, they first appear, and traverse the branches of the trees on which they are produced for some time, and then fix themselves on the extremities of the young branches. By the middle of January, they are all fixed in their proper situations, when they appear as plump as before, but shew no other signs of life. The legs, antennæ, and fetæ, are no longer to be seen. Around their edges they are environed with a subpellucid liquid which seems to glue them to the branch; it is the gradual accumulation of this liquid which forms a complete cell for each insect, and is what is called gum lacca. About the middle of March the cells are completely formed, and the insect is in appearance an oval smooth red bag without life, about the size of a small cochineal insect, emarginated at the obtuse end, full of a beautiful red liquid. In October and November, we find about twenty or thirty oval eggs, or rather larvæ, within the red fluid of the mother. When this fluid is all expended, the young insects pierce a hole through the back of their mother, and walk off one by one, leaving their exuvie behind, which is that white membranous substance found in the empty cells of the stick lac.

These insects feed on some other trees besides the ficus religiosa and indica of Linnaeus, viz. on the rhamnus junubus (Linn.) and on the plaso, (Hort. Malabar.) The insects generally fix themselves so close together, and in such numbers, that scarcely one in six can complete her cell; the others die, and are eaten by various insects.

The extreme branches appear as if they were covered with a red dust, and their sap is so much exhausted that they wither and produce no fruit; the leaves drop off or turn to a dirty black colour. These insects are transported from one tree to another by birds. It is worth observing that these fig-trees exude, when wounded, a milky juice, which instantly coagulates into a viscous substance, and when dried resembles the gum lac.

A red gum is procured by incision from the plaso, so similar to the gum lacca, that it may readily be taken for the same substance. Hence, it is probable, these animals have but little trouble in preparing the sap of the trees for the construction of their cells.

The gum lacca is rarely seen on the rhamnus jujuba, and is inferior to what is found upon the other trees. This gum, in Bengal, is principally found on the uncultivated mountains on both sides the Ganges, where it is produced in such abundance, that the markets might be readily supplied, were the consumpt ten times greater than it is.

The only trouble in collecting it is in breaking down the branches. The best lac is of a deep red colour; if it be pale and pierced at top, the value diminishes, because the insects having escaped, it cannot be useful as a dye, though it may answer better as a varnish.

These insects and their cells have been variously denominated: viz. gum lacca, lack, lacstra, and in Bengal lascha. By the English, lac is divided into four kinds; viz. stick lac, lump lac, feed lac, and shell lac; for which, and their varieties, see the article LAC.

The following account of the lac insect by Dr William Roxburgh, is published in the Asiatic Researches, vol. ii.

"Some pieces of very fresh looking lac, adhering to small branches of the mimosa cinerea, were brought me from the mountains on the 20th of last month. I kept them carefully; and to day, the 4th December, fourteen days from the time they came from the hills, myriads of exceedingly minute animals were observed creeping about the lac and branches it adhered to, and more still issuing from small holes over the surface of the cells: other small and perforated excrescences were observed with a glass, amongst the perforations; from which the minute insects issued, regularly two to each hole, and crowned with some very fine white hairs. When the hairs were rubbed off, two white spots appeared. The animals, when single, ran about pretty briskly; but in general they were so numerous, as to be crowded over one another. The body is oblong, tapering most towards the tail, below plain, above convex, with a double or flat margin; laterally on the back part of the thorax are two small tubercles, which may be the eyes; the body behind the thorax is crossed with 12 rings; legs six; feelers (antennæ) half the length of the body, jointed, hairy, each ending in two hairs as long as the antennæ; rump, a white point between two terminal hairs, which are as long as the body of the animal; the mouth I could not see.

"On opening the cells, the substance that they were formed of cannot be better described, with respect to appearance, than by saying it is like the transparent amber that beads are made of: the external covering of the cells may be about half a line thick, is remarkably strong, and able to resist injuries; the partitions are

much thinner; the cells are in general irregular squares, pentagons, and hexagons, about an eighth of an inch in diameter, and a fourth deep; they have no communication with each other: all these I opened during the time the animals were issuing, contained in one half a small bag filled with a thick red jelly-like liquor, replete with what I take to be eggs: these bags, or utriculi, adhere to the bottom of the cells, and have each two necks, which pass through perforations in the external coat of the cells, forming the fore-mentioned excrescences, and ending in some very fine hairs. The other half of the cells have a distinct opening, and contain a white substance, like some few filaments of cotton rolled together, and numbers of the insects themselves ready to make their exit. Several of the same insects I observed to have drawn up their legs, and to lie flat; they did not move on being touched, nor did they show any signs of life, with the greatest irritation.

"December 5th. The same minute hexapodes continue issuing from their cells in numbers; they are more lively, of a deepened red colour, and fewer of the motionless sort. To day I saw the mouth; it is a flattened point, about the middle of the breast, which the little animal projects on being compressed.

"December 6th. The male insects I have found to-day. A few of them are constantly running amongst the females most actively; as yet they are scarce more, I imagine, than one to 5000 females, but twice their size. The head is obtuse; eyes black, very large; antennæ clavate, feathered, about two-thirds the length of the body; below the middle an articulation, such as those in the legs; colour between the eyes, a beautiful shining green; neck very short; body oval, brown; abdomen oblong, the length of the body and head; legs six; wings membranaceous, four, longer than the body, fixed to the sides of the thorax, narrow at their insertions, growing broader for two-thirds of their length, then rounded; the anterior pair is twice the size of the posterior; a strong fibre runs along their anterior margins; they lie flat, like wings of a common fly, when it walks or rests; no hairs from the rump; it springs most actively to a considerable distance on being touched; mouth in the under part of the head; maxillæ transverse.

"To day the female insects continue issuing in great numbers, and move about as on the fourth.

"December 7th. The small red insects still more numerous, and move about as before; winged insects, still very few, continue active. There have been fresh leaves and bits of the branches of both mimosa cinerea and corinda put into the wide-mouthed bottle with them: they walk over them indifferently, without showing any preference, nor inclination to work nor copulate.

"I opened a cell whence I thought the winged flies had come, and found several, eight or ten, more in it, struggling to shake off their encumbrances; they were in one of these utriculi mentioned on the 4th, which ends in two mouths, shut up with fine white hairs, but one of them was open for the exit of the flies; the other would no doubt have opened in due time; this utriculus I found now perfectly dry, and divided into cells by exceeding thin partitions. I imagine, before any of the flies made their escape, it might have contained about twenty. In those minute cells with the living flies,

flies, or whence they had made their escape, were small, dry, dark-coloured, compressed grains, which may be the dried excrements of the flies.

Shining brown, covered with white down. 6. This insect is commonly called kermes grains, and inhabits the quercus coccifera of the southern parts of Europe. Mr. Heliot of the French Academy of Sciences, in his Art of Dyeing, chapter 12, says it is found in the woods of Vauvert, Vendeman, and Narbonne; but more abundantly in Spain, towards Alicante and Valencia; but also in Murcia, Jaen, Cordova, Seville, Estremadura, la Mancha, Serranias de Cuenca, and other places. In Xicona, and Tierra de Relluc, there is a district called de la Grana, where the people of Valencia first began to gather it, whose example was followed all over Spain. It has some years produced 5000. to the inhabitants of Xicona. Both the ancients and moderns seem to have had very confused notions concerning the origin and nature of the kermes; some considering it as a fruit: this opinion was entertained by Pliny, and by most of the ancient naturalists; others taking it for an excrement formed by the punctures of a particular fly, like the common gall observed upon the oak. Tournefort was of this number. Count Marigli, and Dr. Nifoli a physician of Montpellier, made observations and experiments, with a view of discovering its nature, but did not perfectly succeed. Two other physicians at Aix in Provence, Dr. Emeric and Dr. Garidel, applied themselves about the same time with greater success; they discovered the kermes to be nothing else than the body of an insect. About the beginning of March they are perceived on the branches of the quercus coccifera, very small; they soon fix themselves and become immovable, after which they increase rapidly in size. In April they arrive at their full growth, and are nearly about the size of a pea. About the end of May, sooner or later, according to the warmth of the climate, the husk appears replete with small eggs, less than poppy seed. These are properly ranged under the belly of the insects, progressively placed in the nest of down that covers their bodies. After this it soon dies, though it still adheres to its position, rendering a further service to its progeny, and shielding them from the inclemency of the weather, or the hostile attacks of an enemy. In a good season they multiply exceedingly, producing from 1800 to 2000 eggs. In Languedoc and Provence the poor are employed to gather the kermes; the women letting their nails grow for that purpose, in order to pick them off with greater facility.

The custom of lopping off the boughs is very injudicious, as by this means they destroy the next year's harvest. Some women will gather two or three pounds a day; the great point being to know the places where they are most likely to be found in any quantity, and to gather them early with the morning dew, as the leaves are more pliable and tender at that time, than after they have been parched by the rays of the sun: strong dews will occasionally make them fall from the trees sooner than usual; when the proper season passes, they fall off themselves, and become food for birds, particularly doves. Sometimes there is a second collection; but the insects are commonly smaller, and do not afford so much colouring matter. The insects which are produced in the spring, are generally found adhering to the bark;

those of the second crop are commonly attached to the leaves.

Those who buy up the kermes for exportation, spread it on linen, taking care to sprinkle it with vinegar, to kill the insects, which causes a red dust to separate from them; in Spain, this is carefully collected, and kept apart by itself. After it has been dried, they pass it through a sieve and put it up into bags. In the middle of each, its proportion of red dust is put into a leather bag, which likewise belongs to the buyer. The people of Hinojos, Bonares, Villalba, and of some other parts in Spain, dry it on mats in the sun, stirring it about, and separating the red dust, which is the finest part; which they sprinkle with vinegar, and call passif. The kermes is much in request on the coast of Barbary, particularly that which comes from Spain. The people of Tunis mix it with what is brought from Tetuan, for dyeing those scarlet caps so much used in the Levant.

43 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

68. THRIPS.

Snout concealed within the mouth. Antennæ filiform, of the same length with the thorax. Body linear. Abdomen capable of being bent upwards. Wings four, straight, incumbent, narrower than the body, and nearly forming a cross.

The insects of this genus leap about very actively on flowers; their feet are vesicular; the larvæ are equally active with the perfect insect; commonly red.

The elytra yellowish; body black. 2. A native of Europe; on compound flowers. It shuts up the flowers of the lotus corniculatus, and causes them to swell out; it is very destructive to wheat and rye, frequently rendering the ears quite empty.

Eleven species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

III. LEPIDOPTERA.

WINGS four, covered with small scales laid over one another, like tiles on the roof of a house. The mouth furnished with a spiral tongue. Body hairy.

69. PAPILIO, the Butterfly.

Antennæ thicker towards the points. Most frequently they are both clavated and furnished with a knob at the extremity. Their wings, when at rest, are for the most part erect. They fly about in the day-time.

The butterfly feeds on the nectarious juice of flowers, or on the saccharine juice which exudes from the leaves of vegetables. Their larvæ are active, and run about a good deal. They are furnished with tentacula and 16 feet; some are naked, others covered with prickles, and feed on the leaves of plants. The pupa is naked, and remains torpid for a longer or shorter period; frequently adhering to different substances, by means of threads attached to its middle or head. The perfect insect is furnished with two feelers, but wants jaws, and

has four or six feet. Their names are frequently taken from the plants on which they feed.

These butterflies which belong to the family of knight's are, for the most part, furnished with filiform antennæ, and with a tail or long appendix to the wings; the larvæ are commonly variegated, and but few of them are natives of Europe.

Linnaeus has arranged the genus of BUTTERFLY into six divisions, and these again into many subdivisions.

† Wings furnished with a tail.

Wings of the same colour, both on their upper and hecler. under surfaces, black; the upper ones marked with a white band, the under with red spots. A native of India; on the aristolochia. The white band on the upper wings is composed of eight white half-divided spots. The scarlet spots on the under wings are round and form a double arch.

Wings black, both above and below marked with a ascanus. white band, common to both wings; that on the lower clouded with red. A native of the Brasils. It resembles the tinctoria; body black, breast marked with blood-coloured spots.

Wings of the same colour, both on their upper and antenor under surfaces, black spotted with white; the under ones marked with circular red spots along their edges. A native of India. Head red; antennæ and thorax black; abdomen white, with red bands; wings marked with numerous white spots, the lower part greenish in the middle, with a red circular spot at the angle of the tail.

Wings nearly of the same colour on both upper and glaucus. under surfaces, clouded; the upper wings marked with a yellow spot, the under with a tawney one near the tail. A native of America. The under surface of the lower wings are marked with red and yellow spots.

Wings black, sprinkled with green and gold dots, pulvinurus and marked with a bluish green band. A native of Tranquebar. Body covered with green and gold specks. Wings black, speckled with white on their under surface. The upper ones ash-coloured at the tip, the under marked with tawney spots along their edges.

Wings black, the under ones of a shining green, the philenor. under surface marked with seven red spots somewhat resembling eyes. A native of America. Body black; abdomen speckled with white; margin of the upper wings variegated with white and black; under ones with a few faint white specks; the margin variegated with white and black, marked with a white dot at the base on the under surface; the tip greenish, with seven round tawney dots surrounded with a black ring, and marked with a small white lateral dot.

Wings black, with a white band; the under surface of the lower wings marked at the base and at the tip with red. A native of America. Thorax marked with an ash-coloured lateral line; breast with an ash-coloured dot on each side; abdomen with an ash-coloured lateral line beneath; upper wings with both surfaces alike; under ones black above, with three scarlet circular spots at the angle of the tail, and five white ones at the margin, brown beneath, marked with red spots at the base, a red line at the inner margin, and three circular spots at the angle of the tail, with four white circular spots on the outer margin.

†† Wings notched.

Wings notched and filky, the upper ones green on priamus. their superior surface, marked with a black spot, the under with six black spots. A native of Amboyna. This.

This is the most remarkable species of this genus, both for its size and beauty. Head and legs black; abdomen bright yellow, and the sides of the thorax variegated with scarlet lines.

anchifer. Wings of the same colour on both their upper and under surfaces, black; the under wings marked with seven oval scarlet spots. A native of America; on the orange tree. The larva is prickly, brown marked with white circular stripes, and furnished with tentacula. They are gregarious. Pupa brown, marked with four projections on its anterior part.

B. Achiri.

† Wings furnished with a double tail.

pyrrhus. Wings brown, each of them marked with a white band, the band on the upper wings as it were halved. A native of South America and India.

etcocles. Wings of a dusky blue, marked on both sides with a white band, the edges of the under ones green. A native of Africa.

†† Wings furnished with two notched tails.

iridates. Wings black on their upper surface, spotted with blue, and marked with a dotted white edge. A native of Amboyna.

pollux. Wings brown; marked with a yellow band on their upper surface, and on their under surface with a white band and white spots. A native of Africa.

††† Wings furnished with two very slight tails.

cocles. Wings striped with white and yellow, with a white band in the middle; the lower wings marked on their under surfaces with a strip of dots resembling little eyes. A native of Siam. Of a middle size, and very tender.

†††† Wings notched and furnished with a tail.

polycaon. Wings black, marked with a yellow band; the under surface of the lower wings marked with tawney blue and yellow circular spots. A native of Surinam; feeds on some species of the althaea.

xiphares. Wings black, the upper spotted with white, the under ones marked with a yellow band. A native of Africa.

††††† Wings furnished with a tail.

ulysses. Wings black, with a blue radiant centre; the under surface of the lower ones adorned with seven ocelli. A native of Asia.

agamemnon. Wings black, spotted with green; the under surface of the lower ones adorned with an ocellus, and with red spots. A native of Asia.

*machaon. Wings of the same colour in both surfaces, yellow with a brown edge, marked with yellow circular spots, and with a tawney one at the angle of the tail. A native of Europe; on umbelliferous plants, and on rue. The larvæ are seldom found in numbers together, are smooth and marked with annular strips of green and black, dotted with red; their tentacula are short and yellow. They emit a very disagreeable smell by which they keep off the ichneumon. Their pupa is black and yellow. The under wings are adorned with an eye of a yellowish-red colour, encircled with blue, which is

situated at the edge nearest the extremity of the abdomen. This is the largest and one of the most beautiful butterflies which Britain produces. It changes into the pupa in July, assumes the winged state in August, and frequents meadows. Sometimes it appears in May.

Wings nearly of the same colour both on their upper *podaliris and under surfaces, marked with brown bands set in pairs; the under surface of the lower wings marked with a blood-coloured line. A native of Europe and the northern parts of Asia and Africa. It feeds on different species of the brassica: Larva solitary, yellowish dotted with brown; head pale green; pupa yellowish dotted with brown, marked with two flight projections towards the anterior extremity.

Wings white, the upper ones marked with black alcibiades, bands along the edges, the under ones marked on their superior surface with red near the tip. A native of Tranquebar. Head tawney, with a broad black line in the middle; thorax downy and ash-coloured, marked with two tawney spots; abdomen whitish, marked on the sides with a line of black blotches; upper wings greenish at the base; under ones marked with a black spot near the tail, and marginal circular spots; tail long, black tipped with white, streaked with black beneath.

††††††† Wings terminating in a slight projection faintly resembling a tail.

Wings brown, marked on their under surfaces with phidippus, white bands, adorned with two eyes, and with a double eye at the tail. A native of India. The female much larger than the male.

Wings brown, black at the tip, spotted with white; aurelius, the under wings on their lower surfaces adorned with two eyes. A native of India.

Wings, upper surfaces brown; under wings with a jason, band marked with six green blotches. A native of South America and India.

Wings brown: the under wings marked with two philocletus blue ocelli, with black pupils, and three white dots. A native of South America and India. The female has a tuft of long diverging hairs at the end of the upper wings.

Wings black, marked with a plain green band; the neruus, under surfaces of the wings are blackish. A native of South America and India.

††††††††††† Wings notched.

Upper surfaces of the wings of a bright blue, the menelaus, under spotted with brown. A native of South America. The larva prickly and yellow, marked with rose-coloured strips; head brown and feet red. Pupa pale, and has a cylindrical inflected tail.

Upper surfaces of the wings brown, spotted with nestor, white, and blue in the centre; their under surfaces adorned with three or four eyes. A native of America.

Wings brown; the upper surfaces of both have a telemachus large radiated disk, the under surface of each marked with six eyes. A native of South America.

Wings pale blue, and black at the tips, spotted with perseus, red. A native of Surinam.

Upper surfaces of the wings black marked with a achilles, blue band; the under ones are brown, adorned with three or five eyes. A native of America.

Under

argyros. Under surfaces of all the wings of blue and silver; the upper wings black on their superior surfaces, marked with two silver bands, and with two brown ones on the under surface; the under wings marked on their superior surface with a broad silver-band, and with seven spots of blue and silver. 378. A native of Asia.

+++++ Wings faintly notched.

idomeneus. Wings nearly crenated, and of a dusky blue colour; the under surfaces clouded, and adorned with two ocelli. 45. A native of South America. The larva is reddish, with feathery protuberances set round it in a ring. The pupa is dentated, and furnished with two crooked horns at the head.

2. HELICONII.

terysichore. Upper wings yellow; under wings of a deeper yellow than the upper, sprinkled with black spots. 55. A native of Asia.

calliope. Wings yellow; the upper marked with three black streaks, and the under with three black bands. 56. A native of South America and India. Tips of the upper wings speckled with white.

polymnia. Wings pale-yellow; the upper ones marked with a bright yellow band, the under with three black bands. 58. A native of South America. Larva yellowish and prickly.

violet. Wings tawney, dotted with black, and the under ones have a black edge dotted with white. 359. A native of India; on the violet and borage.

ricini. Wings brown; the upper wings marked on both sides with two white bands. 63. A native of America; on the ricinus palmus christi; the base of the under wing in the male marked with purple, in the female with blue; the larva green, covered with white hairs.

3. PARNASSII.

epollo. Wings white, spotted with black; the under wings are red at the base, and adorned with four ocelli on their upper, and fix on their under surfaces. 50. A native of Europe, and feeds on the sedum telephium, and the saxifraga cotyledon; flies about slowly; the larva solitary, filky, black, and furnished with two tentacula at the back part of its head; all its segments are marked on each side with two red dots. The pupa covered with a slight follicle; oval, bluish, and marked on each side with red dots on the anterior part.

maenofyne. Wings white, with black veins; the upper ones marked with two black spots near their edges. 51. A native of Europe.

crataegi. Wings white, with black veins. 72. A native of Europe; on fruit trees. It is very destructive in gardens and orchards, and emits a fluid of a reddish colour, which has frequently given rise to the reports of thowers of blood which are said to have fallen in different places. Larva gregarious; hairy and yellow, green beneath; head black; body marked with three black lines; pupa greenish, with black spots and dots.

endroma. Wings of the same colour, both on their upper and under surfaces; the upper ones dusky and naked, the under yellow. 382. A native of New Holland. Head black; feelers yellow; thorax black, with a yellow dot on each side; breast spotted with yellow; posterior

VOL. VIII. Part I.

margin of the lower wings black, marked with seven yellowish dots.

4. DANAI.

A. Candidi.

Wings black at the tips, marked with two black spots. 75. A native of Europe; on some species of brassica. The upper wings in the male are without black spots, and the same happens in the two following species. The larva solitary, dotted with black, and marked with three sulphur-coloured lines; the tail black; pupa pale green, marked with three yellow lines, and three of its segments globular; eggs set in clusters.

Smaller than the preceding species; wings white, upper ones tipped with brown; the female has three brown spots on the upper, and one on the lower pair. 76. A native of Europe; on the turnip and other species of brassica; also on the tropaeolum. Larva green; marked with a bright yellow line on the back, and bright yellow on the sides; pupa greenish, marked with three sulphur-coloured lines.

Wings marked on their under surfaces with broad greenish veins. 77. A native of Europe; on several species of brassica.

Wings roundish; of a dusky colour at the tips. 79. snapis. A native of Europe; on the mustard.

Wings white above; the upper ones on their superior surface, black at the edge and tip, which is marked with four white dots; inferior surfaces black, marked at the tips with four yellow spots and a yellow base; the inferior surface of the under wings scarlet, marked with black veins. 881.

Wings roundish, brown at the edges; their under surfaces of a grayish yellow spotted with white. 81. A native of Europe; on different kinds of reseda and brassica; larva covered with bluish hairs, marked with black spots and yellow streaks.

Wings round; the centre of the upper ones tawney; the inferior surface of the under ones clouded with green. 85. A native of Europe; on the cardamine, brassica, and thlaspi. Larva solitary; greenish above and whitish beneath. Pupa green, marked with a white line on each side; thorax conical, ascending.

Wings yellow, with black tips, and a brown margin; the inferior surface of the under ones marked with a silver dot. 99. A native of Europe, on the coronilla; wings sometimes whitish. Larva somewhat hairy; green marked with yellow lines and black dots.

Wings angular and yellow; each marked with a rusty coloured spot. 106. A native of Europe; on the buckthorn. Commonly flies about in August, though frequently it lies dormant all winter, and appears early in the spring. The male is very often of a sulphur colour; the female white. Larva smooth; and green with a dark line on the back. Pupa in the anterior part turgid, and drawn to a point.

B. Festivi.

Wings almost entire, brown, with a rusty-coloured band divided at the point. The lower surface of the under wings ash-coloured, and adorned with two ocelli. The larva green, streaked with red, with two prickles

on its head, and tail divided. Pupa reddish, with filvery spots. 120.

* hyperonthus. Wings entire, of a dusky colour; the lower surface of the upper ones adorned with three ocelli, and the inferior surface of the under wings with two or three. 127. A native of Europe; is found at the roots of the poa annua; the wings sometimes have ocelli on their upper surfaces. Larva solitary, hairy, and of an ash-colour, marked with a black line behind; the tail furnished with two little prominences; pupa brown, spotted with yellow; and has a bunch on its back.

nedipus. Wings entire; their upper surfaces black, without spots, the under brown; the upper wings adorned with three ocelli, the under with five. 495. A native of Europe.

* pamphilus. Wings perfectly entire and yellow; the upper adorned on their lower surface with one ocellus; the under ones ash-coloured, marked with a band and four faint ocelli. 239. A native of Europe; on the cynosurus cristatus; in woody meadows. Larva and pupa green; the former marked with a white line, and has two small prominences at the tail.

prcanius. Wings perfectly entire, of a rusty colour; the upper marked on their inferior surfaces with a single ocellus; the under wings with five, the first being separated by a band. 242. A native of Europe; in woody meadows. Larva green, marked on the back with dust-coloured lines, and on the sides with yellow lines; the tail furnished with two little prominences.

leander. Wings perfectly entire, brownish; (the upper wings of the female tawney), the lower surface of the under ones ash-coloured and tawney at the tips, adorned with six ocelli. 503. A native of Europe; somewhat resembling the last.

5. NYMPHALES.

A. Gemmati.

* jo. Wings angularly notched, tawney, spotted with black; each adorned with one ocellus. 131. A native of Europe. Larva gregarious, prickly, black, dotted with white; their hind legs of a rusty colour. Pupa green, dotted with gold; having ten small projections on the fore part of the body; the tail divided.

* macra. Wings notched, brown; the upper marked on both surfaces with one ocellus and a half; the under adorned on their superior surfaces with three ocelli, and on their inferior with six. 141. A native of Europe; on pasture ground. Larva greenish, somewhat hairy, having two small prominences at the tail. Pupa greenish, slightly divided, and prickly on the sides.

* negra. Wings notched, yellow, and marked with brown bands; the upper adorned with one ocellus, and the under with five ocelli on the superior, and six on the inferior surface. 142. A native of Europe; on pasture ground. Larva hairy, green, stripped with white; the tail divided.

* ageria. Wings notched, brown, spotted with yellow; the upper adorned on both surfaces with one ocellus; the under with four ocelli on their superior surface, and four dots on their inferior. 143.

gladra. Wings notched, brown on both their superior and inferior surfaces; the upper wings adorned with violet-coloured ocelli. 150. A native of Europe; feed chiefly on the avena elatior. Larva gray, with two lines of

black dots on its back; tail divided. It remains under ground till it has undergone its metamorphosis.

B. Phalerati.

Wings notched, of a dusky colour, marked with populi white dots and bands; their inferior surfaces yellow, marked with white bands and black spots. 162. A native of Europe; on the populus tremula. The female marked with a broader white band than the male. Larva prickly, and variegated; head and tail tawney. Pupa yellowish, dotted with black.

Wings angular, black, with a whitish circumference. 165. A native both of Europe and America; on the birch and willow. When it appears in spring, the edges on the wings are white, and in the summer they become yellow. Larva gregarious, prickly, black, marked with square rusty-coloured spots on the back. Pupa black, marked with small projections and tawney dots.

Wings angular, tawney, spotted with black; the upper ones marked on their superior surface with four ros. black dots. 166. A native of Europe; on fruit trees. Larva gregarious, prickly, blackish, marked with a yellow line on the sides. Pupa of a flesh colour.

Wings angular, tawney, spotted with black; the superior surface of the upper wings marked with three black dots. 167. A native of Europe; very common on the nettle; supposed, though often falsely, to be a forerunner of spring. Larva gregarious, prickly, brown, variegated with green; the head black. Pupa brown, marked with small projections, and golden spots on the neck, and sometimes entirely of a golden colour. This insect, and many others of the same genus, p. atalanta, polychloras, jo, &c. soon after their enlargement from the chrysalis state, discharge a few drops of a reddish coloured fluid; which in places where they have appeared in great numbers, has had the appearance of a shower of blood, and been marked by writers as a prodigy foreboding some extraordinary event.

Wings angular, tawney spotted with black; the under ones marked on their inferior surface with a white C. 168. A native of Europe; on the nettle, willow, and gooseberry. Larva solitary, prickly, and tawney; the back yellow on the fore part, and white behind. Pupa of a flesh colour, contracted in the middle, dotted with gold.

Wings notched, yellow, variegated with black, and radiated at the tips; the under ones marked with seven red dots. 607. A native of Europe; on the aristolochia clematis. Larva yellow, marked with black, furnished with prickles set round in a circle; red, with black tips.

Wings black, spotted with white; the upper ones marked with a purple band on both sides, the under with a purple band along the edge. 175. A native of Europe and America; on the nettle. Larva solitary, prickly, green, marked with yellow lines on the sides. Pupa marked with small projections; blackish above, and ash-coloured below, dotted with gold.

Wings angularly notched, brown, marked with tawney spots and a single white one; the under wings gray on their inferior surfaces. 639. A native of the south of Europe. Larva green, marked with white lines, spotted with black. Pupa green, marked with white lines.

Wings slightly notched, variegated, and reticulated, levars.

on their inferior surface; the upper ones marked on their superior surface with some white spots. 201. A native of Europe; on the common thistle. Larva gregarious, prickly, and black; legs red; head marked with two prickles; pupa furnished with small brown projections; thorax yellowish below.

* adippe. Wings notched, brown, spotted with black, adorned on the inferior surface with twenty-three silvery spots. 212. A native of Europe; on the viola odorata and tricolor; the silvery spots sometimes, though rarely, change into yellow; larva ash-coloured or brown, covered with many reddish prickles, and marked on the back with a black line, rising out of a white one; pupa brown, marked with silvery dots.

capido. Under wings terminating in six small projections, white on their inferior surface, marked with silvery spots. 217. A native of America; on the cotton. Larva white, dotted with black.

* betule. Wings furnished with a slight tail, the under ones marked with two white streaks. 220. A native of Europe; on the birch and floe. Wings of the male marked with tawney spots; larva thick, green marked with two obliquely transverse white lines, and two small furrows on the back; pupa smooth, of a rusty colour.

pruni. Wings slightly tailed, brown above, with a red spot at the tip of the lower ones; lower wings beneath with a tawney marginal band, dotted with black. 221. A native of Europe; on the plum-tree. Larva thick, green, with a pale lateral line; pupa brown, with a white head.

* quercus. Wings slightly tailed, bluish, beneath ash-coloured, with a white streak and double tawney dot near the tail. 222. A native of Europe; on the oak. Larva thick above, of a rose colour; with three lines of green dots. Pupa smooth, of a rusty colour; with three lines of brown dots on the back.

cerosi. Wings tailed, brown, without spots; the inferior surfaces marked with a white streak, and tawney circular spots; the under wings marked with a black dot. 710. A native of Europe; on the cherry tree.

fodi. Wings furnished with a tail, blue, with a white spotted edge, white on their inferior surfaces, marked with black square spots, and a reddish band. 743. A native of Europe; on the sedum telephium. Larva green; marked with a red line on the back. Pupa obtuse; green on the anterior, and brown on the posterior part.

cylarus. Wings entire, and blue with a black edge; beneath of a brownish colour, adorned with a streak of dots resembling ocelli; the under wings on their inferior surface blue at the base. 750. A native of Europe; on the flower of the astragalus and melliloti. Larva pale; marked with a red streak on the back, and on the sides with oblique green lines; head black. Pupa brown, spotted with black.

comma. Wings perfectly entire, spreading so as to form an obtuse angle, tawney, marked with a small white line, and with white dots beneath. 256. A native of Europe; the line wanting in the female. Larva of a thinning red; head black, with a white strip on the collar. Pupa long, cylindrical, and brown.

Wings perfectly entire, spreading so as to form an obtuse angle; tawney, with a black margin. 817. A native of Europe; upper wings in the male marked with a small black line on the middle. Larva solitary and green. Pupa green; with a very thin covering.

Wings notched and spreading so as to form an obtuse angle; brown, waved with ash colour; the upper wings marked with transparent dots; the under ones with white dots. 267. A native of Europe; in the malva and althaea. Larva gray; head black; neck marked with four sulphur-coloured dots. It draws together the leaves on which it feeds, by threads which it spins. Pupa hunch-backed and bluish.

876 species of the butterfly have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature published by Gmelin; but a great many more are to be met with in the collections of the curious, which have not yet been described by any author.

Antennæ nearly prismatic, thickest in the middle. Tongue (in most species) projecting. Feelers two, bent back. Wings deflected.

* Legitimate. Antennæ scaly, Feelers hairy, Tongue spiral.

The under wings reddish, adorned with a blue eye. * ocellata. 1. Native of Europe and America; on the spiraea, willow, and fruit trees; the thorax marked with a rusty-coloured spot, the tongue very short. The larva solitary, rough, green, and furnished with a tail; marked with obtuse white streaks, and dotted with yellow ocelli. The pupa is brown, with a black back.

Wings angularly notched, yellowish, marked on quercus, the under surface with brown bands; the under wings with a red band. 48. Native of Europe, on the oak. The body of the male is ash-coloured; that of the female brown. The larva solitary, furnished with a tail, and green; marked on the sides with oblique white stripes, and with reddish specks. The pupa a light brown, with reddish edges.

Wings dentated, reversed and gray; the under wings * populi, of a rusty colour at the base; the upper ones marked with a white dot. 2. Native of Europe; on the poplar and willow. The larva solitary, rough, green, furnished with a tail; it is marked on each side with a white line, and with white oblique cross stripes. The pupa a dusky gray, and of a rusty colour behind.

Wings marked with greenish bands, and clouded * tiliae, with dark green; the superior surface of the upper wings of a yellowish brick-colour. 13. Native of Europe; on the lime-tree. The larva solitary, rough, green, furnished with a tail. It grows smaller towards the head, and is marked on the sides with oblique blood-coloured and yellow stripes. The pupa of a dusky brown.

Wings irregularly notched, and greenish, marked anthera, with a dark green band; the under wings tawney, and black at the tips. 54. Native of Europe; on the anthera. The larva solitary, brown, and without a tail; marked with blood-coloured specks, and with a black ocellus, the pupil of which is white, on the last segment.

segment but one of the abdomen. The pupa is uncovered, and light brown.

nerii. Wings faintly angular and green; variegated with bands of pale or dark green, and yellow. Native of Europe; on the nerium. The larva solitary, dotted with white, and marked on each side of the neck with a blue ocellus. The tail is bent down, and almost jointed. The pupa yellow, marked with a black line and black dots on the back.

†† Wings entire.

* convolvuli. Wings clouded; the under ones faintly marked with bands; the abdomen marked with belts of red, black, and white. 6. Native of Europe; on the convolvulus. It smells of ambergrise. Its eyes are very bright. The larva furnished with a tail; marked on each side with oblique white lines, and dotted with faint ocelli. The pupa light brown, furnished with a reflected involuted horn.

* ligustri. The under wings reddish, marked with three black bands; the abdomen red, surrounded with black belts. 8. Native of Europe; on the privet, lilac, ash, and elder. The larva green, and furnished with a tail; marked on the sides with oblique streaks of a carnation colour towards the anterior part of the body, and white towards the posterior. The fore part of the body is erect, and it rests with the feet elevated. The pupa brown; with a tail formed of four small projections.

* stropor. The under wings yellow, marked with brown bands; the abdomen yellow, marked with black belts. 9. Native of Europe; on the jessamine, potato, and hemp. It is also a native of Africa and Asia; but the variety to be met with there, is double the size of that in Europe. It makes a noise by rubbing its feelers against its tongue. The larva is solitary, and lies concealed under ground all day, coming out in the evening to feed. It is yellow dotted with black, and furnished with a tail which is bent down; it is marked on the sides with cross lines, half blue, half green. The pupa light brown, marked on both sides with black specks.

* celeris. Wings gray, marked with white streaks; the under ones with brown ones, and with six red spots. 12. Native of the south of Europe; on the vine. The larva is brown, marked on the sides with two white lines, and with two ocelli on each side of the neck. It is furnished with a tail. The pupa is of a dark brown before, and of a light brown behind.

* alpanor. The wings variegated with purple and green; the under wings red, and black at the base. 17. Native of Europe; on the French willow, the balsam, the convolvulus, and the vine. The larva is furnished with a tail, and is spotted with black; it is also adorned with two blue ocelli on each side of the neck. The pupa on the anterior part of the body is of a dusky gray, and brown on the posterior part, marked with dark-coloured specks.

* euphorbii. Wings gray; the upper ones marked with two green bands; the under with two red bands, with a black streak at the base; the antennae a pure white. 19. Native of Europe; on the euphorbia. The larva is furnished with a tail, and is black, marked with white; marked with a blood-coloured line on the back, and on the sides with yellow dots. The pupa light brown, marked with black specks.

* * Sesiae. The wings entire; the tail furnished with a beard; the tongue projecting, and terminating abruptly; the antennae cylindrical.

The sides of the abdomen variegated with black and * stellata. white; the under wings of a rusty colour. 27. Native of Europe; on the madder, and on the rest of these plants which form the natural order called stellatae. The larva is spotted with white, and is furnished with a blue tapering tail, of a rusty colour at the tip. The pupa brown.

The abdomen black, marked with a yellow band; * sucifera. the wings transparent, with a black edge. 28. Native of Europe; on the woodbine, and on the scabious. The larva is green, marked on the sides with a yellow line, and furnished with a reddish horn. The pupa black, marked on the fore part of the body with yellow streaks, and enclosed in a follicle.

The wings transparent; the abdomen yellow, with * apifera. black incisures; the thorax black, marked with two mas. yellow spots. 29. Native of Europe; on flowers. The larva on the trunk of the poplar-tree.

The upper wings brown, the under wings transparent; the abdomen black, marked with three yellow belts. 102. Native of Europe.

The wings transparent, with a black edge and black * vespifera. band; the abdomen black; the second and last leg-mis. ments marked with a yellow margin. 31. Native of Europe.

The wings transparent, with a black edge and black * tipulifera. band; the abdomen black; the incisures are alternately formis. marked with a yellow margin. 32. Native of Europe. Feeds on the pith of the common red currant.

* * * Zygene Fabricii, f. Adscita. The tongue projecting, and setaceous; the antennae thicker in the middle.

The upper wings blue, marked with six red dots; the * filipendula. under wings red with a blue edge. 34. Native of Europe; on the spiraea filipendula. There is a variety of this species (B. pucedanti) distinguished by a red belt on the abdomen, which feeds on the pucedanus. The larva is thick, of a sulphur-colour; marked with four rows of black dots, and furnished with a tail. The pupa is brown, of a sulphur-colour in the middle, and marked with brown specks.

Black; the upper wings green, marked with three pythia. oblong blood-coloured spots, placed near one another; the under ones red. 106. Native of Europe. The larva hairy and white; the head marked with two lines of black dots; the fore legs are black; the hind legs yellow.

Blue; the upper wings green, marked with five red fulva. spots; the under ones of a blood colour, and without spots. 107. Native of Europe; on the lotus corniculatus.

Greenish-black; the wings marked with transparent phoebe. dots, six on the upper, and two on the under wings; the abdomen marked with a yellow belt. 35. Native of Europe; on the oak, &c. The larva brown, with reddish head and legs; with tufts of whitish feathers on the back.

Blue; the upper wings marked with six red dots; the ephita. under ones with one red dot; the abdomen girt with a red belt. 36. Native of the south of Europe; on the medicago.

medicago. Sometimes the wings are dotted with white, and the base of the upper wings and the abdomen marked with a yellow belt. The larva hairy and yellowish; the head, legs, and two lines on the body, are of a pale yellow colour.

165 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ growing gradually smaller from their base to their tip. Tongue spiral. Jaws none. Shield (in most species) short, and of a horny substance.

Moths fly about at night, have their antennæ composed of many articulations, and commonly pectinated in one or both sexes. They feed chiefly on the nectareous juice of flowers. The larva is active, commonly smooth, and more or less cylindrical, and feeds on the leaves of plants. The pupa remains torpid, is generally cylindrical, sometimes pointed before, sometimes at both ends, and in most instances covered with a follicle.

PHALÆNÆ dividuntur in, Moths are divided into,

1. BOMBYCES. Larva 16-poda, sepius pilosa, subcylindrica; pupa apice acuminata; antennis filiformibus, apice acutis; palpis duobus, compressis, reflexis, æqualibus, pilosis, obtusis; lingua spirali, brevi, membranacea, vix exserta, filiformi, obtusa, bifida.

a. Attacus, alis patulis.

b. Bombyces, alis non patulis.

• α. Alis reversis.
• β. deflexis.
• γ. incumbentibus.
• δ. convolutis.

2. GEOMETRÆ. Larva octo vel decem-poda, pedibus pectoralibus 6, caudalibus 2, et interdum subcaudalibus 2; hirsutinem instar incedens, dum quietat, erecta, glabra, pupa apice acuminata; antennis filiformibus, articulis obsoletis; palpis duobus æqualibus, reflexis, membranaceis, cylindricis; lingua porrecta, membranacea,

1. BOMBYCES. Those whose larvae are generally hairy, nearly cylindrical, and furnished with 16 feet; whose pupa is drawn to a point at the head; and which have their antennæ filiform and sharp at the tip; two feelers, equal, compressed, bent back, hairy and blunt; the tongue spiral, short, membranaceous, slightly projecting, filiform, blunt, and divided at the extremity.

a. Attacus, with spreading wings.

b. Bombyces, with wings not spreading.

• α. Wings reversed.
• β. deflected.
• γ. incumbent.
• δ. convoluted.

2. GEOMETRÆ. Those whose larvae are smooth, and have eight or ten feet, six attached to the breast, two to the tail, and sometimes two more near to the tail; moving like a leech, and resting in an erect posture; whose pupæ are pointed at the head; which have filiform antennæ, with faint articulations, two feelers equal, bent back, mem-

branaceous, bifida; alis inquietentibus, ut plurimum patulis, horizontalibus.

a. Alis angulatis, antennis ut plurimum pectinatis.

• b. integris.
• c. rotundatis.

3. TORTRICES. Alis obtusissimis, fere retusis, margine exteriore curvo; antennis filiformibus; palpis duobus æqualibus, nudiusculis, basi cylindricis, medio dilatato-ovatis, apice fetaceis; lingua porrecta, membranacea, fetacea, bifida; larva 16-poda, folia, quæ vorat, et intra quæ se recipit, filis contorquente, et connoctente.

4. PYRALIDES. Alis coniventibus, in figuram deltoideam forficatam; antennis filiformibus, articulis obsoletis; palpis duobus æqualibus, reflexis, membranaceis, cylindricis; lingua porrecta, membranacea, fetacea, bifida; larva 14-16-poda.

5. NOCTUÆ. Larva 16-poda, sepius glabra, pupa apice acuminata, antennis fetaceis, palpis duobus compressis, pilosis, apice cylindricis, nudis; lingua porrecta, cornea, fetacea, bifida.

branaceous, and cylindrical; the tongue membranaceous, fetaceous, divided at the extremity, and projecting; the wings, when at rest, spreading horizontally.

a. Wings angular; antennæ, for the most part, pectinated.

• b. entire.
• c. round.

3. TORTRICES. Those which have their wings very blunt, with a curved exterior margin; the antennæ filiform; two feelers equal, nearly smooth, cylindrical at the base, dilated in the middle into an oval form, and fetaceous towards the tip; the tongue membranaceous, fetaceous, divided at the extremity, and projecting; and whole larvae are furnished with 16 feet, and twist up the leaves on which they feed, by means of thecds they spin, into a retreat for themselves.

4. PYRALIDES. Those which have the wings passing over one another, forming a forked figure resembling the Greek δ; the antennæ filiform, with their articulations faintly expressed; two feelers equal, bent back, membranaceous, and cylindrical; the tongue membranaceous, fetaceous, divided at the extremity, and projecting; whole larva has from 14 to 16 feet.

5. NOCTUÆ. Those whose larvae are for the most part smooth, and furnished with 16 feet; whose pupæ are pointed at the head, and have their antennæ fetaceous; two feelers compressed, hairy, with naked cylindrical tips; the tongue formed of a horny substance, fetaceous, divided at the point, and projecting.

a. Alis

6. TINEÆ. Larva 16-poda, fœpius intra cucullum latente; pupa anterus acuminata; antennis fetaceis; lingua membranacea, fetacea, bifida.

6. TINEÆ. Those whose larvae have 16 feet, and most commonly lie concealed under a covering; whose pupa is pointed at the head; and have the antennæ fetaceous, the tongue membranaceous, fetaceous, and divided at the extremity.

a. Tineæ, palpis quatuor, larva fœpius rebus culinariis, vestimentis, pellibus, &c. visitante.

a. Tineæ, with four unequal feelers; whose larvae feed on clothes, hides, furniture, &c.

b. Tineæ, palpis duobus ad medium bifidis, lacinia interiori acutissima.

b. Tineæ, two feelers divided to the middle, the interior division very sharp.

7. PTEROPHORI five ALUCITÆ. Alis digitatis ad basin usque fissis; antennis fetaceis; palpis duobus tenuissimis, cylindricis, filiformibus, reflexis, nudis, apice subulatis; lingua porrecta, membranacea, elongata, fetacea, bifida; larva 16-poda, ovata, pilosa; pupa nuda apice, subulata.

7. PTEROPHORIOR or ALUCITÆ. Those which have their wings divided to the base into several portions; the antennæ fetaceous; two feelers, very slender, cylindrical, filiform, bent back, smooth, and tapering at the tip; the tongue membranaceous, fetaceous, divided at the extremity, projecting, and very long; whose larvae are oval, hairy, and furnished with 16 feet.

8. HAPIALI. Larva 16-poda, subcylindrica, fœpius glabra, radicibus plantarum visitante; pupa folliculata, cylindrica, apice acuminata; antennis brevibus, moniliformibus; palpis duobus æqualibus, obtusis, compressis, membranaceis, reflexis; linguaque bifidæ inter hos rudimento.

8. HAPIALI. Those whose larvae are cylindrical, commonly smooth, furnished with 16 feet, and feed on the roots of plants; whose pupa is cylindrical, pointed at the head, and enclosed in a follicle; and have short, moniliform antennæ; two feelers, equal, obtuse, compressed, membranaceous, bent back, and the rudiment of a divided tongue placed between them.

Wings curved, of the same colour, both on their upper and under surfaces, variegated with yellow, marked with a transparent spot; the upper wings have a small transparent spot joined to the other. 1. Native of Asia and America; on the orange tree. Each articulation of the antennæ has two projections proceeding from them in opposite directions. The larva has hairy tubercles set round it in circles. It spins a large ball of silk, which is unravelled with very great difficulty.

Wings of a dark carnation colour; the under ones marked with a rusty-coloured eye, the pupil of which is transparent. 469. Native of Africa. Female larger than the male.

Wings round, clouded with gray, and faintly marked with bands, adorned with a long semitransparent ocellus.

7. Native of Europe; on heath, bramble, the rose, the elm, the willow, and fruit trees. There are three varieties of this species, minor, media, and major. The antennæ in the male are more distinctly pectinated than in the female. The larva is gregarious, and green, having red and yellow hairy tubercles set round it in circles. The pupa is blackish, with a hole at the top of the follicle, which is elastic, and acting like a valve.

Wings of a brick colour, adorned with an eye of a tau, violet colour; with a white spear-shaped pupil. 8. Native of Europe; on the birch. The larva green, marked on the sides with oblique white streaks, the back covered with knots. The pupa light-brown and hairy.

Wings of a brick colour, notched, and marked with a great many brown spots like crescents. 485. Native of Europe; on the white poplar.

Wings notched, and of a rusty colour; the mouth and shanks of the legs black. 18. Native of Europe; on grass, the sloe, pear tree, apple, and willow. The larva is hairy, of a rusty colour, with a blue neck, and furnished with a slight tail. The pupa brown, marked with red bands.

Wings fawn-coloured, marked with two whitish streaks on their upper surface. 21. Native of Europe; on the bramble and willow. The larva is hairy, black on the under side, and of a rusty colour, marked with black rings on the upper side. When young it is covered with a veil of black silk. The pupa blackish, marked with three yellow rings, and enclosed in a covering of silk.

Wings notched, yellow, and marked with two brown streaks and a white dot. 22. Native of Europe; on the plum. The larva is smooth, of an ash colour, marked with blue lines, and furnished with tufts of hair on the neck and along the sides; the hind-legs are stretched out, and at a distance from one another. The pupa black on the fore part of the body, and of a light brown behind.

Wings faintly notched, and yellow, marked with a broad tawney stripe, and with two white dots. 23. Native of Europe; on grass. It produces oblong eggs of a leaden colour, marked at each end with a green ring, and with a green dot in the middle. The larva has a tail

tail and a crest, is hairy, and spotted on the sides with white. The pupa of a light brown.

* quercus. Wings of a rusty colour, marked with a yellow streak; the upper wings with a white dot. 25. Native of Europe; on heath, the floe, the birch, the willow and oak. The colour of the female is paler than that of the male. The larva is hairy, gray, marked with black rings, and spotted with white. The pupa is enclosed in a thick covering of silk, is green, and brown on the fore part.

* lanestris. Wings of a rusty colour, marked with a white streak; the upper wings are white at the base, and marked with a white dot. 28. Native of Europe; on the lime tree, the floe, and the willow. It produces eggs covered with ash-coloured wool. The larva is hairy and black; each of its segments is marked with three white dots between two red tufted spots. It is gregarious, and lives in habitations which it forms for itself composed of many cells; going out in quest of food, it returns through parallel holes. The pupa is of a sulphur colour.

* vimula. Wings nearly reversed, waved and streaked with brown; body white, dotted with black. 29. A native of Europe; on the willow and poplar. Larva solitary, green, and brown on the back, on which there is situated a turgid prominence; the tail is furnished with two bristles; it discharges an acrid fluid from a chink under its head. Pupa brown.

mori. Silk-worm. Wings pale, marked with three faint brown streaks, and a brown circular spot. 33. Native of China and Persia; on the mulberry. It was introduced into Europe by Justinian. It varies a little in size and colour; the wings being sometimes yellowish, sometimes whitish. The larva is furnished with a tail, is naked, and whitish. The pupa light brown, enclosed in a thick silky covering, from which silk is manufactured. The first person who unravelled the cocoons of the silk-worm, and manufactured them into silk, was Pamphilus, a woman of Coos, the daughter of Latous, (Vide Plin. xi. 22.); seu potius Platts filia, (Ariilot. Anim. v. 19.).

* populi. Brown and whitish on the fore-part; the wings brownish, marked with a whitish spreading stripe, with a small one placed close by it. 34. Native of Europe; on the poplar, and on fruit trees. The larva hairy, and of an ash-colour, darker on the back; each segment is marked with two pairs of red dots. The pupa is brown on the fore part, and reddish behind.

curia. Wings yellow (in the female brown), marked with a white dot, and becoming paler towards the tip. 499. Native of Europe; on the floe, &c. It deposits rough eggs in clusters. The larva gregarious, hairy, and light-brown. The divisions between the segments black, and marked on the sides with blue spots and sulphur-coloured dots. The pupa yellowish.

* cesirensis. Wings dark-coloured, marked with two pale bands, 36. Native of Europe; feeds on the pilosella, jacea, millefolium, alchemilla, and euphorbia. It deposits its eggs in circles round branches. The larva is gregarious, consuming a great variety of vegetables; it feeds under a web, and frequently shifts its quarters: it is hairy, blue, and marked with red lines dotted with black. The pupa is dark coloured.

* proceffonsa. Wings of a brownish ash-colour: the female marked with one dark stripe; the male with three. 37. Native of Europe; on the oak. Of a middle size. The lar-

va gregarious, hairy, of a brownish ash-colour, black on the back, and marked with yellow warts: they move in fets, differing in number. The skin which they cast excites inflammation when touched.

β. Wings deflected.

† Tongue short.

|| Back smooth.

Wings whitish, marked on the back with a brown rufus. spot, and with six brown spots like crescents on the lower wings. 508. Native of Europe. The under wings white, with a brown edge; the antennæ pectinated and brown; the legs brown.

Wings black, with white veins; the under wings * planta yellow, with a black edge, and dotted with black. 42. ginis. Native of Europe; on the plantain, elm, and hyacinth. The under wings in the female are scarlet; but in the north of Europe, frequently white, with a black edge and black spots: when caught it emits a yellow drop from its collar. Larva hairy, black, with the back brown.

Wings white, waved with black, marked with blood-coloured rings between the segments of the abdomen. 43. Native of Europe; on the bramble, the willow, the apple, the oak, the larch, and other species of pine. To these last it is particularly destructive. Larva brownish ash-coloured, with red tufts on the back; the second segment of its body is marked with a black spot of a heart-shape. Pupa black.

Wings marked with spots clouded with gray and brown; the wings of the female whitish, with black stains. 44. Native of Europe; on the oak, the lime, and fruit trees; the pest of orchards. The female twice the size of the male, covers her eggs with balls of dust. The larvae feed on a variety of vegetables, are hairy marked with white lines, dotted with blue on the fore part of the body, and with red behind. When touched they excite an itching in the hands. The pupa is marked on the fore part of the body with four black dots; when touched, it rolls itself up into a circle.

Wings of a snowy white, a beard of a rusty colour * chrysorhæa at the anus. 45. Native of Europe; on the oak and fruit-trees. There is a smaller variety of this species with brownish wings in India. The female produces yellow eggs, and covers them with a large quantity of tawney-coloured wool. The larva is blackish, hairy, gregarious; not confined to one kind of food; marked with two red lines on the back, tufted with white on the sides. The pupa blackish.

||| Back furnished with a Crest.

Wings of an ash-colour, marked with three brown * pudibuncus waved streaks. 54. There is a variety of this species, da. leopularis β. Antennæ pectinated, wings whitish, marked with three dark-coloured bands; the under wings white. It is a native of Europe; on the oak, beech, and fruit-trees. The larva is yellow, hairy; the tuft on the tail longer than the rest, and red; four tufts on the back, white; the head is pale yellow. The pupa is black in the lower part of the body, and a light brown behind, spotted with yellow.

Wings clouded; the posterior part of the thorax * cossus. marked with a black band; antennæ lamellated. 63.

A native of Europe; in decayed wood. The larva somewhat hairy, of a carnation colour; the head black, and back of a blood-colour. It was reckoned a delicacy by the Romans, who fattened it with flour. (Plin. xviii. 24.). The pupa of a light brown on the fore part of the body, and yellow behind.

ceraria. Wings yellowish, marked with black bands. 1306. A native of Chili; on a kind of congra. The larva is naked, and red, while it undergoes its metamorphosis; it rolls itself up in a kind of wax, at first white and sweet, and afterwards yellow and bitter, which the natives gather in the autumn and put into cakes.

†† Tongue long.

a. Back smooth.

* aulica. The upper wings gray, and dotted with yellow; the under ones tawney spotted with black. 68. A native of Europe; on the angelica, nettle, and grass. The larva solitary, black, marked with white warts; on the upper part of the body it is covered with whitish hairs, and underneath with hairs of a rusty colour.

motronula. Wings brown; the upper wings gray, spotted with yellow on their superior surface; the under ones yellow marked with black bands. 92. A native of Europe; on the artemisia vulgaris.

b. Back furnished with a Crest.

80. Wings of an ash-colour, streaked with a light brown, and marked with oo. 81. A native of Europe; on the oak. Larva naked, of a violet-colour, marked with white lines, and dots.

æsculi. Of a snow white colour; wings marked with a great number of bluish-black dots; the thorax with six. 33. A native of Europe; in the wood of the pear and horse-chestnut. Larva yellow, dotted with black; head and tail black.

γ. Wings incumbent.

* graminis. Wings gray; marked with a white line dividing into three branches, and a white dot. 73. A native of Europe; on grass. It varies in size, and is very destructive to pasture grounds. The larva consumes all kinds of grass except the alopecurus. It is smooth, dusky, with a lateral and dorsal yellow stripe. It is destroyed by rooks and hogs. The pupa remains torpid for fourteen days only.

* fuliginosa. Wings dark-coloured, tinged with red, marked with a double black dot; abdomen red; and black on the back. 95. A native of Europe; on the turnip, mustard, grass, and birch-tree. The larva is hairy, of a rusty colour, with black head and fore-legs; wanders over the snow in winter in Norway; and is said to forbode a cold summer and scarcity where it appears in considerable numbers. Pupa black, marked with yellow bands behind.

varella. Wings transparent and gray; antennæ brown. 501. A native of Europe; on the vicia sylvestris. The female deposits her eggs while in the pupa state, and never becomes a perfect insect.

δ. Wings convoluted.

histris. Wings tawney, marked with numerous white spots, surrounded with blue. 593. A native of the island of

Tobago. Feelers white at the base, and tipped with black; thorax bluish black with white dots, and two tawney spots; abdomen beneath white, with black rings; anus tawney; upper wings blue at the tip, with white dots; lower wings, and all beneath, black; the hind margin a little whitish.

§ § Feelers cylindrical. Geometre.

a. Wings angular.

Wings green and faintly notched, marked with a thyminaria, faint waved whitish streak; a smaller line of the same description being placed contiguous to it. 199. A native of Europe; on thyme. Larva dark-coloured, marked with carnation-coloured spots on the back; the head and collar furnished with two little projections. Pupa light brown, marked with a black line, sharp-pointed before, and divided behind, and covered with a very thin follicle.

Wings ash-coloured, and marked with a rusty-co-punctaria, loured streak, and transverse row of black dots. 200. A native of Europe; on the oak. Larva ash-coloured, marked with yellow spots on the sides. Pupa of a bare carnation-colour above, beneath yellow; and is attached to a leaf.

b. Wings entire.

Wings green, somewhat waved, marked with a papilionaria, waved streak, and smaller streak of the same description ria, contiguous to it. 225. A native of Europe; on birch-trees. Larva green, with ten crooked reddish prickles on the back. Pupa green, varied with yellow; remains torpid for 14 days.

Wing pale, marked with a pale filelet. 654. A vittata, native of Europe.

c. Wings round.

All the wings yellowish, marked with brown streaks, *atomaria, and very small dots. 214. A native of Europe; on the centaurea. Larva gray, and smooth, marked with a number of interrupted lines of a rusty colour, having two tubercles on the posterior part of the body.

Wings white, marked with a striated yellow band; *pantaria, the abdomen yellow dotted with black. 213. A native of Europe; on the elm and plane-tree. Larva green, marked with black lines; head and tail black. Pupa bluish.

Wings variegated with green and ash-colour, marked lichenaria, with two black streaks; the anterior one curved, the posterior one waved. 633. A native of Europe; on lichens. Small. Larva rough, varying in colour according to the colour of the lichen on which it feeds, green, ash-coloured, or yellow, spotted with black on the sides; the fore-legs marked with a black spot, and a green dot.

§ § Feelers almost naked, and cylindrical at the base; dentated in the middle, and oval tapering at the tip. Tortricæ.

The upper wings green, marked with two oblique profarina, yellow streaks; the under wings white. 235. A native of Europe; on the alder and oak. Larva and pupa green: the former is marked along the side with a yellow line, and has the second segment of the back marked with tubercles; the latter marked on the back with a black line.

Wings

pomona. Wings clouded, the under ones marked with a reddish golden spot. 401. A native of Europe; on the apple. Larva naked, and red; with a black head. Pupa light brown.

refinaria. Wings brown, marked with a brown spot at the base, common to both wings, and with a triangular rusty spot at the tips. 406. A native of Europe. It takes up its habitation in a ball of rosin, which exudes from a wound made in the branches of the pine. Larva naked, and yellowish; head light brown. Pupa brown.

§§§§ Wings butting closely, with the under edge of one over the upper edge of the other. Pyralides.

farinalis. Feelers bent backwards; wings yellowish and polished, marked with white waved streaks, yellowish at the base and tips. 327. A native of Europe; in flour and meal. It walks with its tail erect.

* pinguinella. Feelers bent backwards; wings ash-coloured, thicker at the edges, faintly marked with black bands. 336. A native of Europe; on butter, bacon, &c. Very common in houses and kitchens, sometimes in the human stomach; the most pernicious of all the animals that live within the bodies of others. The larva smooth, brown, shining. Pupa naked, of a light brown.

fecalis. Wings gray, streaked with brown, and marked with a kidney-shaped spot, on which there is inscribed a Roman A. 338. A native of Europe; within the stalks of rye, which it consumes within the sheath, going from one to another: this is the cause of the ears becoming white and empty. Larva green, marked with three longitudinal green lines; head light brown.

** The Antennæ setaceous.

§ Tongue projecting and horny. Noctuae.

a. Wings spreading.

adora. Wings notched, brown, and waved with black; the upper wings are adorned with a black eye, and marked with a blue spot like a crescent, and with a white spotted streak. 11. A native of Surinam.

strix. Wings of the same colour, both on the upper and under surface, reticulated and clouded with black and white. 82. A native of South America. Larva naked, black, and marked on the sides with a greenish line, and with green rings.

macrops. Wings indented; brown, waved with black; upper pair adorned with a large light brown eye. 968. A native of China. In some specimens, probably the females, the outer margin of the lower wings is reflected, forming a pouch which contains a great quantity of fine silk.

b. Wings incumbent.

a. Thorax smooth.

trivialis. Wings shining black; under wings of a rusty colour, edged with dark brown. 999. A native of Europe. Larva growing smaller towards each end, naked, greenish, variegated with yellow, and shining red, marked with a dark coloured line on the back, and with a very slender pale one on the sides; the head of a pale colour.

VOL. VIII. Part I.

β. The Thorax furnished with a Crest.

Wings white, streaked with dark brown, dotted with typha, black on their posterior margin. 1005. A native of Europe; on the stalks of the typha angustifolia. It comes forth in August, about the size of pinguinalis, smooth and whitish. Larva is gray and naked. It undergoes its metamorphosis within the stalks, in the month of July.

Wings variegated with green and gray; the under * solani, ones reddish, marked with a band near the edge. 1009. A native of Europe; on the potato and bean, devouring the larvae of other insects. Larva thick; wrinkled, and of an ash-colour. Pupa naked, and of a light brown.

Wings brownish gray, marked with a black spot; C. nigrum, white on the outer edge, and with a black line at the tip. 162. A native of Europe; on the common spinach. Larva variegated with gray and dark brown, marked on the sides with black cross lines, and with a single pale one.

c. Wings deflected.

a. Thorax smooth.

Wings whitish, marked with a very broad band of a trapezine, darker colour, dotted with black along the edge. 99. A native of Europe on the hazel. Larva greenish, marked with ash-coloured, whitish, and sulphur-coloured lines: it devours the larvae of other insects, and even of its own species. Pupa of a light brown; it lies dormant for four weeks.

Wings ash-coloured, without spots, marked with three lucerne, whitish waved streaks; the collar divided. 102. A native of Europe; frequently flying into candles, whence it has received its name; though many moths are attracted by the light, as well as this.

β. Thorax furnished with a Crest.

Wings ash-coloured; the upper wings marked at the * pisi, base with a black line, and black characters; legs without spots. 135. A native of Europe; on the alder, oak, and fruit trees; varying in the number and figure of the characters. Larva hairy; back yellow; the sides spotted with black and red; a black erect horn on the thorax.

Wings yellowish, marked with two dark brown turke, streaks, and adorned with a yellowish eye. 140. A native of Europe; on the juncus pilosus, and in corn fields under stones. Larva reddish yellow, black at each end, underneath of a whitish yellow, marked on the back with a whitish line, and on the sides with a dark coloured one; the divisions between the segments are marked with small black lines, and the head is dark brown. It gnaws over the stalks of the corn close by the ground, in the months of May and June.

The upper wings of a rusty colour, marked with a * cleraceus, yellowish spot like a crescent, and with a white line divided behind. 171. A native of Europe; at the roots of cabbage, greens, &c. likewise on the leaves of peas and beans. Larva feeds on a variety of vegetables; naked, of a livid colour, dotted with black, and marked on the back with a dark brown line, and on the sides with a whitish one. Pupa naked and blackish.

Wings of a rusty colour marked with two spots, and * pisi, with

with a pale waved streak on their posterior part. 172. A native of Europe; on the pea and broom, consuming their pods. Larva naked, and of a rusty colour, marked with four yellow lines; head of a carnation colour. Pupa dark brown; the divisions between the segments of a blood colour.

tritici. Of an ash-colour; the wings marked with two pale-coloured spots, and with a single blackish one. 179. A native of Europe; on the ears of wheat and oats. Larva naked and yellow; marked with three white lines.

flavicornis. Upper wings of an ash-colour, marked with three black streaks; antennæ yellow. 182. A native of Europe; on fruit trees. Larva naked, greenish, marked on the sides with white dots; head of a carnation colour.

§ § Tongue prominent and membranaceous. Tineæ.
a. Wings four, unequal.

ecrella. Wings gray, emarginated behind; back of a dark brown, and furrowed. 282. A native of Europe; in bee-hives, feeding on the wax.

padilla. The upper wings of a livid colour, and marked with 20 black dots; the under ones brown. 351. A native of Europe; on apple trees. The larva gregarious; living in swarms, under a common covering: it is naked, and gray, marked with a black dot on each side of its segments. Pupa yellowish.

*pellionella. Wings gray, marked in the middle with a black dot. 372. It is to be met with everywhere in woollen stuffs, which it destroys, lying concealed within a covering. Larva whitish, marked with a red line on the back. Pupa yellowish.

*tapezella. Wings black, under ones whitish; head pure white. 371. A native of Europe; on tapestry, furs, and skins, into which it gnaws holes.

*fuscitella. Wings of an ash-colour; thorax marked on each side with a white dot. 373. A native of Europe; in cloths and furs, which it destroys. It lies concealed under a covering.

*mellonella. Wings whitish, growing purple towards their exterior part, marked with a white streak; the scutellum black, and white at the tip. 375. A native of Europe; in bee-hives, where it penetrates the honey-combs. Larva is naked, and gray, with a light brown head. Pupa light brown.

*proteella. Wings whitish, marked with two dark brown dots; tongue bent inwards. 379. A native of Europe; on different species of cabbage; on the horned poppy; and on the oak. An individual, in the space of a year, may produce many millions, as they propagate every month, each depositing a great number of eggs.

b. Feet divided the length of the middle, two in number.

*granella. Wings variegated with black and white; head very white. 377. A native of Europe; in granaries, where it destroys the grain and collects it into knots; it climbs up the walls of houses in winter.

§ § § Wings divided into many divisions. Alucitæ.

*didactyla. Wings spreading and brown, marked with white streaks; the superior wings bifid; the posterior ones divided into three divisions. 454. A native of Europe; on the geum rivale, and on the convolvulus. Larva green,

covered with tufts of hair. Pupa long; with two lines of tubercles on the back, each furnished with four prickles.

*** Antennæ moniliform and short. Hepiali.

Wings yellow, with tawney streaks; the wings of the *humili; male of a snow-white colour. 84. A native of Europe; at the roots of the hop: the hop-planters manure with hogs dung, as a remedy against this troublesome insect; it deposits a very great number of eggs.

1529 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

IV. NEUROPTERA.

WINGS four; naked; their veins forming a net-work. Tail unarmed.

72. LIBELLULA, Dragon-Fly.

Mouth furnished with jaws. Jaws numerous. Lip divided into three. Antennæ shorter than the thorax; very slender and filiform. Wings extended. Tail of the male furnished with a hooked forceps.

* Wings spreading when the insect is at rest.

A. The central division of the Lip very minute.

The under wings marked at the base with a blackish *quadrimaculata spot; and all the wings marked on the middle of their upper surface with a blackish spot; the abdomen flattened and downy. 1. A native of Europe; in waters.

The under wings becoming black at the base; the *rubicunda body quadrangular. 4. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. The one sex is waved on the back with red, and the other with yellow.

All the wings black at the base; the abdomen depressed; the sides yellowish. 5. A native of Europe; in fresh water. The abdomen of the male bluish, marked on the sides, near the base, with yellow spots; the abdomen of the female brown, and yellow on the sides.

B. The divisions of the Lip equal. Æthineæ.

Abdomen yellow, marked with two black lines; the minuta under wings yellow, marked with two black spots. 42. A native of China. Small: head yellow; eyes brown; thorax with yellow lines beneath; abdomen with two black lines above, and one beneath; upper ones black at the base, with a yellow spot.

Thorax black; marked with various yellow characters; tail furnished with crooked hooks. 11. A native of Europe.

* * Wings erect when the insect is at rest; the Eyes distant from one another; the exterior division of the Lip slightly divided. Agriæ.

Wings coloured.

a. Body shining, greenish blue; wings bluish in the middle, the base and tip whitish, the margin without spots.

b. Body filky; wings bluish green, the tip brown, the margin without spots.

c. Silky,

c. Silky, green; wings brownish, with a white marginal dot.

d. Body filky; wings brown, gilt with a black spot.

20. A native of Europe; about fresh waters.

* paella. Wings transparent.

a. Body red, with yellow and black lines at each segment; wings with marginal spots.

b. Body carnation colour; wings with a brown marginal dot.

c. Body alternately blue and ash-colour; wings with a black dot.

d. Body beneath bluish green, above brown; thorax with alternate brown and bluish bands; wings with a black marginal dot.

e. Body green, and pale carnation colour; thorax with three black lines; wings with a brown marginal dot. 21. A native of Europe; in almost endless variety.

This is an extremely ravenous tribe, and are generally seen hovering over stagnant waters. They copulate in the air, and fly about joined together. They fly very rapidly, and at a greater height than most other insects. The larvae are fix-footed; active; inhabitants of the water; furnished with articulated pincers, with which they seize and prey with the most rapacious ferocity on aquatic animals. The pupa resembles the larva, but has the rudiments of wings.

48 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

73. EPHEMERA, Day-Fly.

Mouth without jaws. Feelers four, very short, and filiform. The resemblance of a jaw, membranaceous, cylindrical, and connected with the lip. Antennæ short, and tapering towards the tip. Two large stemmata above the eyes. Wings erect, under ones very small. Tail bristly.

These short-lived animals are found everywhere about waters in the summer, and in their perfect state seldom live above a day, during which time they perform all the functions of life. They remain in the state of larvae and pupæ for one, two, or three years. The larva lives under water, and is eagerly sought after by fish, particularly by trout, for which it forms an excellent bait. They are furnished with six feet, a tail, and six fins which serve them as oars. The pupa resembles the larva, except in having the rudiments of future wings. They scoop out holes for themselves in the banks of rivers, formed like siphons; the one leg serving as an entrance, the other as an outlet. The banks of some rivers are often perforated with them. When the waters decrease, they form fresh holes lower down. The ephemera on the Rhine appear two hours before sunset; they come forth almost all at the same time, and in immense numbers. Those on the Marne and Seine, in France, do not begin to fly till two hours after sunset. The females, by the help of the threads of the tail, and the flapping of their wings, support themselves on the surface of the water, and in almost an upright position, drop their eggs in clusters. A female will drop seven or eight hundred eggs, which sink to the bottom.

* Tail furnished with three bristles.

Wings reticulated and spotted with brown; body brown. 1. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. In the month of June, they are to be seen in the evenings fluttering about under trees in innumerable swarms. In the neighbourhood of Laz in Carniola, they abound so much, that the country people collect them for manure; the peasant who has not collected to the amount of twenty cart loads, thinks himself unfortunate.

Wings white, the outer margin brown; body black. 2. A native of Europe. 3. Wings black, the under ones whitish. 4. A native of Europe; in fresh waters.

* * Tail composed of the two bristles.

Wings white, and reticulated; the head marked with two yellow tubercles. 5. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. The bristles of the tail white dotted with brown, and longer than the body.

Wings white, the edges blackish and thicker than the rest of the wing. 9. A native of Europe; in fresh waters.

18 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

74. PHRYGANEA.

Mouth furnished with a horny mandible, short, arched and sharp, without teeth. Jaw membranaceous. Feelers four. Stemmata three. Antennæ fetaceous, and longer than the thorax. Wings incumbent, the under ones folded.

These insects are seen in a summer evening floating in the air in great numbers, and are eagerly devoured by swallows; they are easily distinguished from the smaller moths, by their wanting the spiral tongue. The larva is fix-footed, found at the bottom of shallow waters enclosed in a tube, constructed of sand, straws, or small chips of wood, and is known to fishers by the name of caddy, or caddo, who use it as a bait for trout, after they have taken off the tube with which it is covered. When about to become a pupa, it shuts up the mouth of its tube with a few loose threads of silk, of the same nature with that by which it connects the straws and chips that compose its tube. The larvae of the species which compose the first division have one or three tails, which serve them for fins; the pupæ have six feet, and prominent horny jaws. The larvae of the other species are somewhat hairy, furnished with two hooks at the tail, and with three tentacula on the fourth segment. The pupa very much resembles the perfect insect.

* Jaw divided. Tail formed of two bristles, and terminating abruptly. Semblis.

Wings marked with many veins, forming a net-work. 1. A native of Europe, in fresh waters; carrying about its eggs in a mass under its belly; body greenish.

Body black; wings white, spotted with black. 3. A native of Europe.

** Tail without bristles; the Jaw joined to the lip.

reticulata. Body black; the wings of a rusty colour, reticulated with black. 4. A native of Europe.

grisea. Body gray; the upper wings clouded, and marked with a black spot on the edge. 6. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. The larva is covered with a tube composed of grass and rushes.

grandis. Wings of a brownish brick-colour, marked with ash-coloured spots. 7. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. The larva is concealed in a cylindrical tube formed of chips of wood.

rhombica. Wings gray, marked with a white rhomboidal spot. 8. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. The larva is lodged within a cylindrical tube, formed of bits of grass, connected together transversely.

50 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

75. HEMEROBIUS.

Mouth furnished with a short horny manible. Jaw cylindrical, straight, and cleft. Lip prominent and entire. Feelers four; projecting, unequal, and filiform. No stigmata. Wings deflected, but not folded. Antennae setaceous, projecting, and longer than the thorax, which is convex.

Like the ephemera, these insects are very short-lived; and in every state of their existence, they prey with unceasing avidity upon aphides. The larva is fix-footed, generally oval and hairy. The pupa commonly folliculated. The eggs are deposited in clusters on the leaves of plants; each placed on a small stalk made of gum. Many of them, when touched, have an excrementitious smell. The follicle in which the pupa is enclosed, is of a dense texture, formed of whitish silk. In summer, at the end of three weeks, the hemerobius comes forth a perfect insect. When the follicle has not been formed till the end of autumn, the pupa remains in it the whole winter; and does not undergo its final metamorphosis till the ensuing spring.

A. Lip cylindrical, membranaceous, and marked with rings. Semblides.

lutarius. Black; wings whitish, streaked and spotted with white. 14. A native of Europe; in fresh waters; very common in the spring. It deposits a great number of light brown eggs, which it attaches in clusters to the leaves of aquatic plants by means of a glutinous matter.

B. Lip horny, round at the tip, and arched.

gala. Yellowish green; wings transparent, and marked with green veins. 2. A native of Europe; on vegetables. Its eggs are set on capillary stalks.

mellonotus. Yellowish; wings transparent, variegated with blue and gold, marked with whitish veins, dotted, and somewhat hairy, the edges marked with very small black dots. 31. A native of Europe.

versicolor. Yellow; wings transparent, variegated with blue and gold; the base of the abdomen, the under part, and

anus black; the antennae yellow. 32. A native of Europe.

31 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

76. MYRMELEON, Lion-ant, or Ant-eater.

Mouth with a sharp horny jaw, and mandible. Lip projecting. Feelers fix. No stigmata. Antennae thicker towards their outer edge. Wings deflected. Tail of the male armed with a pair of pincers, composed of two filaments nearly straight.

A. The posterior Feelers much longer than the rest; jaw furnished with one tooth; Lip membranaceous and square, terminating abruptly, and emarginated.

The insects of this family prey with the most savage ferocity upon ants, and other insects; and for the purpose of ensnaring them sink themselves into the sand, and form a kind of funnel or pit in which they lie buried, the head only appearing above the sand; into this hollow such insects as wander near it are sure to fall; and not being able to crawl up the sides of loose sand, are seized and devoured by the lion-ant. But if the sides of the pit do not give way, or the unlucky insect appears to be able to make its escape, its enemy, by throwing up with its head repeated showers of sand, forces it down till it comes within its reach. Larva is fix-footed, oval and hairy, with exerted toothed jaws. Pupa enclosed in a ball composed of agglutinated sand or earth.

Wings clouded with brown, marked with a white *formica- spot on their posterior margin. 3. A native of Europe. The larva goes backwards; frequents sandy places, where it digs pits to ensnare other insects.

B. Feelers nearly equal, and filiform; the Jaw fringed; Lip horny, round and entire.

The upper wings transparent, marked at the base longicornis with a double yellow spot; the under wings are yellow, nir. and black at the base. 2. A native of Europe. Head black and hairy.

Wings white, marked with a black spot at the edge; australis. body variegated. 14. A native of Europe. Variegated with brown and yellow; the antennae of the same length with the body, and black; club oblong.

15 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

77. PANOREA, Scorpion fly.

Mouth stretched out into a cylindrical snout, composed of a horny substance. Mandible, without teeth. Jaw divided at the point. Lip very long, covering the whole mouth, and like it formed of a horny substance. Feelers four, nearly equal. Antennae filiform, and longer than the thorax. Tail of the male notched, of the female unarmed.

Wings equal, spotted with black. 1. A native of *communis. Europe; lives chiefly on dipterous insects.

Wings tapering towards the point, somewhat curved hyemalis. and fringed; female without wings. 3. A native of Europe.

Europe. It is common when winter disappears. It is of a brownish yellow colour above.

10 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with an arched mandible set with teeth. Jaw cylindrical and obtuse; lip round and entire; all of them formed of a horny substance. Feelers four, very short, nearly equal, and filiform. Stigmata three. Wings delected. Antennæ filiform, the same length of the thorax, which is lengthened out at the anterior part, and cylindrical. Tail of the female furnished with a loose curved bristle.

*ophiopsis. Wings without spots. 1. A native of Europe; in pine forests; feeding on other insects. Larva has six feet. The pupa active, very like the perfect insect in every point, except that it wants wings.

*notata. Wings marked on the edge with a brown spot. 2. A native of Britain. Black; a reddish brown spot on the head and legs, and furnished with a projecting sting of the same length with the abdomen.

WINGS four, membranaceous for the most part. Tail of the female furnished with a sting.

Mouth with a short jaw, furnished with one tooth, and membranaceous. The mandible arched, cleft at the tip, and with a short, cylindrical, and entire lip, all composed of a horny substance. Feelers four, short, unequal and capitated. Antennæ moniliform. Sting spiral, and for the most part concealed.

The numerous excrefences or galls, found on the roots, branches, and leaves of various trees, are produced by the puncture of these insects. The larva is without feet, soft, cylindrical, and inhabits within the gall, feeding on the juices of the tree. The pupa resembles the perfect insect, except in having only the rudiments of wings.

*ascendens. Of a brazen colour; the abdomen conical, ascending and joined to the trunk by a very narrow connection. 20. A native of Europe. Large; legs of a pale colour; the thighs black at the base.

*rosæ. Body black; the abdomen of a rusty colour, and black behind; the legs of a rusty colour. 1. A native of Bedeguar; on the rose.

*quercus baccarum. Black; base of the antennæ and legs yellowish. 4. A native of Europe. Forms roundish and transparent galls, about the size of a pea, on the under surface of the leaves of the oak; and comes out about the middle of summer.

*quercus folii. Black; thorax marked with lines; legs gray; thighs beneath black. 5. A native of Europe. Forms galls about the size of a hazel nut, on the under surface of the leaves of the oak.

*quercus infesta. Black; antennæ and legs pale. 6. A native of Europe. Forms globular, opaque, red galls about the size of a hazel nut, on the under surface of the leaves of the oak.

Black; legs white; thighs brown. 7. A native of *quercus Europe. Forms hollow galls, convex at each end, on petioles. the footstalks of the leaves of the oak.

Gray; wings marked with a linear cross. 8. A *quercus native of Europe. Forms granulated connected galls, pedunculi, on the male flowers of the oak.

In galls on the bark of the oak. 9. A native of *quercus Europe. Forms a cup-shaped gall, the disk convex and corticis, surrounded with about twenty concave dots, sunk into the bark of the oak.

Pale; abdomen and eyes black. 10. A native of *quercus Europe. Forms white woolly galls on the small ramuli, branches of the oak.

In the terminal bud of the quercus robur. 11. A *quercus native of Europe. Found in the large imbricated galls gemmae on the terminal buds of the quercus robur. This fly is of a very dark green, slightly gilded. Its antennæ and feet are of a dun colour, rather deep. It deposits its eggs in the oak buds, which produce one of the finest galls, leafed like a rose-bud beginning to blow. When the gall is small, the leaves are compressed, and lie over one another like the tiles on the roof of a house. In the centre of the gall there is a kind of hard nucleus, in the middle of which is a cavity, and in that is found the little larva, which feeds there, takes its growth, undergoes its metamorphosis, and breaks through the inclosure in order to get out. The whole gall is often near an inch in diameter, sometimes more when dried and displayed, and is attached to the branch by a foot-stalk. (Barbut, Insect. p. 233.)

On the calyx of the oak and agilops. 18. A native quercus of Europe. Forms galls on the calyx of the quercus calicis. robur, sometimes used by tanners. They were called by the Romans cerri.

Black, without spots. 12. A native of Europe. *fagi. Forms galls of the shape of a pear, on the upper surface of the leaves of the common beech.

Body brown. 22. Forms tenacious globular galls, rosmarini, about the size of a hazel nut, filled with clear oil, on the branches of the rosmarinus chilenfis.

Body black; the base of the antennæ and legs of a phragmit-brick colour; the abdomen lengthened out into a broad tail. 25. It is lodged at the top of the stalk of the arundo fragmitis, which becomes dilated, and grows no higher.

28 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with an arched mandible, formed of a horny substance, and notched in the inside. Jaw straight and blunt at the tip. Lip cylindrical and divided into three. Feelers four, unequal, and filiform. Wings plain and swelling out. Sting composed of two ferrated laminae, slightly projecting. Scutellum marked with two grains placed on its surface, at a distance from one another.

The male and female of many of the species of this genus vary in colour. They feed on the leaves of various plants; the female uses her sting in the manner of a saw, and cuts out spaces in the twigs or buds of trees, for the purpose of depositing her eggs: larva cylindrical, soft, with sixteen or twenty-eight feet; feeds on the leaves

leaves of plants, and when touched rolls itself up spirally. Pupa enclosed in a follicle, and is very like the perfect insect; the eggs increase in size every day till the larvæ burst from them.

* Antennæ clavated.

* femoralis. Antennæ pale yellow; body black; thighs of the hind-legs very large. 1. A native of Europe; on the alder and willow. Larva green, marked on the back with a blue line, and on the sides with a yellow one.

* tristis. Body black; antennæ pale yellow; wings brown at the tips. 56. A native of the Sundmore islands. Larva green, marked on the back with a blue line fringed with black and yellow.

* vitellina. Abdomen black above, reddish on the sides; the thighs of the hind-legs dentated. 5. A native of Europe; on the birch and willow; the antennæ yellow, and black at the tip. The larva is green, and spouts water from an opening a little above the anus.

** Antennæ without articulations, and thicker towards their outer edge.

* enodis. Antennæ smooth: body of a bluish black. 11. A native of Europe; on the willow. Larva green, dotted with black, marked on the sides with a wrinkled yellow line, and furnished with an acute tail.

* ustulata. Body black; abdomen bluish; shanks of the legs pale. 13. A native of Europe; on the rosa canina. Wings of a faint rusty colour, marked with a brown spot. Larva green, marked with two white lines; the head of a brick-colour, marked with a dark-coloured band.

* cyanococca. Head and thorax bluish: the abdomen of a saffron-colour. 6. A native of Britain; on umbelliferous plants: antennæ black; legs of many colours.

*** Antennæ pectinated.

* cephalotes. Body black; abdomen marked with four yellow belts. 64. A native of Europe; large; head large, three dots situated between the eyes; the thorax marked on the fore part with an interrupted yellowish streak; legs of a rusty colour.

* dorsata. Body whitish; head and back of the thorax and abdomen black. 65. A native of Britain; antennæ black.

**** Antennæ feathered.

* pini. Antennæ spear-shaped; the thorax somewhat hairy. 14. A native of Europe; very common in the fir-tree. The male black; the thighs and shanks of the legs of a tawney colour; female twice the size of the male; gray; antennæ ferrated. Larva blue, and of a tawney colour at each end.

***** Antennæ filiform; furnished with seven or nine articulations.

* rustica. Body black; the abdomen marked with three yellow belts; the posterior pair being interrupted. 16. A native of Europe; on the woodbine. Mouth whitish; the scutellum and thorax marked with a yellow spot; the legs yellow; the knees of the hind-legs black.

Larva of an ash-colour, marked with triangular light brown dots on the back.

Greenish yellow; legs tawney; the thighs of the cynipifer hind-legs of a brass colour. 69. A native of Europe; mi. in the pods of the vetch; about the size of a black ant; the thorax lengthened very much, resembling a cynip. Female bluish green, with a metallic lustre.

Body variegated. 21. A native of Europe; on fulicis. the poplar and willow. Larvæ feeding in parallel troops; flat, rough, yellow, and marked on each side with two rows of black dots; head black.

Body black; head and thorax red. 29. A native of alni. Europe; on the leaves of the alder. When looked at, it attempts to conceal itself. The antennæ are black; the abdomen black, with a violet gloss; the fore-legs reddish brown.

Body black; belly, legs, and scutellum whitish. 35. rapæ. A native of Europe; on the leaves of the turnip. Small; whitish beneath; the edges of the wings black; the edges of the segments of the abdomen faint yellow; head and thorax variegated with white.

Body yellow; head and upper part of the thorax coprea. and abdomen black; wings marked with a yellow dot. 55. A native of Europe; on the willow and corinth. The larva yearly destroys the gooseberry and red corinth, but does not injure the black corinth; blue; the three first and three last segments tawney, marked with nine lines of dots.

Body black; the shanks and apophyses of the thighs ribis. of the hind-legs are white on their exterior sides. 88. A native of Europe; on the red corinth. The larva destroys the edges of the leaves of the red corinth; it is green; the head edged with black; the body wrinkled; six feet situated on the breast, are furnished with hooks; six on the abdomen are set close together, and two near the tail resemble papillæ.

***** Antennæ setaceous, composed of many articulations.

Body blue; head red. 40. A native of Europe; on erythra- the common pine. Male black; the mouth and shanks cephala. of the fore-legs pale yellow.

Black, with a tinge of blue; mouth, feelers, and populi. shanks of the legs yellow. 44. A native of Europe; on the poplar; wings brownish; the breast variegated with pale yellow on each side, edged with bright yellow; the abdomen pale yellow; spotted on the back with black.

***** The following species, and other five, seem doubtful.

Black; legs yellow; antennæ slightly clavated. 50. intercus. A native of Europe; on the leaves of the burdock, the nightshade, and the vulvaria; it is lodged under the cuticle of the leaf; the antennæ shorter than the body, transparent and deeply articulated; the abdomen oval and pointed.

140 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin, in his last edition of the System of Nature.

81. SIREX, Tailed Wasp.

Mouth furnished with a thick mandible, composed of a horny substance, terminating abruptly at the tip; the

the jaw bent inwards, pointed, cylindrical, and fringed, which, together with the lip, is membranaceous, short, and entire. Feelers four; the posterior ones longer than the rest, and thicker on the outside. Antennæ filiform, composed of upwards of 24 articulations. Sting projecting, rigid, serrated. Abdomen closely attached to the trunk, terminating in a sharp point. Wings lance-shaped and plane.

The larvæ of this genus are fix-footed, soft, and cylindrical; the head rounded: they perforate wood, and frequently eat their way into the bowels of other insects and their larvæ, particularly caterpillars, living upon and consuming their vitals: pupæ foliulated. The perfect insect lives on the nectar of flowers.

* gigas. Body black; the abdomen yellow at the base and at the extremity. 1. A native of Europe; on fir trees.
* spectram. Abdomen black; thorax hairy, with a pale yellow mark before the wings. 3. A native of Europe; in decayed timber, particularly fir wood.
phantoma. Abdomen yellow above, marked with black rings; head and legs pale yellow. 12. A native of Europe; mouth, thorax, and under part of the abdomen black.

18 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

82. ICHNEUMON.

Mouth furnished with a jaw, straight, membranaceous, roundish at the tip, divided, expanded, and fringed; the mandible arched, sharp, and smooth; and with a lip cylindrical, membranaceous at the tip, and marginated. Feelers four, unequal, and filiform; situated in the middle of the lip. Antennæ fetaceous, furnished with upwards of 30 articulations. Sting prominent, furnished with a sheath composed of two valves.

The whole of this singular genus are parasitical, deriving their nourishment from other insects. The fly feeds on the nectar of flowers; and when about to lay her eggs perforates the body of some other insect or its caterpillar, with its sting or instrument at the end of the abdomen, and there deposits them; these, after being transformed into larvæ, prey upon the intestines of their foster parents till they are metamorphosed into pupæ. The larva is without feet, soft, and cylindrical; pupa sometimes naked, sometimes covered with a follicle. It is a species of this genus which produces the animal cotton, of which M. Baudry des Lozieres gives an account (Vide Second Voyage à la Louisiane, par Baudry des Lozieres). A worm of considerable size, which Baudry calls fly-carrier, well known to planters as the manic or indigo worm, is at one period of the year attacked by swarms of the ichneumon fly, which deposit their eggs in every pore of the worm. The insects are produced all nearly at the same time, and spin each of them a minute covering for itself. The manioc worm is now covered with a white case, which he with considerable difficulty shakes off, and, in a few days, the insects are again hatched from it, but in the form of flies, leaving the animal cotton behind them. This production is very abundant, as M. Baudry could collect fe-

veral bushels of it in a short time. In his opinion, it possesses many advantages over the vegetable cotton.

A. Scutellum whitish; the Antennæ marked with white rings.

Scutellum white; the thorax without spots; the second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen pale rufous; yellow; the rest white at the tip. 2. A native of Europe; the thighs of the four hind-legs black.

Black; the scutellum, the extremity of the abdomen, and a notched band on the anterior part of the abdomen, yellow; the legs, and connection between the abdomen and trunk likewise yellow. 221. A native of Italy. It forms cells composed of cemented clay, in chimneys and windows, arranged commonly in parallel rows, forming a cylindrical nest, each containing a brown, lucid follicle, in which the larva is lodged, together with the body of a spider in which the egg had been originally deposited. The upper wings are dark-coloured towards the tip.

B. Scutellum whitish; Antennæ totally black.

Black; the scutellum whitish; the divisions between equitate-segments black; the second, third, and fourth segments, as well as the legs, are yellow. 90. A native of Europe. In the pupa of the phalena piniperda.

Black; the scutellum yellowish; the under part of the dimica-antennæ reddish; the thorax armed on each side with a torius prickle; the abdomen black, marked with yellow belts; anus yellow. 198. A native of Britain.

Scutellum white; the thorax spotted; abdomen fascia-black; the base of the second segment, the third and torius sixth segments yellow. 93. A native of Britain.

C. The Scutellum and Thorax of the same colour; Antennæ marked with rings.

Black; the abdomen of a rusty colour, and black at migrator extremity. 116. A native of Europe.

Black; legs reddish; the feet of the hind-legs white obscura at the tips. 199. A native of Britain. It smells of tor.

D. The Scutellum and Thorax of the same colour; Antennæ black.

Body and wings black, marked with a transparent denigrator spot like a crescent; abdomen scarlet. 28. A native of Britain; in gardens.

Black; legs reddish; the shanks of the hind-legs turionellæ black, marked with white rings. 40. A native of Europe. In the larva of moths, particularly in the phalena turionellæ. Antennæ of the same length with the body; the sting shorter than the abdomen.

Black; mouth and legs reddish; the abdomen joined compuncta to the trunk by a stalk, or narrow connection. 33. A native of Europe. In the pupæ of some species of butterfly.

Black; the abdomen curved like a scythe, reddish jacula in the middle; the thighs of the hind-legs clavated; tor. white at the base and at the extremity. 52. A native of Europe; in the larvæ of the bee and of the sphinx. Having examined with its antennæ, where the sphinx is, and

and having discovered it, it flies away, and returns and places its egg on it.

E. Antennæ pale yellow.

venosus. Entirely yellow, except some black between the stigmata; wings white, with yellow veins. 354. A native of Europe.

cinctus. Black; antennæ and legs of a rusty colour; wings transparent, marked with a black speck. 60. A native of Europe; in gardens.

F. Minute, with the Abdomen closely attached to the Thorax.

gregarius. Black; the legs and side of the abdomen of a rusty colour. 204. A native of Europe; in the larvæ of butterflies; gregarious, and very frequent in the spring. Soon after they are hatched they spin each of them a white follicle for themselves, which are connected together in a cluster, from which they come forth perfect insects.

* bedeguaris. Shining green; abdomen golden-coloured. 63. A native of Europe; in the larvæ of the cynips, which produces the galls on the rose and the oak. The sting the same length with the body.

* gallarum. Of a bronze colour; abdomen black; shanks of the legs whitish. 64. A native of Europe; on the larvæ of the cynips, which produces the galls on the branches of the oak.

puparum. Body blue and gold; abdomen shining green; the legs pale. 66. A native of Europe; in the larvæ of flies and butterflies.

cynips. Green and gold; the abdomen brown, marked with a pale-coloured belt at the base; legs yellowish. 68. A native of Europe; on the larvæ of the cynips, and on the pupæ of butterflies.

globatus. Black; legs of a rusty colour. 74. A native of Europe; in stalks of grain, within a roundish follicle, composed of white silk, common to a number of the insects.

* glomeratus. Black; legs yellow. 75. A native of Europe; in the larvæ of butterflies. Soon after they are hatched, they spin each of them a yellow follicle for themselves; they deposit their eggs on the pupæ of butterflies soon after they have changed from larvæ.

418 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

83. SPHEX.

Mouth furnished with an entire jaw; the mandible curved, notched, and formed of a substance like horn. Lip horny, and membranaceous at the tip. Feelers four. The antennæ in some species have upwards of 10 articulations. Wings in each sex incumbent and not folded. Sting pungent and concealed within the abdomen.

The insects of this genus are the most savage and rapacious of this class of animals; they attack whatever insects come in their way, and by means of their poisonous sting overcome and devour such as far exceed themselves in size; when they attack any insect, they give one stroke, and fall down as if dead, and quietly

wait till the poison they have infused through their sting produce its effect. Their prey either serves as food for themselves or their young. Those of the division B are to be found chiefly on umbelliferous plants; the larva is without feet, soft, and inhabits the body of some other insect, on the juices of which it feeds; the pupa has only the rudiments of wings; the perfect insect deposits her eggs in the bodies of other insects.

A. Antennæ setaceous; Lip entire; Tongue wanting. Evanise.

Body black; the abdomen very short, and attached appendi- to the back part of the thorax by a foot-stalk. 12. gastr. A native of Europe, America, and Africa. Sprinkled with concave dots; the thorax flattened behind; the abdomen oval, compressed and very smooth; wings transparent, short, and delected.

B. Antennæ filiform; the Lip emarginated, and furnished with a bristle on each side; Tongue bent inwards, and divided into three divisions for almost half its length.

a. Abdomen attached to the trunk by a stalk or narrow communication.

Black, hairy; the attachment of the abdomen to the trunk furnished with two articulations; the second and third segments of the abdomen of a rusty colour. 1. A native of Europe; on sandy ground, where it digs a hole with its fore-feet, like a dog, in which it buries the larva of a moth, on which it deposits an egg, and then shuts up the hole. The abdomen exceeds the wings in length about one half, and in the male is black on the back.

Smooth, black; the lip and the edges of the seg-figular. ments of the abdomen lucid. 11. A native of Europe; in holes of wood, in partitions, which have been formed and abandoned by other insects: these it cleanses by gnawing round them; and placing a piece of moist clay at the bottom, sticks a spider upon it. In the body of this spider it deposits its eggs, and then closes up the entrance with clay. The larva is pale, and very like the larva of the bee. Having consumed the spider, which had been enclosed along with it, it spins a yellowish brown membrane for itself, exactly adapted to its body. One female sphex forms a great many nests; she spends no more than two days in forming any one.

Body black; fore-head, mouth, scutellum, and two infubrics. bands on the abdomen, yellow. 98. A native of Italy; breeds in chimneys and in windows, in the same nest with the ichneumon seductor. It is about seven lines long, dotted; the shanks of the legs yellowish, and black at the extremities; wings transparent and dark-coloured at the tips.

b. The Abdomen closely attached to the Thorax.

Downy and black; wings brown; the anterior part of the abdomen of a rusty colour, marked with black belts. 15. A native of Europe; in sandy ground: it digs holes in the sand, in which it buries the larva of a moth, after it has deposited an egg on it.

Body black; the fore part of the thorax furnished with

with a prickle on each side; the lip and the breast of the colour of silver. 86. A native of England; smooth; wings transparent; legs reddish.

98 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with a curved sharp mandible, crenated on the inside. Jaw compressed, projecting, entire and horny. Tongue inflected and divided into three at the tip, very short. Lip projecting, membranaceous at the tip, and entire. Feelers four, equal, short, filiform, and situated in the middle of the lip. Antennæ thick and filiform: the first joint longer than the rest.

sexmaculata. Hairy, black; the abdomen marked with three pair of yellow spots. 6. A native of Europe; marked with a yellow spot both before and behind the eyes.

quadripunctata. Body black; the abdomen marked with four white dots, the wings of a reddish brown. 22. A native of Europe.

27 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth formed of a horny substance; the mandible incurved. The jaw short, and straight. Lip longer than the jaw, membranaceous at the tip, and divided into three, the middle division emarginated. Tongue very short and involuted. Feelers four, equal and filiform. Antennæ filiform.

vicinatus. Abdomen black; the second, third, and fourth segments marked with two white dots. 1. A native of New Holland. Likewise the first segments are marked with a white dot on the sides.

13 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth composed of a horny substance, and furnished with short jaws. The mandible thick, and furnished with three teeth at the tip. Lip longer than the jaw; membranaceous and emarginated at the tip. Feelers four, short, equal, and filiform. Antennæ short, straight, and clavated. Thorax furnished with a lance-shaped scale on its under side. Sting bent backwards, and concealed in a groove in the upper part of the abdomen.

calceifer. Abdomen attached closely to the trunk; scale of the thorax half the length of the abdomen. 2. A native of Europe; eyes black; forehead without spots; the posterior part of the thorax marked with a yellow fillet, and without dots. Smaller than the common wasp.

Three species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

VOL. VIII. Part I.

Mouth furnished with a membranaceous rounded jaw. The mandible arched, and acute. The lip short, furnished with three small projections, and composed of a substance like horn. No tongue. Feelers four, filiform, unequal, projecting, and situated in the middle of the lip. Antennæ filiform and arched.

Black; the thighs of the four hind-legs angular and *femorata reddish. 4. A native of England.

Black; thorax spotted; abdomen marked with five *quinque- yellow bands, the second interrupted. 6. A native of scintilla. Europe, chiefly in England.

17 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Feelers four, and equal. Antennæ short, cylindrical, and spindle-shaped; the first articulation a little thicker than the rest.

Shining black; the thighs of the hind-legs thickened *puffilla, and marked with a white dot at their extremities. 6. A native of Europe. Feet white.

7 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth composed of a horny substance, and projecting; is furnished with a linear jaw, and with a lip emarginated, and membranaceous at the tip, and much longer than the jaw. No tongue. Feelers four, projecting, unequal, and filiform. Antennæ short, and filiform; the first articulation longer than the rest. Body gilt and shining. Abdomen arched beneath, furnished with a scale on each side. The anus (in most of the species) is furnished with small projections. Sting is slightly projecting. Wings plane.

The insects of this genus commonly form their nests in holes made in walls.

Smooth, polished; the thorax green; the abdomen *ignita of a golden colour, and furnished with four small projections at the extremity. 1. A native of Europe; in walls.

Smooth, shining; the thorax green; the abdomen of *aurata a golden colour; the anus furnished with two small projections. 4. A native of Europe; in walls.

Smooth, shining; the thorax and abdomen blue; *cyanea the anus furnished with three small projections. 5. A native of Europe; in walls.

Smooth, shining green; the thorax and superior part of the two first segments of the abdomen gilt; the anus furnished with four small projections. 6. A native of Europe; in walls of houses.

27 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

C c

90.

Mouth composed of a horny substance. Jaw compressed. Feelers four, unequal, and filiform. Antennæ filiform; the first articulation longer than the rest, and cylindrical. Eyes large and circular. Body smooth. Sting pungent, and concealed within the abdomen. The upper wings are folded in the males, females, and neuters.

These live mostly in numerous societies, constructing curious nests or combs, generally under ground; they prey upon other insects, especially bees and flies, and devour meal, bread and fruit. The larva is soft, without feet, and feeds on the nectar of flowers and honey; the pupa quiescent, and has the rudiments of wings. Some of them are solitary, others live in swarms.

* The Antennæ thicker towards their outer edge.

* crabro. Hornet. The thorax black, marked on the fore part with reddish spots; there is a double dot contiguous to the divisions between the segments of the abdomen. 3. A native of Europe. It has its nest in hollow trees, in out-houses, or any dry situation; its combs are very neatly constructed, and composed of a substance like coarse paper, or decayed parchment. They prey on other insects, particularly on bees. Their sting is very painful.

* vulgaris. Thorax marked on each side with a small interrupted line; the scutellum marked with four spots; the divisions between the segments of the abdomen dotted with black. 4. A native of Europe, about houses; they prey on flies, and rob bee-hives. They live in swarms composed of males, females, and neuters. The male has a yellow head, and long antennæ; an abdomen composed of seven yellow segments, marked with black triangular spots. They are destitute of rings, but are longer and larger than the neuters, though smaller than the females. The female has short antennæ; lip yellow; abdomen composed of six segments, marked on the sides with two black dots, and is furnished with a sting. There are frequently between two and three hundred females, and as many males, in a swarm of wasps. A single female in the spring that had been impregnated in the preceding autumn, lays the foundation of a swarm. It makes itself a hole in some dry situation, or fixes on a mole hole, where it hastily builds a few cells, and deposits its eggs; which in the course of about twenty days, pass through their different changes, and become perfect insects. Almost the whole of those produced from the first deposited eggs are neuters. As soon as they are fit to fly about, they commence their labours, enlarge their hole by removing the earth with their mouth, go out in quest of materials, for forming new cells, which are composed of small fibres of wood, cemented together by a glutinous substance formed within the body of the animal. They may frequently be seen on rails, posts, &c. on reeds, or stalks of decayed vegetables, gnawing off small particles which they convey to their nest, and deliver to those occupied in the construction of the work. The external covering of their nest is formed of several layers of thin leaves resembling

paper, which are not in immediate contact with one another, and in that way they prevent external moisture from penetrating into the cells, which are arranged in flat combs placed one over another, each story being supported by a number of very neat pillars. The female continues to deposit her eggs, which are oblong and yellowish, during the whole summer, to the amount of many thousands. A few hundreds of those that are last deposited, produce males and females, which are impregnated in the autumn, and which, should they survive the winter, lay the foundation of new swarms in the spring. All the neuters and males perish in the beginning of winter.

Body black; the thorax is marked with two dots; the scutellum is likewise marked with two dots, the abdomen with five yellow bands, the first of which is at a distance from the rest. 6. A native of Europe; about houses. It forms its nest in holes in wood.

Black; thorax marked with two pale yellow spots; the abdomen marked with four yellow bands, the first at a considerable distance from the rest. 8. A native of Europe, in walls; the scutellum without spots; the shanks of the legs yellowish.

First segment of the abdomen funnel-shaped; the second bell-shaped, and very large. 11. A native of Europe, in gardens. It attaches its nest, which is globular, and constructed of the same materials with that of the common wasp, to the branches of trees; the abdomen black, the segments yellow at the edges; the first and second marked with two dots.

The abdomen marked with two yellow bands; the anus furnished with three small projections; wings black, white at the edge. 98. A native of Europe.

Thorax without spots; the abdomen marked on each side with five yellow spots; legs black. 101. A native of Europe, in sandy situations. Head large, terminating abruptly in the fore part; mouth of a silver colour; the spots on the abdomen uniting so as to form a band.

The upper lip conical and divided; the abdomen black, marked with waved yellowish bands. 152. A native of Europe, on sand hills. Their nests contain only a single larva.

Black; lip roundish; the abdomen marked with six yellow bands, the first five of which are interrupted. 157. A native of Europe, covered with ash-coloured down; the thorax spotted with brown, the antennæ black, the first articulation yellow below, the last of a rusty colour; lip and legs yellow, the thighs black; the anus furnished with three small projections.

The lip nearly conical; the thorax brown, spotted with yellow; abdomen black, marked with six yellow bands; antennæ and legs of a rusty colour. 159. A native of Europe; head brown; mouth yellow; the bands on the abdomen broad, the first four interrupted.

160 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth formed of a substance resembling horn; the lip and jaw membranaceous at the tip; tongue bent inwards. Feelers four, unequal, and filiform. Wings plane. The females and neuters have a pungent sting concealed within the abdomen.

The insects of this genus live some of them in large societies, and some are solitary; their food is the nectar of flowers, honey and ripe fruit; the larva is soft and without feet; the pupa resembles the perfect insect. The larvae of the neuters are very numerous, and placed in hexagonal cells; the larvae of the males are turgid and obtuse in the fore part, and tapering behind.

A. The Tongue divided into five at the point; the Feelers very short.

* centuncularis. Black; the under part of the abdomen covered with yellow wool. 4. A native of Europe. It forms several nests under ground, very neatly composed of the leaves of roses. There are several species which form similar nests in the trunks of trees or in walls, composed sometimes of the leaves of the rose, at other times of those of the horse chestnut.

* panflata. Black, covered with ash-coloured hairs; abdomen black; the segments of the abdomen marked on each side with a white dot; the scutellum entire. 59. A native of Britain; on flowers.

mellifica. Common Honey Bee. Downy; the thorax grayish; abdomen brown; thighs of the hind legs fringed with hairs; on the inside marked with transverse striæ. 22. A native of Europe, in hollow trees; but they are more frequently domesticated, and kept in hives. This well-known and busy insect lives in great swarms, composed of females or queens, males or drones, and neuters or working bees. The female is larger and longer than the rest, the abdomen being about one-third longer than the wings; the antennæ have ten articulations; the feet reddish. The males are larger than the neuters; their wings are longer than the body; their antennæ have eleven articulations; the trunk is covered with long hairs, and is of a tawney colour. The neuters as well as the females are gray on the thorax, and are furnished with a sting, of which the males are destitute; their antennæ have fifteen articulations; they are furnished with two stomachs. A swarm consists commonly of one female, from 1000 to 1500 males, and of nearly 20,000 neuters (vide BEE). They construct regular combs, composed of hexagonal cells, with wax which is formed within the body of the insect. Reaumur and others have supposed, that the wax was formed from the farina of flowers, which the neuters collect and carry home on their legs, and their opinions have been implicitly followed. But Mr Huber, member of the Society of Natural Philosophy and Natural History of Geneva, by a set of very accurate experiments and observations, has clearly proven that the wax is formed from honey (vide Journal de Physique, &c. Pluviose An. XII.). We shall give here his own account of the experiments he has made. "It has been thought strange that the word wax should seldom occur in a book which treats of bees alone; but nevertheless, as in the course of my observations I had not attended to the products of

their industry, I could only have repeated what had been said by Swammerdam and Reaumur, and that did not seem to me to be necessary. I knew that these insects collected abundantly upon the antheræ of flowers; that they are acquainted with the method of opening them, of gathering their dust, keeping it in the cavities of their hind legs, and carrying it to their hives. It had been observed that the particles of this dust swell in water, and that when one of them bursts, an oily liquor runs out, which floats on its surface, but did not mix with it. From these experiments, repeated on the dust of a great number of flowers, it was concluded that they contain the principles of wax; but it was admitted that these must undergo a peculiar elaboration in the body of the bee, since, according to the experiments of Reaumur, a flexible wax could not be made from the dust of the antheræ. It will be seen here from several passages in my work that I had adopted this opinion; a single observation of Burnons, (the name of Mr Huber's secretary), changed all my ideas. The true origin of wax might have been sooner known, had there been any suspicion that it was not already discovered. I shall now state how I was led to doubt, and what I have done to verify my new conjectures.

"I was in Switzerland in 1793: the farmer of the estate on which I resided had many bees; and the greater part of his hives having been stocked in former years, the combs with which they were filled reached to the stands, consequently there was no room to construct new ones. We remarked, however, that the working bees carried in a considerable quantity of this fecundating powder. There was also in the same apiary, some swarms of that year, the hives having only been stocked a day or two; in some of them the combs were only begun; in others they were larger; but in all of them there were vacancies to fill up, and much work to do. We observed with astonishment, that the bees of these swarms did not carry in the pollen; and that, nevertheless, they worked with activity in the construction of new combs, and in lengthening those already commenced. Where, therefore, did they procure materials for their edifices? After these observations, we suspected that it was not from the dust of the stamens, and that they had a very different use for it than that for which it was believed to be intended. We, however, found that it was impossible to explain these extraordinary facts, without abandoning the hypothesis of Reaumur, by supposing that the bees of the old hives stored up so much pollen in their combs for their future wants, while those of the new swarms did not carry it outwardly on their legs, in the infancy of their establishment, because they had no cells in which they could deposit it; it might be sufficient to enable them to construct their combs, if they were at liberty to fly to the flowers, procure their pollen, and return to their hives after having filled their stomachs, where it must be elaborated, and converted into perfect wax. It was to obviate these doubts, that I undertook the following experiments.

"First Experiment.—On bees in confinement, with honey alone for their nourishment. Must pollen be ate by bees, to be in a state to produce wax? This was the first question which I thought it necessary to investigate: the method of trying the experiment was obvious;

it was only required to keep the bees within their hives, and thus prevent them from collecting or eating the fecundating powder. On the 24th of May, Burnons lodged a swarm in a straw-hive, with as much honey and water as was necessary for their consumption; and he closed the doors, so that the bees could not get out, and the air be at the same time renewed.

"At first the bees were very uneasy, but became calm on removing the hive to a cool dark place; their captivity lasted five days; they were permitted to come out into a room, the windows of which were shut; we then examined the hive more conveniently. We first noticed that there was no honey left in the vessel which had been filled with it, with the sole intention of feeding the confined bees; and were more astonished to see five combs of the most beautiful wax, suspended from the roof of the hive; they were perfectly white, and very brittle. This result was very remarkable; however, before forming a conclusion from it, that the honey with which these bees were fed, had enabled them to produce the wax, it was necessary to inquire, whether it could not also be explained in another manner. The bees which I had employed had doubtless collected the dust while they were at liberty. They might have done so the evening before, or on the very same day of their confinement, and might have enough in their stomachs, and in the cavities of their legs, to extract from it all the wax which we found in their hives. But if it was true that it had been obtained from the fecundating powder, previously obtained, this source was not inexhaustible, and the bees being unable to procure any more they would soon cease to construct combs, and fall into the most complete inaction. It was necessary, therefore, to repeat the same trial, to render it decisive.

"The 28th, Burnons returned this swarm into its hive; after having taken out all the combs, he shut them up as before, with a fresh supply of honey. This experiment was not long, for on the evening of the second day we perceived the prisoners working with new wax. The next day the hive was inspected, and we found five combs, as heavy and as regular as those made during the first captivity. We afterwards repeated this experiment five times successively, with the same bees, and the same precautions: we always found that the honey had disappeared, and that new wax was produced. This result was so invariable during this long seclusion, that we could no longer doubt that the honey alone had supplied them with all the elements of their wax, without the assistance of the fecundating dust.

"Second Experiment.—On a hive from which honey was excluded, and in which only pollen and fruits, for the nourishment of the bees, were left, I thought it would not be useless to make the inverse of the preceding experiment; it would show me whether the pollen could not supply the want of honey, when the bees were deprived of it, and enable them to produce wax.

"I therefore enclosed a swarm in a bell-glass, in which had been placed a comb, whose cells contained only pollen, and the sole nourishment of the bees was fruit.

"These bees did not make combs, nor did they form a single cell during eight days, which was the time of their captivity. I was going to repeat this experiment, when Burnons remarked, that the free bees were, in some measure, in the same state as those we had con-

fined; there being no honey at that time in the flowers, they found only pollen, and did not work in wax.

"It may perhaps be asked, how I was satisfied of this: to which I answer, bees wax is white at first, the cells soon become yellow; and in time, this colour grows browner; and in older hives have acquired a blackish tinge. It is, therefore, very easy to distinguish the new cells from those which have been some time formed, and consequently to know whether the bees are really making combs, or whether that work is suspended; it is sufficient to raise the hives, and to notice the lower edge of the combs.

"The odour exhaled by the hives, and the shape of the bees, are indications, by which it may always be known whether there is honey in the flowers: if they are combined, there can be no further doubt; and, particularly, if a great number of bees return to the hive, which are remarkable for the bulk and form of their bellies. Those which are filled with honey, have the abdomen cylindrical; the name of wax-making bees belongs to them exclusively: the bellies of the labouring bees, which have other functions, always preserve their ovoid form, and their volume is never sensibly augmented; the name of nursing bees is proper for these.

"The farmers of the neighbouring villages kept their bees in baskets, or in cases of different forms; and I was able to visit a very great number, without going to any great distance from my habitation.

"In 1793, an intemperate spring had retarded the separation of the swarms; there had not been any in the country before the 24th of May; but towards the middle of June there were several in the vicinity of my residence. At that time the fields were covered with flowers, the bees collected much honey, and the new swarms worked at the wax with vigour.

"On the 18th, Burnons visited 65 hives; at the entrance of all of them he observed wax-making bees. Those which returned to old hives, not having to construct cells, deposited their honey in the combs, or distributed it among their companions; those belonging to the young swarms converted their honey into wax, and hastened to construct combs for the reception of their young bees.

"It was showery on the 19th; the bees went abroad, but brought home only pollen. The weather was cold and rainy until the 27th. We were desirous of knowing if this had prevented their working. On the 28th, all the hives were lifted. Burnons found that the work had been stopped; the combs which he had measured on the 19th, were not at all increased, and were of a citron yellow; nor was there a single white cell in any of these hives.

"On the first of July, the chestnuts and limes were in blossom; the thermometer indicated the twentieth degree; the wax-making bees reappeared; they carried away great quantities of honey, which, as we had before observed, was employed in augmenting the provisions of the old hives, and enabling the young swarms to construct new combs. The greatest activity was observable among them; the gathering of honey, and the production of wax continued, until the middle of this month. July 16th, the heat remained the same; the field flowers, as well as those of the chestnut and limes, were completely withered; they yielded no more honey, their pollen alone attracted the working bees, and they collected

collected it abundantly; but there was not any wax produced; the combs were not lengthened; those of the young swarms did not fill more than two-thirds of their hives.

"August 9th. It had not rained for six weeks; the heat was very powerful, nor was there any dew to al- lay it during the night; the black wheat, which had been in flower for some days, did not offer any honey to the bees; they found only pollen.

"On the 10th of August, it rained for several hours; next day, the black wheat had the odour of honey; in fact it might be seen glittering in their expanded flowers. The bees found enough to feed them, but too little to induce them to work at new wax.

"On the 14th, the drought recommenced, and lasted to the end of the month; no more honey appeared up- on the flowers; and when we visited the 65 hives for the last time, we found, 1st, That the bees had not pro- duced any wax after the middle of July. 2d, That they had stored up a great quantity of pollen. 3d, That the supply of honey was much lessened in the old hives, and that hardly any remained in the new swarms, that which they had collected in the spring having been employed in the preparation of wax. The pollen, there- fore, has not this property, and no farther doubt re- mained on this head. This year had not been stormy, and I have since ascertained, by a great number of observa- tions, that electricity is singularly favourable to the se- cretion of honey by the flowers; the bees never collect it in greater abundance, nor is the preparation of wax ever more active than when the wind is in the south, the air humid and warm, and a storm gathering.

"Heat too long continued, and the drought which is the consequence of it, cold rains, and principally a north wind, suspend it entirely.

"Third Experiment. On the use which the bees make of the fecundating powder. In the second ex- periment, the bees did not touch the pollen which I had placed within their reach, and as its quantity was not sensibly diminished during this trial, I was induced to believe it was not an aliment proper for them.

"I also knew that the new swarms were liable to perish from hunger in the middle of summer, and even when the country was covered with flowers, if a particular temperature, which is too uncommon in our climate, did not favour the secretion of honey in their nectaria. What, therefore, is the use of the pollen they collect with such avidity during eight months of the year, and of which they lay up such abundance (A)? This ques- tion remained to be investigated.

"I had a hive in divisions, the queen of which was barren; its combs did not contain any pollen, but they had much more honey; the two narrowest sides of this hive were formed of panes of glass, through which the surfaces of the exterior combs might be seen, and the conduct of the bees observed.

"I took away the queen on the 16th of July; but to console the working bees, I removed the first and

twelfth combs, in which there was not any thing to interest them; and I supplied their places with two combs, the cells of which were filled with eggs and worms of all ages. I carefully cut away all the cells in which pollen could be perceived, and shut up the hive with a grating. My intention will be guessed; I wished to know whether these insects could support their young without this fecundating powder. The next day nothing extraordinary occurred; the bees sat on their eggs and seemed to nurse them.

"On the 18th, after sunset, a great noise was heard in the hive. Anxious to see what occasioned it, we opened the shutters, and observed that all was in confusion; the incubation was stopped; the bees ran over the combs in disorder; we saw thousands precipitate themselves on the stand, those which were nearest to the mouth eagerly gnawing the grating; their intention was no longer doubtful, they wished to get out of their confinement.

"I was fearful of destroying them by continuing to prevent them from yielding to their instinct; they were therefore set at liberty. The whole swarm came out, but the hour was unfavourable to their collecting: the bees did not go far from the hive, the darkness and the chillness of the air soon compelled them to return, and probably calmed their agitation; for we saw them quietly reascend their combs, and order appeared, to us, to be re-established. This moment was taken to close the hive again. On the 19th, we saw two royal cells begun on one of the combs of the nursery: the even- ing of this day, and at the same hour as the day before, we heard a great tumult in the closed hive; it was in a general confusion, and we were again obliged to permit the swarm to come out. The 20th was the fifth day of their captivity. We thought it had been of sufficient duration, and were also very impatient to examine the nursery, and to see what was the cause of this periodical agitation of these bees: Burnons therefore opened the first and twelfth windows, and drove the bees from the combs, suffering them to take their flight in a room, the windows of which were shut. He first noticed that the royal cells had not been continued, that they did not contain any worm, and that there was not an atom of the jelly which serves for the nourishment and the cradle of the larvae of the queens. He fought in vain for eggs, for worms, and for the liquid in the common cells; all had disappeared. Had these worms died of hunger? Had we, by withdrawing the fecundating powder, deprived the bees of every means of nourishing the larvae.

To ascertain this, it would be sufficient to restore them their pollen, and observe the issue. The bees were, therefore, again returned to their prison, after having substituted young worms for those which had been suffered to die.

"On the 22d, we found that the bees had fastened these combs, and that they were again in a state of in- cubation; we then gave them some pieces of combs in which other bees had stored up the fecundating powder; and

(A) Reaumur was of opinion that the bees of a well-stocked hive, might collect at least a hundred pounds of this substance in the course of a year; but having remarked that the weight of wax, fabricated in the same time, did not exceed two pounds, he concluded that the bees extract only a very small portion of the true wax from this native wax, that the greatest part of it is required for their nourishment, and that the rest is discharged from their bodies in the form of excrement.

and the better to observe what they did with it, we took some of the pollen out of the cells, and laid it exposed on the stand of the hive. In a few minutes, the bees discovered the pollen in the combs, and that which we had taken out; they took it grain by grain in their jaws, and conveyed it into their mouths; those which had eaten most voraciously reascended the combs, and placed themselves, at first, upon the cells of the young worms, which they entered head foremost, and remained there a greater or less length of time. One of the windows of the hive was now opened cautiously, Burnons powdered the bees which ate the pollen, and watched them for some hours; he observed that the marked bees always reascended the nursery, and immediately entered the cells of the young bees.

"The 23d, we found the royal cells begun.

"The 24th, we drove the bees from off the young worms; and we remarked,

"1st. That all of them had the jelly, as in the common hives.

"2d. That the worms had grown larger, and were forwarder in their cells.

"3d. That others had been shut up again; and,

"4th. That the royal cells had been lengthened.

"The 25th, we withdrew the pieces of comb which we had placed on the stand, and found that the quantity of pollen was certainly diminished; we afterwards replaced them in the hive with other cells filled with the fecundating powder.

"The 26th, the royal cells had been closed during the night, as well as several of the common ones.

"The 27th, I restored these bees to liberty. Burnons examined the cells with the greatest attention, and found jelly in all those which still contained worms, but most of them were shut with a lid of wax: he examined some of the latter, and found the worms employed in spinning cocoons of silk.

"All the worms therefore had been tended as in the natural hive. In this second trial we did not perceive any disorder in this hive; there had not been the least agitation: it is true some of the working bees attempted to go out in the course of the day; but finding it impossible, they reascended the combs quietly, which were never left for an instant. The hive being abundantly supplied with honey, and with the pollen necessary for their young, left them nothing to wish for; and they were still more happy when a queen was born, who afterwards became pregnant, and laid a great number of eggs. After these two experiments, there could be no more doubt that the fecundating powder was the aliment proper for the young bees, and that the want of this substance was the cause of their death, and of the evident anguish of their nurses during their first captivity.

"Fourth Experiment.—On bees deprived of honey and pollen, and which it was attempted to feed with sugar. I wished to know, if it was the saccharine part of the honey which enabled the bees to produce wax. Burnons confined a swarm in a glazed hive; one pound of Canary sugar was their sole aliment. He put a second swarm into another hive, and endeavoured to feed them with very coarse raw sugar; and to obtain a term of comparison, a third swarm was shut up in the same manner, and fed with honey. The bees of the three swarms produced wax; those fed with the different qualities of

sugar produced it sooner than the swarm which had only had honey, and they produced a greater quantity. A pound of Canary sugar reduced to syrup, and clarified with white of egg, yielded 10 gros, 52 grains, of a wax not so white as that which the bees extract from honey. An equal weight of raw sugar, gave 22 gros of very white wax. Maple sugar produced the same effect. This experiment having been repeated seven times successively, always employing the same bees, we could not doubt that sugar contains the principles of wax; and concluded that it was the saccharine part of the honey which had this property.

"Conclusion. These observations shew,

"1st. That the wax comes from the honey.

"2d. That the honey is also a food of the first necessity to the bees.

"3d. That flowers do not always contain honey, and that the secretion of honey depends in a great measure on the state of the atmosphere.

"4th. That it is the saccharine part of the honey which enables the bees to produce wax.

"5th. That raw sugar yields more wax than honey, or refined sugar.

"6th. That the dust of the flamma does not contain the principles of wax.

"7th. That this dust is not the food of the adult bees, and that they do not collect it for themselves.

"8th. That the pollen affords the only aliment which is proper for their young; but that this substance must undergo a peculiar elaboration in the stomachs of the bees, to be converted into an aliment; which is always appropriated to their sex, their age, and their wants; since the best microscopes do not shew the particles of pollen, or their coverings in the liquor, prepared by the working bees."

Hairy, black; wings of a violet colour. 38. A native of Europe, and of India. It pierces the trunks of decayed trees, or posts, and forms longitudinal excavations, in which it constructs several nests; having placed one at the bottom of the hole, it deposits an egg in it, fills it with a mixture of honey and pollen of flowers, closes it up, and commences another; it proceeds in this way till the cells occupy the whole length of the perforation; the eggs are so placed in the cells, that the head of the larva points downwards towards the exit.

Humble-bee. Hairy, black; thorax marked with a terrefris. yellow belt; anus white. 41. A native of Europe. It forms a nest at a considerable depth under ground, and collects a good quantity of honey.

Hairy, black; the anus of a tawney colour. 44. A native of Europe; in heaps of stones, or in old walls. It collects a considerable quantity of honey.

Black; slightly covered with reddish hairs; abdomen praeos. smooth, marked with three bands, white above, and reddish beneath. 147. A native of Europe. It somewhat resembles A. mellifica, but less. It comes out very early in the spring.

B. The Tongue divided into three at the extremity.

* The Lip furnished on each side with two membranaceous bristles. Andrenae.

Abdomen brown, marked with five whitish belts; the bidentata. anus furnished with two small projections. 136. A native of America. It forms its nest in walls, of leaves

of trees neatly folded up; the fore legs are long and yellow; the feet fringed.

dichroa. Black; anus of a rusty colour. 137. A native of Europe; in groves.

* * Lip without bristles, compressed, and entire; posterior feelers tongue-shaped. Nomadæ.

fuscica. Covered with ash-coloured hairs; the abdomen smooth and black; the second and third segments of the abdomen of a rusty colour. 200. A native of Europe; in groves.

variegata. The thorax and abdomen variegated with white; the legs of a rusty colour. 24. A native of Europe. It sleeps all night fixed to the flowers of the geranium piceum. The scutellum sometimes of a rusty colour, and sometimes white; the first and second segments of the abdomen marked with two white spots; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, marked with four.

nebris. Very hairy, and black; the jaws broad, and marked on the outside with elevated lines, and rounded at the points; wings of a reddish violet-colour. 214. A native of the south of America. One of the largest of this genus.

92. FORMICA, Ant, or Emmet.

Feelers four, unequal, with cylindrical articulations, placed at the tip of the lip, which is cylindrical, and nearly membranaceous. Antennæ filiform. A small erect scale placed between the thorax and abdomen. The females and neuters have a sting concealed within the abdomen. The males and females have wings; the neuters none.

This is a gregarious, and proverbially industrious family, consisting, like bees, of males, females, and neuters. The last are the well known little insects, who construct the nests or ant-hills, who labour with such unremitting assiduity for the support of themselves and the idle males and females, and who guard with such ferocity the larvæ, or what are commonly called ant eggs. They wander about all day in search of food or materials for the nest, and assist each other in bringing home what is too cumbersome for such as have attempted it. They every day bring out of the nest, and expose to the warmth of the sun, the new hatched larvæ, and feed them till they are able to provide for themselves. In the evening they consume together whatever has been collected during the day, and do not, as is commonly supposed, lay up any store for the winter, but probably become torpid or die. They are peculiarly fond of aphides, and are themselves eagerly fought after by the ant-eaters, and various birds. The puncture inflicted by their sting, occasions a hot painful itching sensation. They contain a peculiar acid. See CHEMISTRY Index.

herculea. Black; the abdomen oval; legs of a rusty colour. 1. A native of Europe, and America; lodge in the trunks of decayed trees.

viatica. Of a rusty colour; the abdomen oval and black. 23. A native of Europe; runs very quickly; the tip of the jaws black; the abdomen smooth.

rufa. Black; the thorax compressed; the legs of a rusty colour. 3. A native of Europe; it lodges in sandy hills, in woods; it is large, and has no sting.

Black; the mouth, the tip of the thorax, and legs, fusca. of a rusty colour. 4. A native of Europe; in woods.

Of a brick colour; eyes black; a black dot under rubra. the abdomen. 7. A native of Europe. It lodges under stones in woods. They inflict a very painful puncture.

Black; two knots on the filament which connects the caespitum abdomen to the trunk; the scutellum furnished with two small projections. 11. A native of Europe; in dry meadows, under moss. The males and females, in the month of August, leave their nest about mid-day, when the weather is serene, and fly about in the air. The abdomen oval.

The thorax marked with raised dots; the filament omnivora, which joins the abdomen to the thorax is furnished with two knots; the body of a brick colour; the abdomen small. 12. A native of America. It is very destructive to all sorts of provisions. Small. The abdomen brown, covered with white hairs scarcely perceptible.

Black; abdomen oval and hairy. 50. A native of vaga. Europe; on decayed trees. It gnaws holes in the wood under the bark, and forms a number of passages for itself.

Black, smooth; the scale placed between the thorax glabra. and abdomen, furnished with two small projections; the divisions between the segments of the abdomen whitish; legs reddish. 53. A native of Europe.

55 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

93. MUTELLA.

Mouth formed of a substance like horn; without a tongue. Jaw membranaceous at the tip. Lip projecting, resembling an inverted cone; at the extremity of which are placed four unequal feelers, with conical articulations. Antennæ filiform. Wings wanting in most species. Body downy. The posterior part of the thorax turned back. The sting is pungent, and concealed within the abdomen.

Scarlet; the abdomen marked with a black belt. 1. occidentalis. A native of Europe. The antennæ, eyes, legs, and lit. under part of the body black; the sting long and filiform.

Black; the base of the abdomen marked with two diadema. yellow dots; the middle with an interrupted yellow streak; the extremity with a small white line. 10. A native of South America. Large; the lower part of the head marked with a white band; the thorax marked with two white lines, and with white on the inferior part.

Bluish; the abdomen marked with a large golden-aurata. coloured spot. 13. A native of New Holland.

Black; the thorax reddish; the edges of the seg. europæa. ments of the abdomen white. 4. A native of Europe; in woods of maple.

Hairy, black; the thorax reddish; the abdomen halestis. marked with two white dots, and with a white band on the posterior part. 15. A native of Europe; the upper part of the shanks brown.

27 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature, published by Gmelin.

WINGS two. Poisers clavated; one placed behind each wing under a little scale.

A sucker drawn back within the lips, which are connected, and furnished with a small pore. Feelers two, of two articulations, orbicular at the tip, and seated in a depression on each side of the mouth. Antennæ short and setaceous.

The face of this singular genus is broad and depressed, and has some resemblance to the ape. They are extremely troublesome to horses, sheep, and cattle, depositing their eggs in different parts of their bodies, and occasioning painful tumours and even death. The larva is without feet, thick, short, soft, and composed of several segments; they are sometimes furnished with hooks. They lurk within the bodies, or under the skin, of horses, oxen, &c.; and feed on their juices during the winter. The pupa is without feet, oval, and incapable of motion, covered with a hard light brown crust. The perfect insect lives but for a short time.

* bovis. Wings brown, without spots: the abdomen black, white at the base, and of a tawney colour at the extremity. 1. A native of Europe. It deposits its eggs on the backs of oxen, and lodges them under the skin. The larva, when young, is smooth, white, and transparent; as it advances in age it becomes brownish, and when full grown and ready to be changed into a pupa, it acquires a dark-brown colour. It is lodged in a sack formed in the cellular substance immediately under the skin, and occasions a very considerable tumour on the back of the animal. The sack communicates with the air by a very narrow opening, next to which the anus of the animal is placed. Through the anus a yellow purulent matter is discharged; and near the anus are situated two spiracula. There is a small indentation on the opposite extremity of the larva, which is situated at the bottom of the sack, surrounded by two or three papillæ, which forms the mouth. It has a number of dots on its surface, disposed in transverse interrupted lines. Two distinct and different kinds of lines are seen on each segment; the uppermost of them is narrower, and consists of larger dots. Underneath this is a broader line, and the dots considerably smaller. The first are easily seen, by using the lens, to be hooks bent upwards, or towards the tail of the insect. On examining the broader line of small dots, with a tolerably powerful magnifier, they are also found to be hooks, but turned in an opposite direction, that is, downwards in the sack, and towards the head of the insect. These hooks, it is probable, are occasionally erected by the muscles of the skin; and according to the series of them used by the larva, it is raised or depressed in the sack; and by this motion, and consequent irritation, a more or less copious secretion of pus is occasioned for its sustenance.

This singular arrangement of hooks round the body of the larvæ, in this instance serves the same purpose as the legs in other larvæ, enabling them to move about in

the sack, and to crawl out of it when about to change into pupæ.

They never change their skin like most other larvæ, the same serving them through their growth; and it at length also serves to form the shell of the pupa. After leaving the sack, and previous to their becoming pupæ, they contract themselves, and assume a different figure.

They continue in the state of pupæ from about the latter end of June until about the middle of August, when the fly appears. Full grown larvæ are sometimes to be met with on the backs of cows in the month of September, which probably remain in the state of pupæ till the ensuing spring. The perfect insect, on leaving the hard crust which surrounds it, forces open a very remarkable, marginated, triangular valve, which may be traced in the skin of the larvæ, and is situated on one side of the smaller end.

The oestrus bovis, in its perfect state, is the largest of the European species of this genus, and is very beautiful.

The pain it inflicts in depositing its eggs is much more severe than any of the other species. When one of the cattle is attacked by this fly, it is easily known by the extreme terror and agitation of the whole herd: the unfortunate object of attack runs bellowing from among them to some distant part of the field, or the nearest water, while the tail, from the severity of the pain, is held, with a tremulous motion, straight from the body, in the direction of the spine; and the head and neck are also stretched out to the utmost. The rest, from fear, generally follow to the water, or disperse to different parts of the field. When the oxen are yoked to the plough, the attack of this fly is attended with real danger, as they become perfectly uncontrollable, and will often run with the plough directly forwards, through the hedges, or whatever obstructs their way. There is provided, on this account, a contrivance in many ploughs, to set them immediately at liberty.

The strongest and healthiest beasts seem constantly to be preferred by it, and commonly have the greatest number of bots, wormuls, or warbles, on their backs; dealers are frequently guided in their choice of cattle by this circumstance. The female fly is very quick in performing the operation of depositing her eggs: she does not appear to remain on the back of the animal more than a few seconds.

Gray, marked with a white band, and dotted with buccatus black. 6. A native of Carolina.

Black, hairy; wings of a sooty colour; their outer trompe edge bright black; head, thorax, scutellum, and anus, grayish yellow. 7. A native of Lapland. The larvæ occupy the frontal sinus of the rein-deer; the animal sometimes in the spring, forces out great clusters of larvæ by freezing. This is the largest species of the genus.

Wings without spots; the thorax yellow, marked tarandus with a black band; the abdomen tawney, and bright yellow at the extremity. 2. A native of Lapland. It deposits its eggs on the back of the rein-deer. Such is their dread of it, that they every year leave the woods, and take refuge in the mountains. A very great proportion of them fall victims to this insect, before they are three years old. Those who escape with life are very much emaciated, and have their skins spoiled.

* equi. Bots. Wings whitish, marked with a black band in the middle, and two black dots. A native of Europe. (Vide Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. iii. p. 326.) The forehead white and downy; top of the head brown; the eyes black, and distant from one another; thorax brown, with a dark-coloured centre; the abdomen yellowish brown, the divisions between the segments of the abdomen marked with black spots and dots; the scutellum furnished with two tufts of hair; wings marked near the base with a very small black dot, in the middle with a black band, and towards the extremity with two black spots. The male is distinguished by a brighter yellow; the female by a deeper brown, and by the extremity of the abdomen which is long, bent inwards, and black, terminating in a bifid style. It deposits its eggs on the hairs of the knees or sides of horses, which, when the animal licks itself, are conveyed by the tongue into the stomach. The body of the larva is composed of eleven segments, all of which, except the two last, are surrounded with a double row of horny bristles directed towards the truncated end, and are of a reddish colour except the points, which are black. These larvae attach themselves to every part of the stomach, but are generally most numerous about the pylorus; and are sometimes, though much less frequently, found in the intestines. Their numbers in the stomach are very various, often not more than half a dozen; at other times more than a hundred; and if some accounts might be relied on, even a much greater number than this. They hang most commonly in clusters, being fixed by the small end to the inner membrane of the stomach, to which they adhere by means of two small hooks or tentacula. When they are removed from the stomach they will attach themselves to any loose membrane, and even to the skin of the hand. For this purpose they sheath or draw back the hooks almost entirely within the skin, till the two points come close to each other; they then present them to the membrane; and keeping them parallel till it is pierced through, they expand them in a lateral direction, and afterwards, by bringing the points downwards towards themselves, they include a sufficient piece of the membrane, and remain firmly fixed for any length of time. These hooks, the better to adapt them to this purpose, appear to have a joint near their base.

The larvae attain their full growth about the latter end of May, when they quit their hold of the internal membrane of the stomach, and pass along with the food through the intestinal canal. From the end of May till the beginning of July they may be seen in the dung which drops from the horse; when they reach the ground they seek out some convenient situation, and become pupae, and remain in that state for about six or seven weeks. The mode pursued by the perfect insect to obtain for its young a situation in the stomach of the horse, is truly singular, and is effected in the following manner.—When the female has been impregnated, and the eggs are sufficiently matured, she seeks among the horses a subject for her purpose; approaching it on the wing, she holds her body nearly upright in the air, and her tail, which is lengthened for the purpose, curved inwards and upwards: in this way she approaches the part where she designs to deposit the egg, and suspending herself for a few seconds before it,

suddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg adhering to the hair; she hardly appears to settle, but merely touches the hair with the egg held out on the projected point of the abdomen. The egg is made to adhere by means of a glutinous liquor secreted with it. She then leaves the horse at a small distance, and prepares a second egg, and poising herself before the part, deposits it in the same way. The liquor dries, and the egg becomes firmly glued to the hair: this is repeated by various flies till 400 or 500 eggs are placed sometimes on one horse.

The inside of the knee, or those parts of the body of the animal that are liable to be licked, are chosen by the fly from instinct, as the proper places for depositing its eggs. The well-known disease in horses called the bots, which frequently proves fatal, is supposed to be occasioned by the larvae of this insect.

Wings without spots; the thorax of a rusty colour; nasalis. abdomen black, covered with yellow hairs. 3. A native of Europe. This insect is said to deposit its eggs in the nostrils of horses, mules, asses, and of goats; and the larvae occupy the fauces. Body black; thorax destitute of furrows; the head and abdomen covered with yellow hairs, except the first segment, which is covered with white ones.

Thorax yellow, marked with a black band; wings * haemor- white, marked with black bands. 4. A native of Eu- rholdalis. rope. It deposits its eggs on the lips of horses, occasioning a titillation, which causes the animal, when attacked by it, to move his head about violently, and gallop about with every appearance of distress. The larva of this insect needs not to be particularly described, as it resembles in almost every respect that of the equi. Its habits are the same, being seen in the stomach of the horses, occupying the same situation as those of the equi, from which they can only be distinguished by their smaller size and greater whiteness. When it approaches maturity it acquires a red colour. It is frequently seen adhering to the extremity of the rectum; which circumstance, along with its colour, has occasioned it to receive the name of haemorrhoidalis. In about two days after it has left the body of the horse, it is changed into a pupa, in which state it remains nearly two months.

Wings faintly dotted; the abdomen variegated with * ovir. white and black. 5. A native of Europe. The larva occupies the frontal sinus of the sheep; they are flat on the one side, and convex on the other; of a whitish colour; and nearly of the same size with the larvae of the O. equi. When young these larvae are perfectly white and transparent, except the two horny plates, which are black. As they increase in size, the upper side becomes marked with two transverse brown lines on each segment, and some spots are seen on the sides. When full grown they fall through the nostrils, and change to the pupa state, lying on the earth. The insect deposits its eggs on the inner margin of the nostrils of the sheep. The moment the fly touches that part of the sheep, they shake their heads, and strike the ground violently with their fore feet; at the same time holding their noses close to the earth, they run away, looking about them, on every side, to see if the fly pursue. They do not, like the horses and cows, take refuge in the water; they have recourse to a rut, or dusty road, or a gravel pit, where they crowd together during the

heat of the day, with their noses held close to the ground, which renders it difficult for the fly conveniently to get at the nostril.

antilope. Wings dotted with brown, and marked with a brown band; body hairy, of a grayish yellow colour; the abdomen marked with three rows of blackish spots. 8. A native of Asia. It deposits its eggs under the skin of the back of the antelope. About the size of the musca carnaria.

fasciculatus. Yellow and downy; the anus furnished with three tufts of black hairs. 9. A native of Siberia; head and eyes black.

hominis. Entirely brown. 10. A native of South America. Deposits its eggs under the skin of the abdomen of the natives, or of people residing in countries where they are prevalent. The larvae continue six months under the skin; if they be disturbed, they penetrate deeper, and produce very troublesome ulcers, which sometimes prove fatal.

10 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

95. TIPULA, Crane-fly.

Mouth furnished with a very short proboscis, membranaceous, and grooved on the back, receiving a bristle; with a short sucker without a sheath; and with feelers two, equal, filiform, and longer than the head. Antennæ in most of the species filiform.

Most of this genus have a great resemblance to the gnat. They feed on various substances. The larva is soft, without feet, and cylindrical; its head is furnished with a small projection, and terminates abruptly; they feed on the roots of plants; they are eagerly sought after by crows and other birds. The pupa is cylindrical, and is furnished with two horns on the anterior extremity, with small projections behind.

A. Wings expanded.

* pectinicornis. The antennæ pectinated; the wings marked with a black spot; the thorax yellowish. 1. A native of Europe; in moist places. The abdomen reddish at the base, marked with a yellow band in the middle, black at the tip.

* oleracea. Wings transparent, with a brown rib along the edge. 5. A native of Europe. It does a great deal of mischief in gardens, corn fields, and meadows, by consuming the roots of pot-herbs, growing corn, and grass.

* hortorum. Wings transparent, sprinkled with very faint spots. 6. A native of Europe; in gardens, destroying the crops.

* triangularis. One half of the wings brown, marked with white triangular spots. 111. A native of Scotland.

* variegata. Black; the base and sides of the abdomen red, spotted with yellow. 7. A native of Europe; in gardens.

* protensis. The thorax variegated; abdomen brown, spotted with yellow on the sides; the forehead tawney. 10. A native of Europe; in meadows. It is very destructive to the roots of grass.

* cornicina. Wings transparent, marked on the edge with a brown spot; the abdomen yellow, marked with three brown lines. 12. A native of Europe. Very destructive to the roots of plants, and much sought after by crows.

Wings transparent, and shining; body of a brownish * regula. ash colour. 21. A native of Europe. This species tonis, appears very early in the spring; and may be seen dancing in the air in great numbers in mild weather.

B. Wings incumbent. Culiciformes.

Thorax greenish; wings white, marked with a brown * plumosa dot; the antennæ feathered. 26. A native of Europe; in marshy places.

Greenish; wings spotted; the fore legs very long. * littoralis. 27. A native of Europe; on the sea coast.

Black; smooth, wings white, marked with a black johannis dot; the antennæ short; legs black. 41. A native of Europe; in shaded places.

Black; smooth, wings transparent, marked with a * pomona black dot; the thighs of a rusty colour. 101. A native of Britain, and Norway; on the flowers of fruit trees.

Black, filky. 45. A native of Europe; on the florilega, flowers of fruit trees, which it injures very much. It frequently blasts the hopes of the farmer.

Wings transparent; the outer edge black. 46. A * hortula native of Europe. It is very destructive to asparagus, na. and to the flowers of fruit trees. The thorax and abdomen sometimes black, sometimes red.

Wings of an ash colour; the thorax and abdomen moschifer yellow. 123. A native of Chili. This insect has a very pleasant smell, and is made use of by the young girls of Chili for perfuming their clothes.

Of a tawney colour, wings white and transparent, * tritici, hairy on the margins; the eyes black. A native of England. Larva leaps; without feet; is orange-coloured, and margined; the margin folded with papillæ; the head acute; the tail terminating abruptly. The pupa is narrow, acute at both ends and reddish.

126 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

96. DIORIS.

The head furnished with two filiform horns, without articulations, much longer than the head, on the tops of which the eyes are placed.

1. A native of North America and Guinea. Red-ichneumon dish; antennæ very small and fetaceous; the horns of nea. a rusty colour; the eyes which terminate the horns are globular and black; the thorax black; furnished with two yellow tapering projections behind, and with a single one on each side; wings transparent, and marked with a black dot before; the abdomen clavated, and attached to the trunk by a narrow stalk; the two last segments of the abdomen black; the legs yellow; the thighs of the legs clavated. It resembles an ichneumon, and is about the size of the red ant.

Only one species of this genus has been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

97. MUSCA, Fly.

Mouth furnished with a fleshy projecting proboscis, with two equal lips, with a sucker furnished with bristles, and with two short feelers. Antennæ short (in most species).

Flies live chiefly in dunghills; their larvae are without feet,

feet, composed of several segments, nearly cylindrical, and becoming smaller behind. The larvæ of the flies of the first and second divisions, live in the water, have a breathing hole at their head, are bearded, and live on aquatic animalculæ; those of the fourth division live on rubbish; those of the third on dung, putrid animal substances, and on small insects; some of them particularly on aphides: they remain fixed on a leaf, and with their snout collect, and devour the aphides. The pupæ are immovable, and most of them covered with a hard skin; the pupæ of the flies of the first and second divisions are cylindrical, and covered with the skin of the larvæ, which becomes hard.

A. The Sucker composed of a single valve; the Antennæ connected at the base, and sharp at the points.
Bibiones.

* plebeja. Of an ash colour, and hairy; the abdomen conical; the edges of the segments white. 1. A native of the north of Europe. The thorax is sometimes yellow, and abdomen of a rusty colour.

* marginata. Black; the abdomen conical; the edges of the segments white; the wings spotted. 130. A native of Europe.

B. Sucker without a sheath.

a. Those which have a single bristle.

† The Antennæ pointed and connected at the base.
Stratiomyes.

* chamæleon. The scutellum pale yellow, and furnished with two small projections; the abdomen black, marked on the sides with yellow bands. 3. A native of Europe; on flowers. The larva lives in fresh water.

* aliginosa. Body black; the scutellum without projections; the abdomen white, and black at the extremity. 22. A native of Europe. The forehead yellow; the joints of the legs white: the shanks of the legs pale.

* pallata. The scutellum marked with six projections; the abdomen and thighs yellow. 166. A native of Britain; on hedges. Wings of a faint rusty colour; incumbent and plain; the nerves of the wings marked with a brown dot in the middle; the poisers yellow; the feet, and lower extremity of the shanks of the legs brown.

* maculata. Black; antennæ cylindrical and perfoliated; wings white. 24. A native of Europe; on the flowers of apple trees. It drinks the nectarious juice, and lodges all day long within the flower; it is very small, and not larger than a common flea; body oblong; legs long.

†† The Antennæ short and clavated, furnished with a bristle.

* Feathery, or with hairy feathered Antennæ.

* inanis. Brown; the abdomen transparent, marked with three black belts. 61. A native of Europe; in thickets.

* pellucens. Black; the first segment of the abdomen white, and transparent. 62. A native of Europe; in shaded places.

* cæsar. Shining green; legs black. 64. A native of Europe; on carrion.

* vernicina. Thorax of a shining copper colour; the abdomen of greenish yellow with a metallic lustre; legs black.

169. A native of Europe. The sides of the lips of a shining silver colour.

Shining; the thorax blue; the abdomen green. 65. * cadaverina. A native of Europe; on carrion.

The thorax black; the abdomen shining blue; the * vomitoria forehead tawney. 67. A native of Europe and America; on carrion; they consume dead bodies very quickly; they likewise feed on milk.

Black; the thorax marked with pale lines; the abdomen shining, and chequered. 68. A native of Europe; on carrion. The eyes reddish; the anus tawney. The larva likewise infests bee-hives.

Common house-fly. The thorax marked with lines; * domestica the abdomen chequered, and pale on the under side at the base. 69. A native of Europe and America; in houses. The larvæ live in horse dung.

Brown; the thorax blue and downy, marked with oleæ three eminences; the tip of the scutellum and thighs yellow. 390. A native of Europe; very destructive to olives. The female deposits a great number of eggs in the month of July, on the fruit of the olive; the larvæ consume the pulp.

** The Antennæ furnished with a naked bristle.

Smooth, black; the abdomen wrinkled on the upper senestrata side, marked with white streaks; wings brown. 14. A native of Europe; in windows.

Blackish; the tip of the scutellum of a faint brick * larva colour; the abdomen chequered. 78. A native of Europe; on the caterpillars of moths and butterflies, and likewise on the roots of cabbage and colewort, rendering the root knotty; the tips and base whitish; thorax black, marked with lines.

Black; the abdomen of an ash colour, marked with * radicis black bands. 79. A native of Europe; on the roots of the radish.

Hairy and whitish, marked with a black line on the napobras back, with several black lines along the sides. 208. ficæ. A native of Europe; on the roots of the turnip, which it destroys, and causes to appear as if rotten; it attacks those turnips chiefly that have been sown in light sandy soil. The larva is white, without feet; the head is pointed and tipped with black; it undergoes its transformation about September. Pupa is oblong, brown, composed of several segments, and becomes a perfect insect in May.

Of an ash colour; the thorax marked with five black pluvialis spots; the abdomen marked with very faint spots. 83. A native of Europe. It is to be seen flying about in swarms before rain.

Hairy and ash-coloured; the extremity of the thighs * ropax, and shanks of the legs of a rusty colour. 212. A native of Britain; and feeds on other flies.

Black; the abdomen pale; the eyes of a rusty co. * cellaris lustr. 87. A native of Europe; in cellars.

Black; the abdomen of an ash colour; the wings * metocri yellowish at the base. 88. A native of Europe. They fly about very much in the air immediately before rain, and collect about the mouths of horses in great swarms, particularly about the summer solstice. The larvæ are sometimes found in the human stomach.

Shining black; eyes brownish; wings shining red and avenæ green. 216. A native of Europe; in oats, which it destroys.

destroys by gnawing the stalks when young. Larva yellowish and without feet.

Black; the poisons and feet of the hind legs, and abdomen, pale green. 90. A native of Europe; on the ears of barley. It is so frequent in Sweden, that it has been calculated that one-tenth of the grain is consumed by it annually.

Black; the under part of the head, and two lines on the thorax yellow; the poisons white; the legs of an ash colour, and black at the tip. 217. A native of Europe. The larva has a sharp head, black at the extremity; the body white, composed of ten segments; it is changed into a pupa about the end of May. The pupa is yellow, shining, and composed of several segments; the perfect insect appears about the middle of June. At what time it deposits its eggs is not well ascertained. The larvae are perceived early in the spring, in the centre of the stalks of wheat and rye, very near the root. In all probability the eggs have been deposited in the month of October, or end of September, as the early sown grain is found to be most affected. White wheat is more liable to be injured than red. The stalks in which the larva is lodged, do not advance in growth, but continue dwarf, whence the insect has received the name of pumilionis. The stalks become yellow in the beginning of summer, and decay; others commonly spring up from the same root, and supply their place. This insect first attracted notice in England in the spring of the year 1791, when it excited some alarm, as fears were at first entertained that it was the Hessian fly, which had done so much mischief in America. Some plants of infected wheat were sent to Mr Markwick by a friend in the neighbourhood of Battle. Mr Markwick succeeded in obtaining the perfect insect from them, of which he has given an account, (Vide Transactions of the Linnean Society, p. 76. tab. 15.). Some of the infected wheat was likewise sent by Arthur Young to Sir Joseph Banks, who ascertained the insect to be the musca pumilionis described in Gmelin's System of Nature, and not the Hessian fly. An account of this fly, and of the mischief caused by it, was first published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm for the year 1778, by Mr Ob. Bjerkander, who discovered it on the young shoots of the rye, in the month of May; and in such quantity, that in some fields he found three or four stalks affected in a square foot.

Livid; the forehead red; the legs long, and of a light red colour; the joints of the legs black. 96. A native of Europe. It may be seen running about on the surface of stagnant water.

Wings transparent, marked on the edge with a black spot; the eyes green. 121. A native of Europe; on the receptacles of the flower of the sow-thistle. Thorax brown, with a pale scutellum; the abdomen black, oval, and greenish beneath; the edges of the segments whitish; tail with an obtuse style; wings with two brown nerves; legs of a brick colour.

b. Sucker furnished with three bristles. Ragiones.

Of an ash colour; the abdomen marked with three rows of black dots; the thorax spotted; the wings without spots. 17. A native of Europe; in loose sand.

Black; the divisions between the segments of the abdomen, the shanks of the legs, and feet, white. 324. schenski. A native of Europe and Asia. It is about half the size of the common gnat, and is most frequent in the beginning of spring and end of summer, in Servia, Russia, and Siberia; where it infestates itself into the bodies of cattle, which it frequently destroys, as its bite proves fatal in a few hours; smoke is very offensive to it; and in the places where it prevails the people have recourse to it, as their only mode of defence.

Antennæ, body, and wings hairy. 325. A native of Europe. It is very troublesome in Lombardy in the night time, during the whole summer. It is very minute; eyes black, dotted with white; the wings when the insect is at rest, diverge so as to form an obtuse angle; the abdomen red.

Black; the abdomen long, slender, and tapering to-acuminate, warts the extremity; the wings spotted; the thighs reddish-yellow; the shanks of the legs and feet brownish. 226. A native of Europe.

c. The Sucker furnished with four bristles. Syrphi.

|| Bristle of the Antennæ feathery.

Black; the abdomen hairy, and reddish behind. 25. * bombylans. A native of Europe; among bushes.

The anterior part of the thorax yellow; the extremity of the abdomen white; the wings of a rusty colour at the tip. 328. A native of Europe; the posterior part of the thorax, the forehead, and abdomen, black; wings obscure.

|| The Bristle of the Antennæ simple and smooth.

Black, without hairs, the sides of the thorax marked conosca, with yellow lines, the abdomen with three yellow lines. 21. A native of Europe; among bushes.

The thorax marked with four yellow lines; the abdomen with three interrupted yellow bands. 28. A native of Europe. The larva lives in stagnant water, and is suspended by a long filiform tube through which it breathes.

Thorax gray; the abdomen brown; the thighs of * tenax. the hind legs compressed. 32. A native of Europe; in dunghills, in necessaries, and in putrid water. The larva is very tenacious, and difficultly destroyed by pressure.

Very slightly hairy, black; the thorax without spots; * pyragri. the abdomen marked with six white circular spots. 31. A native of Europe; and feeds on the aphides on the leaves of the pear tree.

Black; not hairy; the thorax spotted; the abdomen * meridif. marked with four yellow belts, the scutellum yellow. 34. A native of Europe; on flowers, chiefly on the mint. The perfect insect feeds on honey, the larva on aphides.

Naked; yellow; the upper part of the abdomen salutatrix. brown; the thorax marked with three brown lines. 60. A native of Europe; in meadows, where it leaps about on the ground like a grasshopper; the longitudinal line on the thorax, somewhat broad, marked with an oblong black spot, and with a black line on each side towards its extremity; poisons white.

360 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature, published by Gmelin.

Mouth furnished with a straight, projecting, and membranaceous proboscis; with a small and oval head; with two equal lips; with a long projecting sucker, which can be concealed in a groove on the back of the proboscis. Sheath of one valve, and furnished with five bristles. Feelers two, equal, clavated, and sharp at the points. Antennæ short, cylindrical, approaching to one another, pointed, and composed of seven articulations.

These insects live by sucking out the blood of various animals, of which they are very greedy. The larvae are found under ground, in moist meadows: the colour of the eyes vanishes when the insect is dead, but may be restored by placing it in warm water.

bevinus. Eyes greenish; the back of the abdomen marked with long triangular white spots. 4. A native of Europe. It is very troublesome to horses, and horned cattle; their bite is painful; they even molest the human species in very warm weather; they are most frequent in moist situations.

torandinus. Eyes green; the segments of the abdomen yellow on the edges; legs reddish. 7. A native of Europe. They wound the tender horns of the rein-deer, and spoil their shape; they are met with in Italy, and the southern parts of Europe, as well as in Lapland.

pellucens. Black; eyes marked with bands; first segment of the abdomen bluish; the shanks of the legs pale.

paganus. The anterior parts of the eyes green, marked with three tawney bands; the abdomen marked on both sides with rusty-coloured spots. 25. A native of Britain.

tropicus. Eyes marked with three purple bands; the sides of the abdomen of a rusty colour. 14. A native of Europe; very troublesome to cattle, especially to horses, immediately before rain.

pluvialis. Eyes green, marked with four waved bands; wings dotted with brown. 16. A native of Europe.—This little animal fixes on the hands, face, and legs, and excites a painful inflammation in the part where it has drawn blood.

cucutinus. Eyes green, dotted with black; wings without spots. 17. A native of Europe. It is extremely troublesome in hot weather, especially before rain, fixing on the hands and face, or any uncovered part; it draws blood very dexterously, and leaves an inflamed bloody puncture behind.

38 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature published by Gmelin.

Mouth furnished with a sheath of one piece, flexible, and set with five bristles. Feelers two, composed of three articulations. Antennæ filiform.

The insects of this genus live on the juices of the larger animals, and are eagerly sought after by poultry,

and small birds. The larva lives in stagnant waters, and has a small cylindrical respiratory tube, near the tail; the head is armed with hooks to seize on the aquatic insects upon which it feeds; it is devoured by ducks, and water fowl. The pupa is curved and oval, with respiratory tubes near the head. They continue but a short time in the state of larva and pupa. The perfect insect deposits her eggs in clusters on the surface of the water, where they remain for a few days until they are hatched. Gnats in this country, however troublesome they may be, do not make us feel them so severely, as the mosquito does in foreign parts.

Of an ash colour; the abdomen marked with eight * pipiens, brown rings. 1. A native of Europe, and the northern parts of Asia and America; in the neighbourhood of fresh waters, and in marshy places. It is larger in more southerly climates, and its bite occasions more pain and inflammation. When on the wing it makes a constant shrill noise, whence it has received its name pipiens. The male is not easily distinguished from the female by its postulate antennæ: it is more troublesome, and its bite more painful than that of the female. Ducks, and other aquatic fowls, feed their young with them; different species of the libellula likewise devour them. They sometimes infest themselves into the lungs and intestines of quadrupeds, where their bite excites a fatal inflammation. The natives of countries where they are very troublesome, have recourse to the smoke of different vegetables as a defence. In warm climates they are frequently compelled to make use of gauze curtains, which they draw close round them when asleep. They are said to flit in the dark.

Brown; the abdomen and feet marked with white annulatus, rings, the wings spotted. 8. A native of the north of Europe; the snout half the length of the body.

Brown; the thorax faintly marked with lines. 3. * bifurcatus. A native of Europe; in marshy situations.

Brown; wings white, marked with three obscure * pulicaris spots. 10. A native of Europe; it creeps about a great deal; its bite is succeeded by a brown spot.

13 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin, in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Sucker with a sheath of one piece, furnished with three bristles, and an inflected proboscis. Feelers short, and filiform. Antennæ setaceous.

The minute insects which compose this genus, live by sucking out the blood and juices of other animals.

Black; wings nearly round, and of a rusty colour. * borealis. 1. A native of Europe; they may be seen dancing in the air in great numbers in the evening when the weather is good.

Black; the hind legs long and feathered. 2. A * pennipes, native of Europe; it is frequently found on the leaves of the geranium sylvaticum, and cardamine pratensis.

Livid; thorax marked with lines, the base of the * livida, wings and legs of a rusty colour. 3. A native of Europe; it is frequently to be found on the heractium spondylium; the upper part of the abdomen very dark brown; wings oblong, marked with brown veins.

* cincta. Of an ash colour; thorax without spots; legs pale; wings brown at the tip. 9. A native of Europe; on umbelliferous plants.

10 species of this genus are described in the edition of the System of Nature published by Gmelin.

Sucker consisting of a sheath of one piece, and furnished with enclosing bristles. Feelers two, short, bristle-shaped, and composed of three articulations. Antennæ setaceous.

The insects of this genus live by sucking the blood and juices of other animals; those of the division ringie principally attack insects of the orders lepidoptera and diptera.

A. The Sheath convoluted, and bent at the base, with an angular flexure, and furnished with two bristles.

* calci-trans. Gray; antennæ slightly feathered; legs black. 4. A native of Europe. It resembles the common fly

very much in every respect, except in the snout, and in having the segments of the abdomen marked with two black spots. It is very troublesome to horned cattle; by getting about their feet, it causes them to kick, and stamp with their feet: before rain it bites more frequently. It does not spare the human species, particularly in autumn.

* irritans. Of an ash colour, and somewhat hairy; the abdomen spotted with black. 5. A native of Europe. This species is very frequent, and troublesome to cattle; by fixing on their backs, it causes them to keep their tails almost in constant motion to lash it off.

pungens. Of an ash colour, with black thighs. 6. A native of Europe. It is very troublesome to cattle, resembles St. irritans, but much smaller wings; whitish, without spots; the abdomen sometimes of a dark colour.

B. Sheath covering the mouth, and furnished with four bristles. Rhingite.

* rostrata. Thorax faintly marked with lines; the snout, legs, and abdomen of a brick colour. 8. A native of Europe. Very troublesome to cattle; about the size of the common fly; wings pale.

lineata. Thorax marked with lines; abdomen black, marked on the sides with yellow spots. 9. A native of Europe. The lip long, yellow, with a black emarginated tip, and formed of a horny substance enclosing the proboscis. The antennæ black, with a rusty-coloured knob, and furnished with a bristle; the thorax marked with four white lines; the scutellum of a brick colour; wings whitish; legs yellow; the thighs marked with a white belt.

Only 9 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with a projecting snout, which is bent with an angular flexure. Antennæ clavated, and pointed at the extremity.

The insects of this genus live by sucking the blood and juices of other animals.

A. Sucker furnished with a short valve of one piece, and with a single bristle.

Blackish; back part of the head vesicular, the abdomen yellowish and black at the base. 4. A native of Europe; in groves.

Black; six segments of the abdomen yellow on the macroce- edges; antennæ and legs reddish. 5. A native of Eu-phalus, rope; in groves.

B. The Sucker bent both at the middle and at the base, with an angular flexure. Sheath consisting of two pieces, the two pieces which compose the Sheath equal. Myopæ.

Of a rusty colour; the abdomen cylindrical, and bent ferrugi- inwards; the forehead reddish. 8. A native of Eu-nea, rope; in groves.

Abdomen cylindrical, and bent inwards; body black. atra. 2. A native of Europe; among bushes.

14 species of this genus are described in the edition of the System of Nature published by Gmelin.

Mouth furnished with a sucker, composed of a horny substance, projecting, straight; consisting of two pieces, and turgid at the base. Antennæ filiform.

They prey on other insects, especially those of the lepidopterous and dipterous orders.

The abdomen hairy; on the fore part there are three crabroni- of the segments black; behind yellow and bent inwards. formis.

4. A native of Europe. The larva lives under ground. This is the largest species of the genus which is to be met with in Britain. Its sting is very painful.

Hairy, black; the thorax white at the base. 19. A epiphium, native of Europe.

Hairy, black; with a whitish band. 7. A native ater, of Europe. It rests by leaning on its breast, with its legs spread. Claws white.

Black; wings black; the forehead white. 22. A diadema, native of Europe. Band and wings wholly black.

Of an ash colour, without hairs; legs of a rusty co- tipulos- lour; feet black. 14. A native of Europe. des.

Black; the thorax marked on each side with an ash- striatus. coloured line; the poisers yellow. 44. A native of Europe.

Gmelin has described 48 species of this genus, in his last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with a sucker, very long, setaceous, straight, and composed of two valves, the valves unequal, and likewise with three bristles. Feelers two, short, and hairy. Antennæ tapering towards the point, and connected at the base.

The species of this genus feed on the nectarious juice of flowers which they collect when on wing.

Humble

* major. Humble Bee. Wings with a broad black waved outer edge; body black, with thick yellowish down. 1. A native of Europe.

* medius. Wings dotted with brown; body yellowish and white behind. 2. A native of Europe. It is to be met with very early in the spring.

minutus. Wings brownish at the base; body yellowish, and hairy; snout and legs black. 7. A native of Europe. Very small; antennæ black; wings white.

griseus. Hairy; wings white, brown at the base; thorax black, marked with white lines; abdomen gray. 11. A native of Europe; on compound flowers. Wings marked with two black dots in the middle.

viridescens. Wings white, without spots; body hairy, and greenish; the snout short. 12. A native of Europe; on flowers. Thickly covered with greenish hair.

There are 15 species of this genus described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with a short, cylindrical, straight sucker, composed of two equal pieces. Antennæ filiform. Legs furnished with many claws.

The species of this genus live on the blood of other insects.

* equina. Horse-fly. Wings obtuse; thorax variegated with white; legs terminating in four claws. 1. A native of Europe and America.—They are very troublesome to horses; they hide themselves under the hairs, and attach themselves firmly to the skin, by means of their crooked claws.

* avicularis. Wings obtuse; thorax of one colour. 2. A native of Europe; on the bodies of various birds, especially swallows. Wings longer than the body by one half, marked with black veins; the hind part of the abdomen flattened and dotted.

* hirundinis. Wings tapering towards the extremity; legs terminating in six claws. 3. A native of Europe; on the bodies and nests of swallows.

* ovina. No wings. 4. A native of Europe; among the wool of sheep. The abdomen distended, pale, obtuse, marked on each side with a double waved white line, and on the back with a red spot; legs hairy, the claws set in pairs.

There have been only five species of this genus hitherto described.

WINGS none in either sex.

Mouth furnished with four feelers, two setaceous, and two capitated. Lip membranaceous, round, and emarginated. Antennæ setaceous. Body covered with scales laid over one another, like tiles on the roof of a house. Tail furnished with bristles. Legs six, formed for running.

These in their various stages of existence prey upon

sugar, decayed wood, and putrid substances. The larvae and pupæ are six-footed, active, and swift.

Scaly, and resembling silver; tail triple. 1. A native of America; among sugar. They have been introduced into Europe, and are frequently to be met with among books and furniture. They run very quickly, and are not easily caught. Antennæ whitish, of the same length with the body. It is furnished with two scutella which enclose the thorax; two segments of the abdomen less than the rest; the tail furnished with three long bristles standing at a distance from each other, and with two pair of very small ones under the anus.

Leaping; tail triple; segments of the abdomen hairy on each side beneath. 2. A native of Europe; in sandy situations, among stones and rubbish, and takes prodigious leaps by means of the springs under its tail; brownish; the antennæ the length of the body; the fore feet placed very near the mouth; each segment of the abdomen is furnished with a spine beneath.

Naked; tail triple. 3. A native of Europe. It resembles the podura, but larger, wholly white, and cylindrical; the antennæ obtuse, and half the length of the body.

There are seven species of this genus described by Gmelin.

Mouth furnished with four feelers, slightly clavated; the lip divided. Eyes two, composed of eight facets. Tail forked, bent under the body, and acting like a spring. Legs six, formed for running.

The insects of this genus, through all their stages, feed on vegetables. The larva and pupa have six feet, and are active, and very much resemble the perfect insect.

Nearly globular, and green. 1. A native of Europe; on plants of different kinds, especially on the feminal leaves of the buck-wheat (polygonum fagopyrum).

Oblong, and ash-coloured, with black marks. 6. A native of Europe; among bushes, in wood. It is frequently to be seen in the winter on the snow, in the footsteps of men and other animals.

Black, and lives in water. 12. A native of Europe. Assembles in troops, early in the morning, on the banks of pools and fish-ponds.

White; lives on land. 13. A native of Europe; found very early in the spring on recently ploughed land.

31 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

The mouth furnished with two jaws, formed of a horny substance. Lip formed likewise of a horny substance; is divided into four, the division linear and sharp. Feelers four, equal and filiform. Antennæ moniliform in most species. Eyes two.

These insects might with more propriety be placed under

under the order Neuroptera, or Hymenoptera, most of them having either two or four wings in the perfect state. They are very destructive, and destroy provisions, cloths, furniture, books, and timber of whatever magnitude, leaving a thin shell not thicker than paper; in houses they are not only troublesome, but dangerous, as they destroy the beams which support the floors and roofs, and occasion them to fall in.

Brown above; the thorax is composed of three segments; wings pale, furnished with a rib or nerve of a brick colour. 1. A native of India and Africa. Larva small, about a quarter of an inch long, furnished with six feet, pale with a roundish brick-coloured head, without eyes; mandible short and strong, antennæ as long as the thorax; the abdomen oval. Pupa larger; about half an inch long, with a very large oval polished head, without eyes; jaws projecting, as long as the head, forked, without teeth, sharp and black; thorax and abdomen palish. The perfect insect both male and female has a brown head, antennæ yellowish and globular, prominent black eyes, the segments of the thorax margined, the abdomen variegated with white streaks, wings twice the length of the body, legs yellowish. Of the white ant we have a very curious and interesting description, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1781, by Mr Henry Smeathman of Clement's Inn. According to this account, the works of these insects surpass those of the bees, wasps, beavers, and other animals, as much at least as those of the most polished European nations excel those of the least cultivated savages. With respect to the interior construction, and the various members and dispositions of the parts of the building, they may come into comparison with some of the most celebrated works of man himself. The most striking parts of these structures are the royal apartments, the nurseries, magazines of provisions, arched chambers and galleries, with their various communications; the ranges of Gothic shaped arches, projected, and not formed by mere excavation, some of which are two or three feet high, but which diminish rapidly like the arches of aisles in perspective; the various roads, sloping staircases, and bridges, consisting of one vast arch, and constructed to shorten the distance between the several parts of the building, which would otherwise communicate only by winding passages. In some parts near Senegal, their number, magnitude, and close arrangement, make them appear like the villages of the natives. But these and many other curious instances of the great sagacity and powers of these insects cannot be understood, without viewing the plates in which their feeble frames, and comparatively, stupendous works are delineated. See Phil. Trans. above referred to. The economy of these industrious insects appears to have been very attentively observed by the ingenious author, as well as their buildings. There are three distinct ranks or orders of them, constituting a well regulated community. These are, first, the larvae, labourers, or working insects; second, the pupæ, soldiers, or fighting order, who do no kind of labour, and are about twice as long as the former, and equal in bulk to about fifteen of them; and lastly, the winged or perfect insects, which may be called the nobility of the state, for they neither labour nor fight, being scarcely able to defend themselves. These only are capable of being elected kings or queens; and nature has so ordered it,

that they emigrate within a few weeks after they are elevated to this state, and either establish new kingdoms, or perish within a day or two. The first order, the working, are most numerous, being in the proportion of 100 to one soldier. In this state they are about a quarter of an inch in length, and twenty-five of them weigh about a grain, so that they are not so large as some of our ants. See Plate D1. fig. 1. and 2. The second order, or soldiers, have a very different form from the labourers, and have been by some authors supposed to be the males, and the former the neuters; but they are in fact, the same insects as the foregoing, only they have undergone a change of form, and approached nearer to the perfect insect. They are now much larger, being half an inch long, and equal in bulk to 15 of the labourers, (fig. 3. and 4.). The third order, the insect in its perfect state, varies its form still more. The head, thorax, and abdomen, differ almost entirely from the same parts in the labourers and soldiers; and besides this, the animal is now furnished with four fine large brownish, transparent wings, with which it is at the time of emigration to wing its way in search of a new settlement. It differs so much from the other two, that they have not hitherto been supposed to belong to the same community. In fact, they are not to be discovered in the nest, till just before the commencement of the rainy season; when they undergo the last change, which is preparative to the formation of new colonies. They are equal in bulk to two soldiers, and about 30 labourers (see fig. 5.), and by means of the wings with which they are furnished, they roam about for a few hours, at the end of which time they lose their wings, and become the prey of innumerable birds, reptiles, and insects; while probably not a pair out of many millions of this unhappy race, get into a place of safety, fulfil the first law of nature, and lay the foundation of a new community. In this state, many fall into the neighbouring waters, and they are eaten with avidity by the Africans. The author found them delicate, nourishing, and wholesome, without sauce or other help from cookery, than merely roasting them in the manner of coffee. The few fortunate pairs who happen to survive this annual massacre and destruction, are represented by the author as being casually found by some of the labourers, that are continually running about on the surface of the ground, and are elected kings and queens of new states. Those who are not so elected and preserved, certainly perish, and most probably in the course of the following day. By these industrious creatures, the king and queen elect are immediately protected from their innumerable enemies, by being inclosed in a chamber of clay, where the business of propagation soon commences; their voluntary subjects, then employed in constructing wooden nurseries, or apartments entirely composed of wooden materials, seemingly joined together with gum. Into these, they afterwards carry the eggs produced from the queen, lodging them there as fast as they can obtain them from her. The author even furnishes us with plausible reasons to believe, that they here form a kind of garden for the cultivation of a species of microscopical mushrooms, which Mr Konig, in an Essay on the East Indian Termites, read before the society of naturalists of Berlin, conjectures to be the food of the young insects. But perhaps the most wonderful, and at the same

same time best authenticated part of the history of these singular insects is that which relates to the queen or mother of the community in her pregnant state. After impregnation, a very extraordinary change begins to take place in her body, or rather in her abdomen only. It gradually increases in bulk, and at length becomes of such an enormous size as to exceed the bulk of the rest of her body 1500 or 2000 times. She becomes 1000 times heavier than her consort, and exceeds 20,000 or 30,000 times the bulk of one of the labourers. In this state, the matrix has a constant peristaltic or undulating motion, the consequence of which is (as the author has counted them), (fig. 8.) the protrusion of a great many thousands of eggs in twenty-four hours. These eggs, says the author, are instantly taken from her body by her attendants, of whom there always are a great number in the royal chamber and the galleries adjacent, and carried to the nurseries, which are sometimes four or five feet distant in a straight line. Here, after they are hatched, the young are attended and provided with every thing necessary, until they are able to shift for themselves, and take their share of the labour of the community. Many curious and striking particulars are related of the great devastations committed by this powerful community, which construct roads, or rather covered ways diverging in all directions from the nest, and leading to every object of plunder within their reach. Though the mischiefs they commit are very great, such is the economy of nature, that it is probably counterbalanced by the good produced by them, in quickly destroying dead trees, and other substances, which, as the author observes, would, by a tedious decay, serve only to encumber the surface of the earth. Such is their alacrity and dispatch in this office, that the total destruction of deserted towns is so effectually accomplished, that in two or three years a thick wood fills the space, and not the least vestige of a house is to be discovered. From the many singular accounts here given of the police of these insects, we shall mention one respecting the different functions of the labourers and soldiers, or the civil and military establishments in this community, or an attempt to examine their nest and city.

On making a breach in any part of the structure with a hoe or pickaxe, a soldier immediately appears and walks about the breach, as if to see whether the enemy has gone, or to examine whence the attack proceeds. In a short time he is followed by two or three others, and soon after by a numerous body, who rush out as fast as the breach will permit them, their numbers increasing as long as one continues to batter the building. During this time they are in the most violent agitation and bustle, while some of them are employed in beating with their forceps upon the building, so as to make a noise that may be heard at three or four feet distance. On ceasing to disturb them, the soldiers retire, and are succeeded by the labourers, who hasten in various directions to the breach, each with a burden of mortar in his mouth ready tempered. Though there are millions of them, they never stop to embarrass each other; and a wall gradually arises that fills up the chasm. A soldier attends every 600 or 1000 of the labourers, seemingly as a director of the works; for he never touches the mortar, either to lift or carry it. One in particular places himself close to the wall

which they are repairing, and frequently makes the noise above mentioned; which is constantly answered by a loud hiss from all the labourers within the dome; and at every such signal they evidently redouble their pace, and work as fast again. The work being completed, a renewal of the attack constantly produces the same effects. The soldiers again rush out and then retreat, and are followed by the labourers loaded with mortar, and as active and diligent as before. Thus, says the author, the pleasure of seeing them come out to fight or to work alternately may be obtained as often as curiosity excites or time permits; and it will certainly be found, that the one order never attempts to fight, or the other to work, let the emergency be ever so great. The obstinacy of the soldiers is remarkable. They fight to the very last, disputing every inch of ground so well as often to drive away the negroes, who are without shoes, and make the white people bleed plentifully through their stockings. Such is the strength of the buildings erected by these puny insects, that, when they are raised to little more than half their height, it is always the practice of the wild bulls to stand as sentinels upon them while the rest of the herd is ruminating below. When at their full height of ten or twelve feet, they are used by Europeans as places to look out from over the top of the grass, which here grows to the height of thirteen feet, upon an average. The author has stood with four men on the top of one of these buildings, in order to get a view of any vessel that might come in sight. These termites indeed are frequently pernicious to mankind, but they are also very useful and even necessary; one valuable purpose which they serve is to destroy decayed trees and other substances, which, if left on the surface of the ground in hot climates, would in a short time pollute the air. In this respect they resemble very much the common flies, which are regarded by mankind in general as noxious, and at best as useless beings in the creation; but it is certainly for want of consideration. There are not probably, in all nature, animals of more importance; and it would not be difficult to prove, that we should feel the want of one or two species of large quadrupeds much less than one or two species of these despicable looking insects. Mankind, in general, are sensible that nothing is more disagreeable than putrid substances, and nothing more pestiferous.

Of a brick colour above, head black; antennæ yel.-destructor. low. 4. A native of America, Africa, and India. They build strong oval nests round the branches of trees. It very much resembles the T. fatale, but is only half the size, the lower stigmata are impressed with a dot on the centre; wings brownish, marked with a yellowish rib. Larva pale brown; head black, conic, and projecting forwards.

Black; segments of the abdomen tipped with white; arda. legs pale. 5. A native of Africa; and resembles in economy the T. fatale. It builds a nest of a cylindrical shape, two or three feet high, of brown clay and vegetables mixed up together, with a round vaulted dome, surrounded by a prominent terrace. Larvæ or labourers have a pale head, without eyes; mandibles short, furnished with teeth; thorax and abdomen oval, grayish lead colour; legs of a brick colour. Pupæ or guards have very large brick-coloured head, clavated and swelled out before, oval and extended behind; mandible

mandible projecting and forked; antennæ of a brick colour, as long as the head, without eyes; thorax small; abdomen oval, grayish lead-colour; legs of a brick-colour. Perfect insect less than the former ones, with incumbent black wings, and pale brick-coloured legs.

merdax. Black; segments of the abdomen tipped with white; legs black. 6. A native of Africa. Builds cylindrical houses. Larva and pupa like the last, but much less.

capense. Pale yellow; wings transparent, edged with brown. 7. A native of India and Africa. Larva furnished with two black eyes; and wanders about in the daytime in troops like the common ant.

satidicum. Abdomen oval; mouth pale; eyes brown; antennæ setaceous. 3. A native of Europe.

pulsatorium. Abdomen oblong; mouth red; eyes yellow; antennæ setaceous. 3. A native of Europe and America. Frequent in houses, in old books, wood, decayed furniture, museums, and is rarely found with wings. The female beats like the ticking of a watch, and is often mistaken for the pinus pulsator.

divinatorium. Abdomen transversely furrowed; mouth brown; eyes black. 7. A native of Europe; found in books, and is very active and lively. Body whitish.

These eight species are all that have been described by Gmelin: other two, the morvo and flavicolle, have been described since.

106. PEDICULUS, Loufe.

Mouth furnished with a sucker, which the insect can stretch out or draw back at pleasure; without feelers or proboscis. Antennæ of the same length with the thorax. Eyes two. Abdomen flattened. Legs six, formed for running.

The insects of this genus live by sucking the juices of animals. The larvæ and pupæ have six feet, and are active, resembling the perfect insect.

humanus. Abdomen ash-coloured, and lobed. 1. There are two varieties of this species, the one softer and whiter, occupying the body and clothes, the other harder and darker-coloured, occupying the heads of those that do not attend to cleanliness, particularly of children.

The loufe which infests the human body makes a very curious appearance through a microscope. It has such a transparent shell or skin, that we are able to discover more of what passes within its body than in most other living creatures. It has naturally three divisions, the head, the breast, and the tail part. In the head appear two fine black eyes, with a horn that has five joints, and is surrounded with hairs standing before each eye, and from the end of the nose or snout there is a pointed projecting part, which serves as a sheath or case to a piercer or sucker, which the creature thrusts into the skin to draw out the blood and humour which are its destined food; for it has no mouth that opens in the common way. This piercer or sucker is judged to be 700 times smaller than a hair, and is contained in another case within the first, and can be drawn in or thrust out at pleasure. The breast is very beautifully marked in the middle; the skin is transparent, and full of little pits: and from the under part of it proceed six legs,

each having five joints, and their skin all the way resembling flaggreen, except at the ends, where it is smoother. Each leg terminates by two claws, which are hooked, and are of an unequal length and size. These it uses as we would a thumb and middle finger: and there are hairs between these claws as well as all over the legs. On the back part of the tail there may be discovered some ring-like divisions, and a sort of marks which look like the strokes of a rod on the human skin: the belly looks like flaggreen, and towards the lower end it is very clear and full of pits: at the extremity of the tail there are two femicircular parts all covered over with hairs, which serve to conceal the anus. When the loufe moves its legs, the motion of the muscles, which all unite in one oblong dark spot in the middle of the breast, may be distinguished perfectly, and so may the motion of the muscles of the head when it moves its horns. We may likewise see the various ramifications of the veins and arteries, which are white, with the pulse regularly beating in the arteries. But the most surprising of all the sights is the peristaltic motion of the guts, which is continued all the way from the stomach down to the anus. If one of these creatures be placed on the back of the hand, when hungry, it will thrust its sucker into the skin; the blood which it sucks may be seen passing in a fine stream to the fore part of the head, where falling into a roundish cavity, it passes again in a fine stream to another circular receptacle in the middle of the head; from thence it runs through a small vessel into the breast, and then to a gut which reaches to the hinder part of the body, where, in a curve it turns a little upwards; in the breast and gut the blood is moved without intermission with a great force, especially in the gut, where it occasions such a contraction of the gut, as is very surprising. In the upper part of the crooked ascending gut above mentioned, the propelled blood stands still, and seems to undergo a separation, some of it becoming clear and watery, while other black particles are pushed forwards to the anus. If a loufe is placed on its back, two bloody darkish spots appear, the larger in the middle of the body, the lesser towards the tail: the dark bloody spot, in or over which the bladder seems to lie. This motion of the systole and diastole is best seen when the creature begins to grow weak; and on pricking the white bladder, which seems to be the heart, the creature instantly dies. The lower dark spot is supposed to be the excrement in the gut.

The posterior part of the abdomen emarginated; legs *pubis. formed like claws. 2. A native of Europe. It is found about the hairs of the groin, and sometimes, though rarely, on the eyebrows of people who do not attend to cleanliness. The antennæ have five articulations; the hind part of the abdomen hairy.

The abdomen orbicular, marked with a white line; *ricinoides. scutellum composed of three lobes; the snout white. 3. A native of America. It gets into the legs of the naked inhabitants, where it draws blood, and depositing its eggs in the wound occasions foul and malignant ulcers.

8. A native of Europe; on sheep. *ovis. The abdomen is marked with eight transverse rusty-*bovis, coloured lines. 9. A native of Europe; on horned cattle.

66 species of this genus are described in the last edition of the System of Nature, all of which occupy the bodies of different animals.

III. PULEX, Flea.

Mouth without jaws or feelers. The snout long, and bent inwards. A sheath of two pieces, consisting of five articulations, covered at the base with two oval scales, and furnished with a single bristle. Lip round, fringed with sharp points, which are bent backwards. Antennæ moniliform, projecting, and becoming thicker towards their outer side. Eyes two. Abdomen compressed. Legs six, formed for leaping.

The genus pulex is rather doubtful; it approaches in many respects to the insects of the order hemiptera. They live on the juice and blood of other animals. Larva without feet, cylindrical, active, and furnished with two spines under the tail.

irritans. The snout shorter than the body. 1. This familiar insect is to be met with everywhere; it lives by sucking the blood of other animals, and is very troublesome to many of them, especially to the hare and rabbit. They deposit smooth round eggs at the roots of the hair of the animals on which they feed, on blankets, and articles made of wool, fur, &c. From these eggs are hatched the larvae, resembling small white thinning worms, which feed on the scurfy substance adhering to the cuticle of animals, or on the downy matter collected on clothes. About a fortnight after they are hatched, they acquire a considerable size, and become very active; when disturbed they roll themselves up into a ball. After they have acquired their full size, they retire into some undisturbed situation; they form small bags for themselves composed of silky threads, which they spin from their mouths. These bags are very white internally; but on the outside they are of the colour of dust, and are very little discernible. They remain in the state of pupa about 14 days. It continues to be of a white colour till the second day before its escape from the bag, when it acquires a dark colour, becomes firmer, and is transformed into a perfect insect.

The flea, when viewed in the microscope, exhibits a very singular appearance. It is covered all over with black and hard scales, which are curiously jointed, and folded over one another, so as to comply with all the nimble motions of the creature. These scales are polished, and are beset about the edges with short spikes in a very beautiful and regular order. Its neck is finely arched, and somewhat resembles the tail of a lobster. Its eyes are very large and beautiful. The sucker contains a couple of lances or darts; which, after the sucker has made an entrance, are thrust farther into the flesh, to make the blood flow from the adjacent parts, and occasion that round red spot, with a hole in the centre of it, which remains for some time after the puncture of a flea, commonly called flea-bite. A proper view of the sucker with its two lances is not easily obtained, as the insect puts out its sucker only at the time of feeding. The best way of obtaining a view is to cut off the head, and subject it to the microscope by itself. There is an hospital at Surat where a number

of fleas are kept, and some poor creature, for pay, allows himself to be fixed down and fed upon by them.

Chigur. Snout of the same length with the body. penetrans.

2. A native of America. This insect is very troublesome in the sugar colonies, penetrating into the feet of the inhabitants, where it lodges its eggs and causes malignant ulcers. Body reddish brown. The female produces a very great number of eggs, and when pregnant the abdomen swells to 100 times the size of the rest of the body. It penetrates chiefly under the nails of the toes, and eats its way onwards, depositing its eggs, which are exceedingly minute, in a bag. It is discovered by the uneasy itching it occasions, and must be extracted with great caution and dexterity; for if the bag be burst, and if any of the eggs or animals remain, a very troublesome ulcer ensues, which sometimes renders the limb useless. The slaves who go barefooted are chiefly exposed to this calamity, and they are most dexterous at extracting them.

There are only two species of this genus described in the last edition of the System of Nature published by Gmelin.

III. ACARUS, Tick or Mite.

Mouth without a proboscis. The sucker with a cylindrical sheath, composed of two pieces. Feelers two, compressed, equal, and of the same length with the sucker. Eyes two, placed on the sides of the head. Legs eight.

The insects of this genus are very minute, and very prolific: they abound everywhere; most of them live on the juices of other animals. The larva and pupa have six feet, (those of the division trombidium have eight feet); they are active, and very much resemble the perfect insect.

A. The Antennæ are filiform, compressed, and of the same length with the legs.

Transparent; convex above and flattened beneath sursellus. marked in the middle with a blackish spot. 36. It is very common in waters, on the mucus which covers the spawn of frogs. Very small, slow, inoffensive, and legs terminating in three nails.

Oval, almost globular; abdomen marked at the base ricinus. with a round brown spot; antennæ clavate. 7. A native of Europe; it is very common on oxen and dogs.

Second pair of legs very thick. 8. A native of crassipes. Europe; and very common. It is active, gregarious, frequently to be found in gardens among the earth in spring.

Thorax angularly cruciform; the legs terminating in vespertilio hooks, and longer than the body. 9. It is found on lionis. the body of the bat (vespertilio murinus) of an uncommon figure, resembling the phalangium. It cannot walk on a flat surface.

Commonly called Red Spider. Transparent and red. telarius. dish; the abdomen marked on each side with a brown spot. 14. A native of Europe; on various plants, particularly those that are not exposed to the weather, or shut up in hot-houses. It forms webs of parallel threads, by which it sometimes suffocates plants in green-houses.

It is frequently to be found on the leaves of the lime-tree in autumn.

* firo. Cheese-Mite. Whitish; head and thighs of a rusty colour; the abdomen bristly. 15. A native of Europe; in flour, cheese, &c. which have been long kept. The cheese mite, is a very minute species; to the naked eye they appear like moving particles of dust. But the microscope shows them to be perfect animals, having as regular a figure, and performing all the functions of life as perfectly, as creatures that exceed them far in size. The head is small in proportion to the body, and has a sharp snout; they have two small eyes, and are very quick-fighted, when they have once been touched by a pin, they artfully avoid another touch. The extremity of their legs are furnished with two little claws, with which they take hold of any thing. The hinder part of the body is plump and bulky, and ends in an oval form, from which issue out some long hairs. Other parts of the body are thinly beset with long hairs. The males and females are easily distinguished. The females are oviparous; and from their eggs the young ones are hatched, in the space of 12 or 14 days in warm weather, but in colder weather longer time becomes requisite. They are very minute when first hatched, and cast their skin several times before they arrive at their full growth, but do not materially change their appearance. They are very tenacious of life, and may be kept alive several months without food. Mr Leeuwenhoek had one that lived 11 weeks on the end of a pin, on which he had fixed it for microscopical observations. They may be kept a long time between two concave glasses, and occasionally subjected to the microscope. In this way they may be seen in coitu, conjoined tail to tail, and this is performed by an incredibly swift motion. They are very voracious animals, and have been often seen eating one another. Their manner of eating is by thrusting one jaw forward and drawing the other back alternately, and in this manner, as it were, grinding their food; after they have done feeding they seem to ruminate.

* scabiei. Itch-insect. White; legs reddish; the four posterior legs are furnished with a very long bristle. 30. In the pustules occasioned by the itch. It is generally thought to be the cause of the itch, though some hold a contrary opinion; the manner, however, in which the itch is communicated, seems to confirm the former opinion.

* laellis. Abdomen oval and obtuse, furnished with four bristles the same length with the body, which incline downwards. 16. It is found in cream that has been long kept, and in milk vessels that have not been kept clean.

dystentaria. Legs furnished with two bristles; the abdomen oval, furnished behind with four horizontal bristles of the same length with the body. 17. It is found in casks and vats, in which beer has been kept; they are most frequently found about the top or near any chink in the vessel; they are likewise found very frequently within the cask, and are said to walk about on the top of the beer from 10 o'clock at night till 10 o'clock in the morning; during the day they conceal themselves in the chinks of the cask.

* baccarum. The abdomen turgid and red, and dark-coloured on the sides. 23. It is found on the fruit of the corinth and gooseberry.

The abdomen reddish; the hind-legs very long and muscofiliform. 24. A native of Europe; on different specimens of flies.

Abdomen red, marked on each side with scarlet gymnops dots. 26. It is to be found on bees, wasps, dragon-terrum, flies, &c.

Oval, and reddish; the anus whitish. 27. It is coleop. found on many insects, particularly on the common tratorum, black beetle; which, on that account, has been called the lousy-beetle: they run very quickly.

The posterior part of the abdomen crenated; the scu-fanguis-tellum oval, and somewhat tawney; the snout divided gus. into three. 6. A native of America; they fix on the legs of travellers and suck the blood; they adhere so closely, that they are removed with difficulty; the fore-legs are furnished with short prickles, near their junction with the body.

The first pair of legs very thick, and furnished with eruditus, claws; the second pair very long, and furnished with two bristles at the extremity. 62. Found in books kept in damp places, particularly about the backs, where the sheets have been glued together. It is very injurious, and not visible without the help of a glass.

Hemispherical, pale, and smooth. Legs equal. 31. acarorum. It is found in troops on the body of the acarus crassipes.

Oval; furnished with several long hairs at the extremity of the abdomen; the legs are furnished with a single bristle. 61. Found on the bodies of insects and other subjects of natural history which are kept in too moist places, and is more destructive to museums than even the pinus fur, and not visible to the naked eye.

B. Antennæ setaceous. Trombidia.

The abdomen hairy, red, and obtuse behind; the tinctoriu. fore legs whiter than the rest. 20. A native of Surinam and Guinea; very hairy; it becomes white when immersed in spirits of wine.

The abdomen of a blood colour, flat, and downy, holosericeus. turned up behind. 22. A native of Europe and America; is said to be poisonous if swallowed.

82 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

112. HYDRACHNA.

Head, thorax, and abdomen united. Feelers two, jointed. Eyes two, four, or six. Legs eight.

The insects of this genus are inhabitants of the water, swim with great velocity, and prey on the larvae of tipulae and monoculi. They deposit red spherical eggs, which in about a month acquire a lunar form, and produce six-footed larvae furnished with a single proboscis, which, after they have changed their skin several times, become perfect insects furnished with eight feet.

A. Eyes two.

* Those which are furnished with a Tail.

Globular; eyes red. 1. It is to be found in ditches globator containing water; male greenish and spotted; female bluish and without spots, and double the size of the male.

Succinator. Oval, red, and black behind; furnished with a yellow cylindrical tail, and straightened at the base. 3. It is found on the banks of rivers; black beneath, eyes reddish, legs black.

Papillator. Purple and globular, furnished with a papilla on each side of the tail; legs black. 12. It is to be found early in the spring in overflowed meadows.

* * Furcatæ. Back marked with a fork.

Grossipes. White and oval; the disk black and marked with a reddish fork, and furnished with papillæ near the anus; fore legs thick. 13. It is found in fish ponds and ditches containing water; the legs twice or thrice the length of the body, which renders it easily to be distinguished. It is transparent; breast whitish; eyes black; when walking freely, it directs its legs forwards; after it has gone a few steps, it extends its legs horizontally, and rests as if it were dead, and a little afterwards it renews its motion.

Glauicornis. Reddish and oval; marked with a yellow fork, feelers clavated, legs pale. 15. It is found in marshes; eyes small and black, feelers and legs white.

* * * Glabræ.

Despicient. Round and red, marked with several spots; the eyes placed on the under part of the body. 23. It is to be found in ditches full of water; it resembles the H. maculata in every respect, except the positions of the eyes; flattish, wrinkled, full of dimples, marked with nine spots; eyes blackish; legs yellowish.

Perfector. Nearly square, marked with white, blue, and brown spots. 44. It is found in places overflowed with water; white above, brown beneath, edge yellowish; the feelers and legs white and transparent.

B. Eyes four.

Calcarea. Round, brown, and very white in the middle. 45. It is to be found, though rarely, in moist places; eyes black, feelers pointed, legs pale and transparent.

Maculata. Oval and red; marked on the back with black spots. 48. It is found in wet ditches; shining; eyes black; legs yellow and transparent; feelers yellow, sometimes long, sometimes short.

C. Eyes six.

Umbrata. Round and red, marked with several spots. 49. It is found in woody marshes; smooth, somewhat depressed, marked with more than ten obscure spots, blackish beneath; eyes black; feelers very small, tipped with black; legs yellow.

49 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with two filiform feelers; the mandible composed of a substance like horn; the second joint furnished with a sharp tooth, moveable, and furnished with a claw. Antennæ none. Two eyes on the top of the head contiguous, and two lateral eyes. Legs eight. Abdomen (for the most part) round.

The insects of this genus in their various stages of transformation prey on the smaller insects and worms;

the larvæ have eight feet, active, and resemble the perfect insect.

A. Sucker, a conical tube. Pycnogona.

Feelers four; body filiform; legs very long. 1. A. grossipes, native of the north of Europe; found on the Norwegian seas; very slow, and very minute; it is composed of several articulations, and has a very narrow linear tail; it enters the shells of mussels, and consumes their contents.

Feelers two; body oval. 6. It is found in the balæna, north seas, under stones; it is red on the back, the rum, sucker projecting, straight, obtuse at the extremity, and perforated with a round entire perforation; the feelers inserted at the base of the sucker, and almost equalling it in length; the legs jointed and angular.

B. Without a sucker.

Body oval and black; the under part of the body morio, and legs pale. 10. A native of Europe; it is to be found on rocks.

Long-legged spider, or shepherds spider. Abdomen opilio, oval and gray, beneath white. A native of Europe and America; wandering about in the night time.

Abdomen inverted, oval and flattish; claws smooth, cancri- the fingers hairy. 4. A native of Europe; in confined shaded places, in boxes and damp cellars; it feeds on termites and mites, and moves like a crab; it is destructive to collections of dried plants; it likewise enters the skin of the human body, and excites a very painful pimple about the size of a pea.

Abdomen cylindrical, the claws smooth; head fur- acaroides. nished with an appendage. 5. A native of America; in confined places in tropical countries. Its bite is said to be dangerous; yellowish, the claws oval.

Claws notched, and hairy; body oblong. 15. A. araneoides, native of Italy, Africa, Persia, and the southern shores of the Volga; its bite occasions very violent pain, livid tumors, delirium, and sometimes death; soft, lurid, and woolly; the claws very turgid.

15 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Mouth furnished with short horny jaws; the lip round at the tip. Feelers two, bent inwards; jointed and very sharp at the extremity: in the males they are clavated, and have the organs of generation placed in them. Antennæ none. Eyes eight; sometimes six, though seldom. Legs eight. The anus is furnished with papillæ, with which the insect spins threads, and form its web.

These insects, through every stage of their existence, prey upon other insects, especially those of the order Diptera; they even do not spare those of their own genus or species: from the papillæ at the end of the abdomen they throw out at pleasure a number of fine threads, which they unite in various ways for the purpose of entangling their prey. They every year cast their old skin, which they perform by suspending themselves in some solitary corner, and creeping out of it.

The young ones have the power of ascending the air to

a great height; to accomplish which, they climb up some eminence, and are wafted about by the winds, filling the air with their threads. They are destroyed by the sphex and ichneumon.

Linnaeus has subdivided this genus according to the number and position of their eyes.

A. Eyes eight.

1. Eyes placed thus, : : :

fasciata. Of a silver colour; the abdomen marked with yellowish bands; the legs surrounded with brown rings. 48. A native of the island of Madeira.

* diadema. Abdomen nearly globular and reddish; brown, marked with a white cross composed of dots. 1. A native of Europe, on trees; it is a very beautiful insect.

* aquatica. Brown; abdomen oval and of an ash colour; the back brown, marked with two dots. 39. A native of Europe, in stagnant waters, where it dives to the bottom in search of its food. It takes up its winter quarters in an empty snail shell, the aperture of which it closes up with a web; jaws black, claws red.

2. Eyes placed thus, : : :

latro. Thorax hairy, and of an ash colour; the abdomen oval, black, and spotted with red. 65. A native of America; large, the thorax oval, legs black, thighs pale.

* domestica. Abdomen oval and brown, marked with five black spots nearly contiguous, the anterior ones larger than the others. 9. A native of Europe, in houses, and about windows; feeds chiefly on flies.

3. Eyes placed thus, : : :

* globosa. Black; sides of the abdomen of a blood red colour. 69. A native of Europe, in meadows.

4. Eyes placed thus, : : :

argentata. Abdomen white, and brown behind, and marked round the edge with six small projections. 70. A native of South America.

5. Eyes placed thus, : : :

fumigata. Abdomen oval and brown, marked at the base with two white dots. 16. A native of Europe, in meadows; it watches near the nests of the larvae of different insects, and waits their coming out, when it seizes on one after another, and sucks out their substance.

* faccata. Abdomen oval, of a brownish colour. 40. A native of Europe, in gardens, and carries its eggs behind it enclosed in a bag; legs livid, marked with unequal brown rings set close together.

6. Eyes placed thus, : : :

extensa. Abdomen long, of a silver colour tinged with green, the legs extended longitudinally. 22. A native of Europe, in woods; its legs are applied closely to the branches.

nidulans. Shining black; the abdomen hairy and black. 73. A native of America; it forms a nest under ground, and spins a large cylindrical web, which is covered with a lid; its bite is very painful, and frequently occasions fever and delirium, which is soon removed by a

gentle sudorific; thorax marked with a large depressed circular spot; abdomen oval; legs equal.

7. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Black, thorax marked with a white line on the back. * dorsalis. 79. A native of Britain.

Marked with triangular black spots on the back of the abdomen; the legs spotted with black. 34. * tarantula. A native of the south of Europe, particularly Italy and Barbary. It is found in caverns in argillaceous soil; its bite was formerly supposed to be curable by nothing but music; though it occasions a great deal of pain, it is almost never fatal.

8. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Oval and oblong; thorax hairy, white, abdomen and legs black, marked with yellow bands. 33. * pulchra. A native of Europe.

9. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Black, abdomen oval, forehead white, and leaps on goezii. its prey. 84. It is to be found frequently in woods about Vienna; abdomen marked with two compressed dots.

10. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Thorax orbicular and convex, with a transverse central excavation. 31. It is a native of South America, among trees, where it preys upon the larger insects, and even small birds, dropping into their nests and sucking their blood and eggs; it is of so enormous a size that its fangs may be compared to the talons of a hawk, and its eyes are very large.

11. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Of a grayish rusty colour, and slightly clouded; thorax globular, and slightly heart-shaped; abdomen somewhat triangular, and marked with a faint longitudinal cross. 85. A native of Europe, on oak and other trees; abdomen marked with four impressed dots on the back; papillae three.

12. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Abdomen oval, obtusely conic behind, variegated conica. with brown and white; beneath black. 86. A native of Europe, among bushes; it spins and spreads out a web, to the surface of which it attaches the insects it has ensnared, after it has sucked out their juice. Thorax black, slightly tinged with rusty colour, and nearly double behind; legs gray, marked with brown rings; abdomen marked with a whitish spot, beneath resembling a horse shoe; papillae four.

13. Eyes placed thus, : : :

Hairy; body oval, black, variegated with brown. albifrons. 99. A native of Europe.

B. Eyes six, placed thus, : : :

Abdomen greenish, the sides yellow. 30. A native of Europe; in gardens.

C. Eyes

Abdomen oval, oblong, and silky; marked underneath near the base with two yellow dots. 29. A native of Europe. It is found within the leaves of plants which it rolls up.

Thorax orbicular, smooth and black; abdomen oval, downy and brown. 33. A native of America. It constructs a tenacious cylindrical nest about a foot in length, furnished with a lid.

96 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin, in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Legs eight; likewise two claws situated on the fore part of the head. Eyes eight; three placed on each side of the thorax, and two on the back. Feelers two, furnished with claws, and projecting. Lip bifid. Antennæ none. Tail long, jointed, terminating in a sharp crooked sting. On the under side, between the breast and abdomen, are two excrescences resembling combs.

Scorpions have been conceived to be the most malignant and poisonous of all animals. Though this opinion be now very generally exploded, there are none of the insects we are acquainted with so formidable. It is true the effect of their sting differs greatly, according to the circumstances of the constitution of the person receiving the wound, as well as of the animal itself, the heat of the climate in which it lives, and the degree of violence with which the wound may have been inflicted.

The common European scorpion certainly is not of so terrible a nature as is commonly supposed; its sting being very rarely productive of bad consequences. But the large scorpions of Africa, which are said to be nearly a foot in length, may well be supposed capable of inflicting a wound of the most severe pungency, and of the most dreadful malignity. The poison is evacuated through three very small foramina near the tip of the sting; viz. one on each side of the tip, and the other on the upper part. A diversity of opinion has subsisted among naturalists, relative to the slit or foramen in the fangs of spiders, through which their poison is evacuated; and the same variety of opinion has prevailed with respect to the foramina in the scorpion's sting. The celebrated Redi, assisted by the best microscopes he could procure, was not able to discover them, though he was well convinced of their existence, from having perceived the minute drop of poison exude from near the tip of the sting. Others have denied the existence of the foramina; but Valisnierius and Leeuwenhoek have both described two, viz. one on each side of the tip, and which in shape are inclining to triangular; besides these a third has sometimes been seen, so that the sting of the scorpion can with greater facility discharge its venom, than that of any other animal. The poison is whitish, and is contained in a small bladder near the tail. When this bladder is pressed, the poison may be seen issuing out through the foramina of the sting.

Maupertuis has made many experiments with the scorpion of Languedoc, the results of which were by no means uniform. He provoked one to sting a dog in three places of the belly, where the animal was without

hair. In about an hour after the animal seemed greatly swollen and very sick. He then cast up whatever he had in his bowels, and for about three hours continued vomiting a whitish liquid. The belly was always greatly swollen when the animal began to vomit, but this operation always seemed to abate the swelling; thus alternating for the space of three hours. The poor animal after this fell into convulsions, bit the ground, dragged himself along on his forefeet, and at length died five hours after he had been stung. There was no partial swelling round the wound inflicted, as is usual after the sting of a wasp or bee; but the whole body was inflated, and there only appeared a red spot on the places stung. Two days afterwards the same experiment was tried on another dog, and even with more aggravated cruelty; yet the dog seemed no way offended by the wounds, but howling a little when he received them, continued alert and well after them, and soon after was set at liberty, without shewing the smallest symptoms of pain. The experiment was repeated with fresh scorpions upon seven other dogs, and three hens, but not the smallest deadly symptom was seen to ensue. He put three scorpions and a mouse into the same vessel, and they soon stung the little animal in different places. The mouse thus assaulted, stood for some time on the defensive, and at last killed them all one after another, and did not seem to have received any material injury itself, at least no fatal consequences followed, though it had received several severe wounds. From hence it appears, that many circumstances which are utterly unknown must contribute to give efficacy to the scorpion's venom. Whether the nature of its food, long fasting, the season, age of the insect, or the part of the body which it wounds, add to or diminish the malignity of the poison, still remains to be ascertained. The insects employed by Maupertuis were newly caught, seemingly vigorous, and were of different sexes. The result of these experiments may serve to shew, that many of the boasted antidotes which are given for the cure of the scorpion's sting, owe their success more to accident than to their own efficacy. The scorpions of tropical climates are very large, and perhaps more venomous. Helbigius, who resided long in the east, says that he was often stung by the scorpion, and never suffered any material injury from the wound, though a painful tumor generally ensued, which was cured by rubbing with a piece of iron or stone, as he had seen the Indians do, until the part became insensible. Seba, Moore, and Bosman, give a very different account of the scorpion's malignity; and assert that without the speedy application of proper remedies, the wound proves fatal. Several fabulous anecdotes have been recorded of these animals by the older writers on natural history, which are totally unworthy of notice. The most remarkable of these is, that scorpions sometimes commit suicide, when they find themselves in a situation from which they cannot make their escape. It is said that a newly caught scorpion, placed in a circle formed with pieces of burning charcoal, runs round endeavouring to effect its escape, but finding no exit, it applies its tail to the back part of its head, and stings itself to death. Scorpions are viviparous, and produce about forty or fifty young ones at a time, which are completely shaped, and undergo no further change, except casting their skin from time to time like spiders. They feed on flies, spiders, worms, &c. and even on one another.

The

australis. The comb-like excrescences placed between the breast and abdomen, composed of six teeth; claws smooth. 7. A native of the South sea islands.

maurus. Comb composed of eight teeth; claws nearly heart-shaped and pointed. 1. A native of Africa.

carpathicus. Combs composed of six teeth; claws nearly heart-shaped and smooth. 2. It is found on the Carpathian mountains, and in Switzerland.

asur. Combs furnished with thirteen teeth; claws nearly heart-shaped and hairy. 3. A native of India and Persia; and is the largest and most formidable species.

americanus. Combs furnished with fourteen teeth; the claws fringed with hair; toes filiform. 4. A native of South America. It is eaten by the natives of California.

chilensis. Combs furnished with sixteen teeth; claws somewhat angular. This is a variety of the former.

europaeus. Combs furnished with eighteen teeth; claws angular. 5. A native of the south of Europe and north of Asia. It is viviparous.

hotentotus. Combs furnished with twenty-two teeth; claws smooth; the tail rough. 8. A native of Africa, in the neighbourhood of Sierra Leone. Body of a dark brown colour, and marked with raised lines; legs pale.

australis. Combs furnished with thirty-two teeth; claws smooth. 6. A native of Africa.

These are all the species of the scorpion that have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

116. CANCER, Crab.

Legs eight, (seldom six or ten), likewise two claws. Feelers six, unequal. Eyes two, placed at a distance from one another, and set on moveable stalks in most species. Mandible composed of a horny substance, and thick. The lip triple. The tail jointed and without a sting.

These live chiefly in water; and feed on insects, worms, dead fish, and dead bodies of any kind. They every year cast their shell, which is performed with much difficulty and pain; and during the change they become weak and sickly.

A. Antennæ four.

† The last articulation bifid; the Tail short.

‡ The Thorax smooth,

|| And entire on the sides.

surfor. The posterior parts of the sides of the thorax furnished with sharp points; the tail bent back. 1. A native of the Mediterranean and Indian seas. About sunset it leaves the water, and runs about the sands with great velocity.

pennophylax. Thorax orbicular, unequal and fringed; four dorsal legs. 5. A native of America, within the shell of the chama lazarus, to which it gives notice of the approach of the cuttle-fish.

pifum. Thorax orbicular, obtuse; the tail of the same length with the body. 6. A native of the Mediterranean seas. About the size of a pea; the tail very obtuse; the legs smooth and without spines; claws somewhat oblong; toes equal.

Thorax nearly square; edge somewhat sharp; the legs compressed. 8. It is found in the open sea, particularly on the fucus natans, and runs about on the surface of the water.

Very smooth; the anterior part of the thorax flat-pinnate, tened on the sides; the tail is carinated and knobbed res. in the middle. 9. A native of the Asiatic seas. It resides within the shell of the pinna. The ancients supposed that this was a friendly connection formed for mutual defence: that the pinna being destitute of eyes, and thus exposed, when he opened his shell, to the attacks of the cuttle-fish and other enemies, was warned of their approach by his little lodger, on which he immediately shut his shell, and both were safe.

Land Crab. The first joint of the legs prickly; the second and third joints set with tufts of hair. 11. A native of South America. This species resides in the woods. In the Bahama islands they are so numerous that the ground seems to move as they crawl about. At breeding time they generally make to the sea shores, for the purpose of washing off their spawn, and depositing it in the sand, and no obstruction will make them turn aside from the straight road, when they are on their progress towards the sea. They are esteemed very excellent food. They feed on vegetables, but when they have fed on the manchineel apple they are reckoned poisonous. When taken, they will seize the person's finger with their claw, and endeavour to escape, leaving the claw behind, which for the space of a minute after it has been separated from the body, continues to squeeze the finger closely. They vary in size and colour; the light-coloured ones being esteemed the best food.

|| Thorax marked along the sides with incisions.

Thorax marked with one small projection, one of the vocans, claws larger than the other; the eyes long. 14. A native of Jamaica. It conceals itself under stones, and utters a cry when caught, and pinches severely.

The thorax furnished with two projections on each * angulifide; claws very long. 110. A native of England. tur. Found in the sea near Weymouth. The claws are three times the length of the body.

Hairy; thorax notched on both sides; the hind-legs dromis, terminating in two nails. 24. A native of the Indian seas. Black; the extremities of the claws smooth and white. It is reckoned poisonous.

Common Crab. Thorax marked on each side with * pagurus nine obtuse folds; the tips of the claws black. 27. A native of both the European and Indian seas. This is the crab most generally used in this country for the table; they are in season and heaviest in the summer; and cast their shells in the winter and spring. They frequent rocky shores.

† Thorax hairy or prickly on the upper side.

Thorax hairy, marked with knobs and oval; furnished with a beak which is divided at the extremity; claws oval. 30. A native of the European seas. This species is supposed to be injurious to oyster-beds; on this account the fishermen, when they meet with them in the course of dredging, are careful not to return them into the water, but carry them on shore, and destroy them.

moja. Thorax prickly; claws turgid and covered with spines; the fingers of the claws covered with tufts of hairs; legs fix. 41. A native of the Norwegian seas.

* horridus. The thorax set with spines, and covered with knobs; claws oval; tail carious. 43. A native of the Asiatic and Norwegian seas. There is a large variety of this found on the east coast of Scotland, which has its legs and claws covered with spines.

§ § Antennæ set on stalks; the last articulation of the posterior pair bifid; Tail long and without leaves. Paguri Fabricii. Parasitici.

lairo. Thorax divided into four; the tail simple and big-bellied beneath. 56. A native of East India. In holes of rocks. Wanders about on land by night in search of cocoa-nuts, on which it feeds. To procure them it mounts the trees, and having detached the nuts, and let them drop to the ground, it descends and tears them open with its claws. This species is eatable, except the intestines.

bernhar-
dus. Claws heart-shaped, and covered with sharp points; the claw on the right side larger than the other. 57. A native of the European seas. This species being destitute of shell towards the tail, takes possession of the empty shells of different species of cochlea, changing from one to another as it increases in size; the tail, which is soft and without a shell, is furnished with a hook to secure itself in its habitation.

Engenes. Claws smooth and downy; the claw on the left side larger than the other. 53. A native of the American and Asiatic seas. It occupies the empty shells of different species of cochlea.

reput mor-
sum. Downy, covered with a hemispherical cap. A native of the Mediterranean seas. It is of a dirty gray colour; hemispherical and without spines. It very much resembles a skull or death's head, whence it has received its name; it is about the size of a chestnut. The cap proceeds, as it were, from the hind-legs, and is turned over the body; the fingers of the claws equal and naked at the tips; the extremity of the legs sharp.

aranei-
rmi. Claws rough; the tail callous at the extremity, and furnished with a hook. 143. It is found in the fissures of the rocks on the sea-shore near Edinburgh. It occupies the empty shells of the nerita or turbo.

rugosus. Thorax wrinkled, ciliated, and prickly on the fore part; the beak furnished with three small projections, the claws filiform. 149. A native of the Mediterranean and north seas. It is found on the sea-shore near Banff in Scotland. This is the C. Banffius of Pennant, and the C. Brachiatus of Shaw.

§ § § Antennæ set on stalks, the posterior pair cleft; Tail long.

† The shell of the Thorax covering the Thorax completely. Astaci. Lobsters.

|| The posterior Antennæ bifid.

gamma-
ri. Lobster. Thorax smooth; the beak notched on the sides, marked on the upper side, at the base, with a double tooth. 62. It inhabits the sea, on rocky shores. This is reckoned the most delicate species; and is most

in request for the table. They chiefly frequent deep clear water. They are taken in wicker-baskets, with holes on the sides, which allow the lobsters to enter, and prevent their egress; or with small nets attached to iron hoops. They breed in the summer months, and deposit many thousands of eggs in the sand. They cast their shell annually, and when any of their legs or claws happen to be torn off they grow again. They are in season from October to May. Lobsters are said to be very much alarmed at thunder, so much so as sometimes to cast their claws.

Cravo-fish. Thorax smooth, the beak notched on the astacus. sides, with a single tooth on each side at the base. 63. It inhabits fresh waters; it lodges in holes in the clayey banks of rivers or lakes. It is reckoned a delicacy, and is much in request as food.

Antennæ projecting; beak tapering towards the ex-
tremity; eyes globular and prominent. 156. A native of the north seas. This little animal is very abundant, and is the principal food of the herrings and cod-fish.

|| || The posterior Antennæ divided into three.

Prawn. Thorax smooth; the beak serrated above, squilla. beneath furnished with three small projections; the edge of the thorax furnished with five small projections. 66. A native of the European seas. The beak is sometimes straight, sometimes crooked. There is a smaller variety of this, called in London the white shrimp, which is white when boiled. Prawns are much relished by most people; and are very abundant in sandy shores.

Shrimp. Thorax smooth; beak short and entire; crangon, the moveable toe of the claw longer than the other. 67. A native of the northern seas. This species is reckoned the most delicious of the genus. It is very plentiful on the sandy shores of Britain.

† † The shell of the Thorax not covering the Thorax completely. Squillæ Fabricii.

Claws furnished with a single fang; crooked, compressed, and notched; without a moveable toe. 76. A native of the Mediterranean and Asiatic seas. It is reckoned a delicacy by the Italians.

|| || || Antennæ set on stalks, and simple. Gammari Fabricii.

Claws consisting of a single fang; legs fourteen; ampulla. the thighs of the hind-legs compressed and dilated. 170. A native of the north seas. Large, almost white; the beak short, curved, and sharp; the tail composed of six leaves or plates; the last articulation bifid.

Claws four, furnished with a single fang, and desti- pulex. tute of a moveable toe; legs ten. 81. A native of Europe. It is frequent on the sea-shore, in wells, ditches, rivulets, and likewise in the salt lakes of Siberia; it swims on its back, and leaps. It is injurious to fishermen by eating their nets, and also hurtful to fishes, by exciting ulcers on their gills. It shines in the dark.

|| Two arched Scales in place of the posterior Antennæ.
Scyllari Fabricii.

* arclus. The scales of the antennæ fringed with prickles. 75.
A native of almost every sea.

|| Scales none; Antennæ fringed with thickly-set hairs.
Hippæ Fabricii.

cancharus. Thorax wrinkled and oval; claws compressed and prickly along the edges. 72. A native of South America and India.

181 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin, in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Legs formed for swimming; very long; from four to eight. Body covered with a shell, composed of from five to ten segments, growing smaller towards the tail. Antennæ two; those of the male thicker and shorter than those of the female. In some species they are wanting. Sometimes one eye, more frequently two, approaching very near to one another. Feelers four, constantly in motion while the animal is swimming; the posterior pair are very small, and bent like hooks.

The insects of this genus live in water; some of them are found in the sea, others in rivers, but most of them in stagnant waters; they have been called monoculi from the circumstance of some of them having but one eye, or two eyes placed so close together as to appear but one. Some of them are viviparous, some oviparous.

§ Body covered with a hard Crust.

† Antennæ none. Polyphemus Mulleri.

oculus. Feelers two, long and divided; tail inflected. 10. A native of Europe. To be found in lakes and marshes from May to September. It swims on its back, frequently in large swarms; eye very black, occupying almost the whole of its head.

†† Antennæ two or four. Cyclopes Mulleri.

§ Antennæ four.

* quadricornis. Tail straight, and divided at the extremity. 6. A native of Europe; in fresh waters. Body grayish or greenish, smooth or covered with hair; legs eight and hairy. Female with an oval bag on each side of the tail, which contain the eggs. The antennæ in the male are much thicker and shorter than in the female; the tail is composed of four articulations; in the female it is furnished with two small spines. When viewed in the microscope they are found to have two eyes placed very close together. They are very frequent even in the purest water, and are often swallowed along with it.

†† Antennæ two.

§ Antennæ linear.

* rubens. Reddish; tail straight and forked. 13. A native of

Europe; in marshes, lakes, and rivulets: it is to be met with throughout the whole year. The antennæ as long as the body; legs eight.

|| Antennæ nearly clavated.

Antennæ stiff; tail bifid. 18. Inhabits, though claviger, rarely, the rivers of Germany; and glides slowly along, alternately on its back, belly, and sides; and sometimes raises itself upright. Upper part of the body white, beneath red; legs eight; tail very small and without articulations.

§§ Antennæ dilated.

Antennæ short; tail furnished with two sharp points. crassicornis. 19. A native of Europe; in marshes. It is very rare. nus. Body composed of five segments; the antennæ swelling from the base to the middle, and becoming sharp towards the extremity.

§§§ The tip of the Antennæ terminating in three points.

Antennæ very small and straight; body without articulations: claws smooth; tail furnished with two bristles. 20. Inhabits salt water.

§§§ Antennæ bent backwards.

Antennæ short; body without articulations, furnished with claws; tail furnished with two bristles. 21. Inhabits salt water.

§§§ Antennæ of the (male) furnished with little hooks.

The bristles of the tail very short. 22. Inhabits brevicornis salt marshes. It very much resembles the M. quadri- cornis; the top of the antennæ in the female larger, and forked at the extremity.

†† Those which have a bivalved Shell.

† Head exposed; two-branched Antennæ; Legs from eight to twelve. Daphnæ Mulleri.

§ Tail bent inwards.

The posterior part of the shell set with sharp points. * pules. 4. It is found everywhere in stagnant waters, and in great abundance. It is a frequent cause of the water assuming the colour of blood. The shell is yellowish; the abdomen, intestines, and ten legs red. The female is three times the size of the male; and produces from eight to twelve green eggs; the back is marked with a large square spot resembling a saddle.

§§ Tail bent downwards.

The shell without prickles; the head furnished with crystalline two short projecting horns. 29. A native of the north nus. of Europe; in lakes and rivers. White and oblong; very transparent; viviparous, and furnished with twelve hairy feet.

§§§ Tail bent backwards.

Tail bent backwards. 5. A native of Europe; in pediculat fresh water.

§§§

scifer. The anterior angles of the shell furnished with a tuft of bristles. 30. A native of Europe; in stagnant waters; transparent, of an oblong oval form; antennæ divided into three, furnished with eight or more hairy legs; the extremity of the tail terminating in two hooks.

†† Head concealed; Antennæ two, and hairy; Legs eight. Cytheræ Mulleri.

turidis. Shell kidney-shaped and downy. 31. A native of Europe; found on various species of fucus and conserua; the extremity of the antennæ terminating in three points; the fore-legs formed like hooks.

|| || Head concealed; Antennæ two, like hairs; Legs four. Cyprides Mulleri.

*conchaceus. Shell oval and downy. 7. Found in clear stagnant waters; the antennæ white or yellowish, and stretched out; swims very swiftly, with ten bristles. It is green, opaque; feet yellowish; abdomen nearly bilobed and orange-coloured, marked in the middle with a black circle. It conceals itself within its shell, and swims on its belly. It resembles a muscle in miniature, is very minute, and seldom exceeds the tenth part of an inch.

††† Those with shells consisting of one valve.

† Legs four; Antennæ two. Amymonæ Mulleri.

*saturus. Shell oval; antennæ obtuse, and extended in a vertical direction. 46. It is frequent in clear fresh water; it is agitated at intervals with a tremulous motion; the shell is flat and membranaceous; antennæ rigid, furnished with three very short bristles at the extremity; the fore-legs thick and bifid; tail terminating abruptly, eight-cleft in the middle. The insect is transparent.

|| || Legs six; Antennæ two. Nauplii Mulleri.

brofleatus. Shell orbicular, and without spines or bristles. 52. It is rare; found in clear fresh water; the shell very transparent; the antennæ resembling legs; the legs terminating in three bristles; the eye not conspicuous.

B. Eyes two. Binoculi.

† Those with shells composed of one valve.

§ Eyes two placed beneath; Antennæ two; Legs four to eight. Arguli Mulleri.

*delphinus. Legs eight. 55. Found in rivers.

§ § Eyes situated on the back; Antennæ two or six; Legs varying in number. Limuli Mulleri.

polyphe-mus. Shell orbicular; future in the middle of the form of a crescent; tail triangular, long and tapering. 1. A native of the Indian seas, particularly in the neighbourhood of the Molucca islands. It is likewise found on the shores of Carolina. It is the largest of all known insects; sometimes it grows to the length of four feet. It is frequently found in pairs, male and female. It is

very rarely found among petrefactions. There are seven spines on the anterior part of the back of the shell: legs 14.

Shell oblong; the future before of the form of a crescent; tail composed of two bristles. 3. A native of Europe; in ditches, ponds, &c.; and though dried in summer, when the water has evaporated, yet they revive when the water returns. This is the largest species to be found in Britain.

§ § § Eyes placed on the sides; Antennæ two, setaceous; Legs eight or ten. Caligi Mulleri.

Body short; tail bifid, and composed of one thin flap. *piscinus. 2. A native of the European seas. Found on flounders, cod-fish, salmon, &c. adhering on the outside between the scales; running swiftly both on the fish and on the water.

†† Those with shells composed of two valves; Head not enclosed within the shell; the Eyes placed on the sides; Antennæ two or four, resembling hairs, and placed beneath; Legs eight and more. Lynceæ Mulleri.

Tail inflected; shell globular. 60. A native of Europe. It is found about the edges of stagnant waters, and among duck-weed. It is very minute; the shell is reddish; antennæ two; legs twelve; tail furnished with a small hook at the extremity and concave beneath; the ovaria green.

66 species of this genus have been described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Jaw terminating abruptly, and furnished with small teeth. Lip bifid. Feelers unequal, the posterior ones being longer than the others. Antennæ setaceous. Body oval. Legs fourteen.

The species of this genus feed on the leaves of plants, on filth, and on the juices of animals; some of them are very injurious to the fruit of wall-trees; they undergo no other change but a change of skin. They are found under stones, in old walls, houses, and woods; some species live in water.

Abdomen covered with two thin plates; the tail setaceous. 1. A native of the European seas. Viviparous; and is very injurious to fishes.

Antennæ four; tail long and sharp. 5. Inhabits the sea. It swims very quickly. It lives on crabs and fishes; the fishermen dislike it very much.

Oval, and of a brownish ash-colour; tail obtuse and entire. 15. A native of Europe; under stones. When touched it rolls itself up into a hard motionless ball; from which circumstance it has received the name of armadillo.

Oval; tail obtuse, furnished with two simple appendages. 14. A native of Europe; in houses, walls, woods, &c. The young are contained in a follicle of four valves on the abdomen of the mother. This species was formerly used in medicine.

38 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ fetaceous. Feelers two, filiform; articulated and connected within the jaws. Lip divided and marked with small projections. Body flattish. Legs very numerous; one on each side of each of the segments of the body.

These insects live in decayed wood, about houses, under stones, and some of them in fresh water. They feed on other insects in every stage of their existence. The larvæ differ but little from the perfect insect, except that they have fewer feet. The pupæ likewise are active, and very much resemble the perfect insect. All the European species are small, but in tropical countries they are to be seen a foot long and an inch and a half in circumference.

* lagura. Twelve legs on each side; body oval; tail furnished with a white tuft of hairs. 1. A native of Europe; in mossy ground.

* forficata. Legs fifteen on each side. 3. A native of Europe and America. Very frequent under stones.

gigantea. Legs seventeen on each side. 4. A native of America.

morfiana. Legs twenty on each side; eyes eight. 5. A native of America and India. Body composed of 22 segments; the antennæ consisting of 20 articulations. It is much dreaded on account of its bite, which is said to be poisonous.

* electrica. Legs 70 on each side; body linear. 8. A native of Europe; in close damp places, and shines in the dark.

phosphorea. Legs 76 on each side. 9. A native of Asia. It shines in the dark like the lampyris; it is said that this insect has dropped from the air into a ship 100 miles from land, in the Indian and Ethiopian seas. Head oval, yellowish, and marked with two grooved lines, and a third transverse line; body filiform, and is about the

thickness of a goose-quill, marked with two parallel yellow lines; antennæ tapering, of a rusty colour, and consisting of 14 articulations.

12 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

Antennæ moniliform. Feelers two, filiform and jointed. Body semicylindrical. Legs very numerous, two on each side of every segment of the body.

The insects of this genus feed on other insects, particularly acari. The larva and pupa have many feet, are active, and resemble the perfect insect.

Legs 20 on each side. 1. A native of the Euro-ovalis, pean seas.

Legs 134 on each side. 9. A native of America. maxima. This is the largest species of the genus. It bites severely, but is not poisonous.

Legs 120 on each side. 5. A native of Europe; *fabulosus in sandy places, and on the hazel.

12 species of this genus have been described in the last edition of the System of Nature.

The following table exhibits the number of species included under each order.

THOUGH the definition of an insect which we have already given from Linnaeus be perfectly correct, (viz. a small animal breathing through pores on its sides, furnished with many feet and moveable antennæ, covered with either a hard crust, or a hairy skin), it may not be improper to mention, more at large, those circumstances which form the line of distinction between insects and other animals.

1. Insects are not furnished with red blood, but instead of it their vessels contain a transparent lymph. This may serve to distinguish them from the superior animals, but it is common to them with many of the inferior; though Cuvier has lately demonstrated the existence of a kind of red blood in some of the vermes.

2. They are destitute of internal bones, but in place of them are furnished with a hard external covering to which the muscles are attached, which serves them both for skin and bones; they are likewise without a spine formed of vertebrae, which is found in all the superior classes of animals.

3. They are furnished with articulated legs, six or more; this circumstance distinguishes them from all other animals destitute of a spine formed of vertebrae.

4. A very great number of insects undergo a metamorphosis: this takes place in all the winged insects.

5. They frequently change their skin in the progress of their growth.

6. A very great number of insects are furnished with jaws placed transversely.

7. The wings, with which a very great number of insects are furnished, distinguish them from all other animals which are not furnished with a spine composed of vertebrae.

8. Insects are oviparous; scorpions and aphides during the summer months are viviparous.

9. Insects have no nostrils.

10. Insects are destitute of voice.

11. They are not furnished with a distinct heart composed of ventricle and auricle.

12. Incubation is not necessary for hatching their eggs.

WHEN we wish to become thoroughly acquainted with natural objects, we must not confine ourselves to an examination of their external appearance and configuration,

General Observations. guration, but ought to examine their internal structure and their component parts; and extend our inquiries to every thing which relates to them. Insects, like all other organized bodies which form the animal and vegetable kingdoms, are composed of fluids and solids.

In the four superior classes of animals, viz. quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and fishes, the bones form the most solid part, and occupy the interior part both of the trunk and limbs; they are surrounded with muscles, ligaments, cellular membrane, and skin. The matter is entirely reversed in the class of insects; the exterior part is most solid, serving at the same time both for skin and bones; it encloses the muscles and internal organs, gives firmness to the whole body, and by means of its articulations, the limbs, and different parts of the body, perform their various motions. In many insects, such as the crab, lobster, &c. the external covering is very hard, and destitute of organization; it is composed of a calcareous phosphate, mixed with a small quantity of gelatine, formed by an exudation from the surface of the body. As its great hardness would check the growth of the animal, nature has provided a remedy; all of these crustaceous insects cast their shell annually. The skin of most of the other insects, though composed likewise of calcareous phosphate, is softer and organized, being formed of a number of thin membranes adhering closely to one another, and putting on the appearance of horn. It owes its greater softness to a larger proportion of gelatine. The muscles of insects consist of fibres formed of fasciculi; there are commonly but two muscles to produce motion in any of their limbs, the one an extensor, the other a flexor. These muscles are commonly attached to a tendon composed of a horny substance, connected to the part which they are destined to put in motion. The articulations of insects are formed in a variety of ways; Cuvier, in his Comparative Anatomy, tom. i. page 445, has given a very minute account of them. Though Linnaeus, and several others following him, have asserted that insects have no brain, yet it is certain that at least a number of the larger kind, as the lobster, crab, &c. have a soft substance similar to brain, from which the optic and other nerves take their rise; besides, when this substance is irritated, the animal is thrown into convulsions; hence we would conclude, that insects have a brain as well as the animals of the four superior classes, though it be smaller in proportion to their body.

In most insects the brain is situated a little above the oesophagus; it divides into two large branches which surround the oesophagus, and unite again under it, from which junction a whitish nervous cord proceeds, corresponding to the spinal marrow of the superior animals, which extends the whole length of the body, forming in its course twelve or thirteen knots or ganglions, from each of which small nerves proceed to different parts of the body. Those who deny that insects have no brain, lay much stress on this circumstance, that many insects are capable of running about after they have been deprived of their heads; the hippoboscia in particular, is frequently instanced, which moves about quite readily, and is even said to copulate after its head has been cut off. The ganglions which are formed in the course of the larger nerves, perform in a great measure the function of the brain, indeed each of these ganglions may be viewed as a subordinate brain; in this way it may be

easily conceived how the various parts which derive their nerves from any one of these ganglions, may be enabled to perform their different functions, after they have been separated from the other parts of the body, and deprived of all connexion with the brain.

Whether insects be endowed with any senses different from those of the superior animals, cannot easily be ascertained, because we are only acquainted with the five which we ourselves enjoy. It appears pretty evident that they possess vision, hearing, smell, and touch; as to the sense of taste we are left to conjecture, for we are acquainted with no facts, by which we can prove that insects enjoy the sense of taste, nor do we know of any by which we can prove that they do not.

The eyes of insects are of two kinds; the one compound, composed of a number of lenses, large, and only two in number; the other are small, smooth, and vary in number from two to eight. The small lenses which form the compound eyes are very numerous; they amount in some insects to many hundreds. LeuwenHOCK has counted 800 of them in the eye of a fly. Pugett says he observed upwards of 17,000 in the eye of a butterfly. The eyes of insects are without eyelids, and are covered externally with a hard smooth substance. Cuvier has given the anatomy of the eye of a dragon-fly. The internal surface of the lenses is covered with a black varnish. Under each of the lenses of which the eye is composed, there is a small nervous fibre, attached to the edge of the black covering which lines the internal surface of each lens by one extremity, and by the other to a membrane which is of the same extent with the cornea, which Cuvier calls the choroide. It is easily detached from the small nervous fibre, and appears to the naked eye, finely radiated with black and white; behind this there is still another membrane composed entirely of medullary substance, which is connected on each side with the hemisphere of the brain.

Whether insects from the compound nature of their eyes see objects multiplied, or enjoy only single vision, cannot be ascertained; were objects to be seen multiplied in proportion to the vast number of lenses of which the eyes of insects are composed, vision would certainly be very confused; and were we to be guided by analogy, we might naturally enough suppose that insects saw objects single with their compound eyes, as we ourselves see objects single with two eyes.

The eyes of insects, according to Swammerdam, do not contain the same humours which are found in the eyes of animals which compose the superior classes. The external membrane which covers the eyes, varies in colour in different insects; in many of the dipterous insects, particularly the gad-fly, it is agreeably variegated.

The far greater number of insects have only two eyes, like the animals of the superior classes; some have three, e. gr. the scelopendra; some four, e. gr. gyrinus; some six, e. gr. scorpions; some eight, e. gr. spiders.

The eyes of insects are commonly immovable; crabs, however, have the power of moving their eyes.

That insects are endowed with the sense of hearing can no longer be disputed, since frog-hoppers, crickets, &c. furnish us with undeniable proofs of the fact. Nature has provided the males of these insects with the means of calling their females, by an instrument fitted to produce a sound, which is heard by the latter. The

male

male and female death-watch give notice of each others presence, by repeatedly striking with their mandibles against old wood in houses, or decayed trees, their favourite haunts. Their ears have been discovered to be placed at the root of their antennæ, and can be distinctly seen in some of the larger kinds, as the loblaster.

That insects enjoy the faculty of smelling, is very evident. It is the most perfect of all their senses. Beetles of various sorts, mitulæ, the different species of dermestes, syphis, fies, &c. perceive at a very considerable distance, the smell of ordure and dead bodies, and resort in swarms to the situations in which they occur, either for the purpose of procuring food or laying their eggs. The common blue flesh-fly, is attracted by the strong smell of the arum dracuntum, which very much resembles that of carrion, and deposits its eggs on it: these flies are likewise deceived, and deposit their eggs on the flowers of the stapelia hirsuta, which has a very cadaverous smell. But, though we can thus easily prove the sense of smell among insects, it is difficult to discover the seat of that particular sense. Several naturalists have supposed that it resides in the antennæ. Dumeril, in a dissertation published in 1799, attempts to prove, that it must be situated about the entrance of the spiracula or respiratory organs, as Baister had previously supposed. Notwithstanding his arguments, Latreille is still disposed to follow the opinion of those who believe the antennæ to be the organs of smell. His reasons for favouring this opinion are:

1. Smell is produced by the action of air, impregnated with odoriferous particles, on the nervous or olfactory membrane, which transmits the sensation.

If insects be endowed with an organ, furnished with similar nerves, capable of receiving impressions from air charged with odoriferous particles, such organ may be regarded as that of smell. Should the antennæ present a tissue of many nerves, what inconvenience can result from supposing that this tissue is capable of transmitting odour? Would not this hypothesis, on the contrary, be more simple, and more consonant to anatomical principles, than that which fixes the seat of smell at the entrance of the spiracula?

2. Many male insects have their antennæ more developed than the females; a fact easily explained, if we admit that these organs are the seat of smell.

3. It is certain that most of those insects which live or deposit their eggs on putrid animal or vegetable matters, stagnant waters, &c. are almost uniformly distinguished by a greater development of the antennæ; such, for example, as the beetle, syphs, leather-eaters, tipulæ, &c. These required a more perfect sense of smell, and are organized accordingly.

4. A great many insects, which are entirely rapacious, have simple antennæ; and those which are characterized by similar manners, and which are sedentary, have none at all; as for instance some of the spiders.

5. Insects discover their habitations and food by the sense of smell. Latreille deprived several insects of their antennæ, and found they instantly fell into a state of stupor or derangement, and seemed to be incapable of recognizing their haunts or their food, though placed close by them. Such experiments deserve to be prosecuted. With this view, were the antennæ of dung beetles to be coated with varnish, and the animals placed near excrement, (their usual food),

a decisive proof would be obtained; for were they readily to find their way to the excrement, it may be fairly inferred that the antennæ were not the organs of smell. Should the reverse take place, an opposite conclusion might naturally be drawn.

6. Nerves terminate the antennæ, the articulations of which, though externally covered with a pretty thick membrane, are hollow, lined within with a soft substance, which is often of a watery consistency, the extremities of which, when exposed to the air, may receive impressions from it.

Some have imagined the antennæ to be the organs of touch; but Latreille contends that such an opinion is by no means supported by facts, and alleges that the shortness of the antennæ in most species, and the way in which most insects carry their antennæ, seem to prove the contrary. He thinks their antennæ ill adapted to become the organs of touch, because they have a hard and scaly covering. He is rather inclined to believe that the sense of touch, at least in certain species, is situated in the paws or extremities of the fore legs. The palpi or feelers in spiders and some other insects, seem to possess the sense of touch in an eminent degree; but many are disposed to consider these palpi rather as the organs of taste. Though we have no direct proof that insects enjoy the sense of taste, yet we may naturally enough suppose that they do, both from analogy, and from the circumstance that most insects prefer some particular kinds of food to all others; many of them will rather die of famine, than eat any other kind of food than that which is peculiar to them. The superior part of the oesophagus has been supposed by some to be the seat of the organ of taste.

Aliment of Insects.

INSECTS feed on a great variety of substances; there are few things either in the vegetable or animal kingdoms which are not consumed by one or other of them. The leaves, flowers, fruit, and even the ligneous parts of vegetables, afford nourishment to a very numerous class; animal bodies both dead and alive, even man himself, is preyed on by many of them; several species of the louse, of acarus, of the gnat, and the common flea, draw their nourishment from the surface of his body; the grigur or chigoe, (pulex ulcerans), penetrates the cuticle, and even enters his flesh. A species of gad-fly (cestrus hominis) deposits its eggs under his skin, where the larvae feed; the pholena pinguinalis frequently finds its way into his stomach, where it sometimes proves a fatal lodger. Other caterpillars insinuate themselves into different cavities of his body. All the interior animals have their peculiar parasitical insects which feed on them during their life.

There are some insects which can feed only on one species. The caterpillars both of moths and butterflies, which feed on the leaves of some particular vegetable, would die without being able to taste any other. There are others which can make use of two or three kinds of vegetables, but which never attain full perfection, except when they are fed on one particular kind; for example, the common silk-worm, which eats readily all the species of mulberry, and even common lettuce, neither attains so great a size, nor produces so much silk, as when fed on the white mulberry. Although that species of coc-

cus which produces the lac, feeds on the ficus religiosa, ficus indica, rhamnus jujuba, and pioia Horti Malabarici; yet the lac collected from the ficus religiosa, is very much superior in quality. That species of coccus which produces the cochineal, if it will at all feed on any other species of vegetables, never affords a dye equal to that which is to be obtained from it when fed on that particular species of cactus called coccinellifera by Linnæus. There are a great many which feed indiscriminately on a variety of vegetables, which from that circumstance receive the title of polyphaga. Almost all herbivorous insects eat a great deal, and very frequently; and most of them perish if deprived of food, for but a short time. Carnivorous insects can live a long while without food, e. g. the carabus, dytiscus, cicindela, spiders, &c. As many insects cannot transport themselves easily in quest of food, to places at a distance from one another, nature has furnished the perfect insects of many species with an instinct, which leads them to deposit their eggs in situations where the larvæ as soon as hatched, may find that kind of food which is best adapted to their nature.

Most of the butterflies, though they flutter about and collect the nectarious juice of a variety of flowers as food for themselves, always deposit their eggs on, or near to those vegetables destined by nature to become the food of their larvæ. The various species of ichneumon deposit their eggs on the bodies of those insects on which their larvæ feed. The strix (tailed wasp), and sphex are likewise careful to deposit their eggs in situations where their larvæ, when hatched, may find subsistence. The ichneumon seductor, after having killed an insect (most commonly a spider) deposits an egg on it, and then shuts it up in a cell which it forms of clay. The sphex figulus likewise deposits its eggs on the body of spiders which it has killed, and encloses it in a cell composed of clay. Some insects, at different periods of their existence, make use of aliment of very different properties: the larvæ of some are carnivorous, while the perfect insect feeds on the nectarious juice of flowers: e. g. strix, ichneumon, &c. The larvæ of most of the lepidopterous insects feed on the leaves and young shoots of vegetables, while the perfect insects either take no food at all, or subsist on the sweet juice which they extract from flowers; indeed the construction of their mouths prevents them from taking any other than fluid food.

The alimentary organs may be divided into four parts. 1. Those of Mastication; 2. Deglutition; 3. Digestion; and, 4. Excretion. The organs of mastication vary considerably in different insects. Amongst those animals, some subsist on solid food; therefore must be furnished with tentacula (or pincers) for its comminution. Others subsist on liquid food; and are furnished with suckers, which vary in form in different insects. Sometimes with a trunk formed of a double sheath twisted in a spiral form, as is to be seen in the butterfly and the sphinx. Sometimes with a sharp stiff beak bent towards the breast; such as in the bug, the frog-hopper, and boat-fly. At other times with a fleshy proboscis ending in two moveable lips, or in a sucker composed of several syphons, inclosed in a sheath consisting of two valves, which is the case in the dipterous insects; such as the common fly, the horse fly, the gnat, &c.

Amongst insects which have jaws, some, such as

those of the orders Coleoptera and Aptera, have these parts hard and composed of a horny substance, and subsist on matters of a considerable degree of tenacity. Those coleopterous insects which have six feelers feed on living insects; and those which have only four, feed on putrid animal or vegetable substances. The other insects furnished with jaws (such as many of the order Hymenoptera), have these parts soft and membranaceous, and consequently subsist on liquid or very succulent food.

There are no salivary glands to be met with in the mouths of insects, but a set of floating vessels secrete a fluid, varying in colour in different insects, very similar to saliva.

The organs of deglutition present nothing very remarkable. The oesophagus is a straight short tube, reaching from a little way under the brain to the first ganglion of the nerves, which perhaps may be considered as the cerebellum of insects. In the insects without jaws, deglutition is performed by a tube composed of annular muscular fibres. The trunk of the butterfly, the proboscis of the common fly, and the beak of hemipterous insects, may be considered as part of the oesophagus projecting beyond the mouth.

The organs of digestion consist of the stomach and intestinal canal. The stomach of insects varies very much according to the nature of the aliment on which they subsist. Sometimes it is single, frequently double, at other times manyfold. The greater number of insects have a single stomach, which is sometimes entirely membranaceous, sometimes muscular, and at other times it is merely the continuation of the oesophagus without any perceptible dilatation. Those insects which have a dilated membranaceous stomach, subsist commonly on the juices of vegetables; such as the bees, which suck the nectar of flowers, the butterflies &c. Their stomachs are almost always dilated, owing to the disengagement of gas from the substances they contain. Those which are furnished with a muscular stomach, such as the bug, the boat-fly, and almost all the hemipterous insects, feed on animal substances. Finally, those which have no dilatation in the oesophagus so as to form an evident stomach, commonly feed on the leaves and roots of vegetables, such as the cock-chaffer and all the beetles. The whole of the alimentary canal in these insects is very long, without any perceptible enlargement. The double stomach is to be found in those coleopterous insects which feed on other live insects, such as the cicindela, carabus, attelabus, &c. all of them are likewise distinguished by six palpi. The first of their two stomachs is muscular, and is a sort of gizzard, the muscles of which are composed of slender fibres. The second is a long membranaceous canal, which appears villous when examined by the microscope; this villosity at first sight may appear singular, but a little attention to the manner in which nutrition goes on in insects, will suggest an explanation of this peculiarity. When we consider that circulation proceeds very slowly, and that the nutritive fluids must be nearly in a state of stagnation, digestion could not proceed without the assistance of absorbent tubes, which may take up these fluids. We may naturally enough suppose this villosity to be nothing else, but a number of absorbent vessels which take up the nutritive part of the circumambient fluid. Those insects which have many stomachs may be called ruminating, because they

have the power of causing the food to return from the stomach to be chewed over again; such as the grasshopper, cricket, &c.

The mole cricket has a long oesophagus terminating in a round membranaceous stomach, which may perhaps be compared to the first stomach of the ruminating animals of the class Mammalia; where the food is accumulated, to be thrown back into the mouth, again to undergo a farther mastication.

A short intestine proceeds from this into a second stomach much less than the former, but muscular and apparently thicker, and furnished with parts which resemble the grinders in the stomach of crabs. They are small laminae, resembling saws, disposed in five longitudinal rows, each composed of from ten to twelve smaller laminae, which perform a sort of peristaltic motion by means of the muscular action of the stomach; and it appears pretty evident that the action of those laminae is exerted on the food contained in the stomach. The other two stomachs are very similar, and placed one opposite to the other at the opening of the intestine which corresponds to the duodenum of the superior animals; they are wrinkled and thicker than the first stomach, but not so thick as the second.

This apparatus is to imbibe some part of the fluid from the aliment.

In the grasshopper the stomachs are similarly arranged. The cricket has to the number of five small and slender stomachs; indeed the two first seem only to be simple dilatations of the oesophagus.

In the cockroach there is only one stomach which is very large, and almost entirely membranaceous; at the extremity of which, there is a number of partial enlargements which may be considered as so many stomachs. The stomachs of the larvæ frequently differ from those of their perfect insects; viz. the alimentary canal of the caterpillar differs very much from that of the butterfly; and the intestinal canal of the grub differs widely from that of the beetle.

The oesophagus of the grub of the scarabæus nasicornis dilates suddenly, forming a cylindrical stomach which is furnished with three ranges of cæcum, which have their extremities simple and loose. The intestine proceeds in a straight line from the stomach; then having formed a doubling, becomes larger, and puts on the appearance of a colon, four times the length of the stomach; on which is to be perceived two tendinous lines. At the extremity of the colon there is a considerable dilatation; beyond which it becomes slender, and forms the rectum. The intestinal canal of the scarabæus melolontha, or cock-chaffer, is almost exactly similar; but nothing analogous to this structure is observable in the perfect insect. The intestines of the scarabæus melolontha, and sc. nasicornis are very long, very much contorted, and equal throughout their whole length.

The larva of the hyarophilus has a very evident stomach, and a very short intestine. In the perfect insect the intestine is long, without any visible enlargement or stomach, which may be accounted for, perhaps in this way; the larvæ subsist on animal food, while the perfect insects feed on vegetables. The examples we have just given are striking. It may be remarked, that whenever the larvæ and the perfect insect subsist on the same kind of food, the difference in structure is less remark-

able; only the intestinal canal is longer in the perfect insect.

The anus or the posterior orifice of the intestinal canal, not only affords a passage for the excrement, but encloses the extremities of the parts of generation. There are neither kidneys, bladder of urine, pancreas, nor any of the conglomerated glands observable in animals of the superior classes, to be found in insects.

Instead of the liver, there is a number of small floating filaments which surround the intestinal canal for almost two-thirds of its length. There is a great quantity of fat in many insects, particularly in those which spend a considerable portion of their lives in a torpid state. It is contained in loose membranes that fill up the intervals between the bronchiæ. This fat in caterpillars is very white, and both in taste and consistency very much resembles that of other animals. The quantity is so considerable in some insects as to equal one-third of the bulk of the body. All the insects which undergo a metamorphosis, are abundantly supplied with this fat; without it, indeed they seem unable to go through their destined changes; for it has been observed, that those caterpillars which have been fed on by the larvæ of the various species of ichneumon, though they may survive the ravages of these parasitical insects till they are changed into pupæ, commonly die before they become perfect insects.

The Respiration of Insects.

RESPIRATION is the act of inhaling and exhaling the air into, and out of the lungs. Quadrupeds, birds, and most of the amphibia, breathe through the mouth and nostrils. The air when received into the lungs is mixed with the blood, and imparts to it something necessary, and carries off something noxious.

Some authors have asserted that insects have no lungs. But late experiments and observations show, that no species wants them, or at least something similar to them; and in many insects they are larger in proportion to their bodies than in other animals. In most of them they lie at or near to the surface of the body, and send out lateral pores or tracheæ. The respiration of insects has attracted the attention of many naturalists, particularly Swammerdam, Malpighi, Reaumur, Lyonnnet, Mûschenbroeck, Degeer, Bonnet, Vauquelin, &c.

From their observations it may be inferred,

1. 1. That insects do not breathe through the mouth or nostrils.
2. 2. That there are a number of vessels for the reception of air placed along on each side of the body, which are commonly called spiracula, which are subdivided into a number of smaller vessels or bronchiæ.
3. 3. That the vessels or tracheæ which proceed from the pores on the sides, are not composed of a simple membrane, but are tubes formed of circular rugæ.
4. 4. That the spiracula are distinguishable, and are covered with a small scaly plate, with an opening in the middle like a button hole, which is furnished with membranes, or threads, to prevent the admission of extraneous bodies.

Reaumur is of opinion that the air enters by the spiracula into the tracheæ and bronchiæ; and is expired through small pores on the skin, without returning by the same way through which it entered. Were this

this the case, the respiration of insects would differ from that of other animals. Degeer seems to entertain the same opinion with Reaumur, from the account he has given of the manner in which caterpillars breathe; but thinks that inspiration and expiration through the spiracula and bronchia take place in the pupa. Lyonnet is not of the same opinion with Degeer, on account of an experiment made on the pupa of the sphinx. He supposes that this pupa lives for a certain time without respiration, and that the two anterior spiracula, which are the largest, and enclose the posterior ones, only serve the purpose of allowing the superabundant moisture to exhale, and to permit the external air to enter in its stead. Some experiments of Muschenbroeck seem to confirm the opinion of Lyonnet with regard to the pupa.

Perhaps nature, with that foresight which is observable in all her works, has taken care to form the pupa so as to require but a small quantity of air, and may have included in its body every thing necessary to enable it to undergo the change of its condition. The pupa of most insects is certainly very torpid, and little capable of receiving external impressions. The experiments of Malpighi and Reaumur have established the fact that insects must respire. Oil applied to the spiracula causes these animals to fall into convulsions, induces a general or partial paralysis, or causes their death.

Vauquelin, the celebrated chemist, has made several experiments on the respiration of the green grasshopper. The male of this insect being put into six cubic inches of oxygen gas (the purity of which was ascertained), lived eighteen hours. The oxygen gas was changed into carbonic acid gas; it rendered lime water turbid, but did not extinguish a lighted candle; after the carbonic acid had been absorbed by means of fixed alkali, the combustion of the candle was more vivid than in common air. He found that the insect respired fifty or sixty times in a minute; but when put into oxygen, its respiration became about twelve times more frequent, being interrupted at last almost continually, because it was on the point of undergoing asphyxia. The air in which the insect had died, being washed with alkali, underwent a diminution of five per cent. and the vapour of ammonia could not again revive the insect.

A female insect being put into eighteen cubic inches of common air, lived thirty-six hours; its respiration was not altered as to frequency; the bulk of the air was not diminished at the death of the animal, but it extinguished a candle even after it had been washed in lime water; this is a new proof that oxygen is necessary to the life of insects; and when the atmospheric air contains but little of it, that insects would soon die.

This female grasshopper, being placed in sulphurated hydrogen gas, was seized with asphyxia instantly, and could be revived by no stimulus. These experiments not only prove that insects respire, and that oxygen is that part of the air which is necessary to their existence, but that carbonic acid or azote is fatal to them. The spiracula are neither of the same form, nor similarly situated in every insect; the larvae of the common fly have several of these organs placed at the posterior extremity of their bodies; they are most frequently fix.

ALL the animals of the two first classes have a double circulation; their hearts consist of two distinct auricles and ventricles. The heart in the amphibians has two distinct auricles without any communication; and under these there is the appearance of two ventricles similar in shape to those of the former class; but they may be considered as one cavity; for the ventricle sends out not only the pulmonary artery, but likewise the aorta; for there is a passage in the septum, by which the ventricles communicate freely, allowing the blood to pass from the left into the right one.

The heart of fishes has but one auricle and one ventricle, and one great artery which conveys the blood to the gills. The circulation in insects differs considerably from that of the superior animals. In the lobster, and others of the larger insects, when a piece of the shell is broken, the pulsation of the heart is seen distinctly, and that sometimes for several hours after it has been laid bare. A long delicate vessel runs along the back parallel to the intestines of many insects, particularly caterpillars, in which an alternate contraction and dilatation is perceptible. The heart, or principal artery which performs the function of the heart, seems to be composed of a great number of small hearts, connected together, which transmit the blood from one to another. But when this vessel is injected it becomes continuous, and the small hearts disappear. In the caterpillar the pulsation begins at the posterior part, and proceeds from one segment to another, till it arrives at the head. Reaumur has alleged, that the pulsation of this artery changes its direction in the pupa, and that the blood is propelled from the head towards the tail: he says this may be plainly observed in a pupa newly stripped.

Lyonnet denies the accuracy of Reaumur's observations; and says that he found a species of caterpillar, the pupa of which is very transparent, in which the longitudinal artery was to be seen very distinctly; having examined it carefully, a few days after its change, he ascertained that the motion of the artery had not at all changed its direction, and that it still continued to move from the tail towards the head as in the caterpillar. Further observations can alone determine which of these two opinions is the most correct. One anatomist has lately asserted that the dorsal canal observable in insects, serves the purpose of respiration. Cuvier has proved, that the conglomerate glands which are to be met with in all the animals that have a heart, do not exist in insects; but instead of them, that they are furnished with very long slender vessels which float in the internal cavities of the body, without being even connected into fasciculi; from this circumstance Cuvier is disposed to believe that insects have no heart. It is by means of these fine tubes that the different fluids are secreted, which are peculiar to various kinds of insects. Some insects discharge an acrid and fetid fluid, others discharge an oil of a very pleasant smell.

The bee, the wasp, the sphex, the crysis, have two vessels situated at the bottom of their sting, which contain a very acrid fluid, secreted from the mass of blood, which the animal discharges at pleasure through a perforation in the sting; it is this fluid which causes the

pain, inflammation, and swelling, which follow a wound inflicted by these insects.

In the scorpion, there is a fluid of a very malignant nature, which the animal discharges at pleasure through its sting; under certain circumstances, this fluid produces fatal effects. Some of the spiders discharge a fluid, which renders their bite dangerous. The aranea avicularia, and the tarantula, in particular, are well known; even the common spiders inflict a fatal wound on the insects they entangle in their web. The silk of the common silk-worm and other caterpillars, according to Malpighi, Lyonnet, and others, is a fluid contained in two vessels, which are of a considerable size at the extremity, and taper towards the mouth, and become very slender.

The carabus and dytiscus contain an acid which reddens the infusion of litmus. The ant contains an acid well known to chemists.

The acrid matter contained in the body of the lytta vesicatoria, is used in medicine, and forms the best epispastic we are acquainted with.

Generation of Insects.

INSECTS are the only animals without vertebrae in which the sexes are distinguished. Copulation is performed in them by the introduction of the parts of generation of the male into those of the female.

All insects are either male or female, except in a few of the genera of the order Hymenoptera, (such as the bee, ant, &c.) where individuals are to be found, which are neither male nor female; and, on that account called neuters. Among the bees, the neuters form the far greater part of the community, and perform the office of labourers. Among the ants, the neuters are very numerous, and constitute the only active members of the society. It has been alleged that these neuters are nothing but females, whose parts have not been developed for want of proper nourishment. Olivier, however, after strict examination, is disposed to think them really different, though he does not adduce facts sufficient to establish his opinion.

The parts which distinguish the male from the female, may be divided into two classes, viz. 1. Those which are not directly connected with generation. 2. Those which are absolutely necessary for the purposes of generation. The circumstances which have no direct communication with generation, which serve to point out the distinction between the sexes, are, 1. The difference of size, observable in the male and female. 2. The brightness of the colour in each. 3. The form and number of articulations of the antennæ. 4. The size and form of their wings. 5. The presence or absence of a sting. The male is always smaller than the female. The female ant is nearly six times larger than the male. The female cochineal is from 12 to 15 times the size of the male. The female termes is 200 or 300 times the size of the male. The colours of the male are commonly much more brilliant than those of the female; this is particularly the case in lepidopterous insects. In some insects, the colour of the male is totally different from that of the female. The antennæ of the male are commonly of a different form, and larger than those of the female. Frequently the males are furnished with wings, while the females have none; the

lampyris, coccus, and blatta, and several moths, afford an example of this. The female bee is furnished with a sting, while the male is destitute of one. The males of some insects are furnished with sharp prominent points, resembling horns, situated either on the head or breast, which are either not perceptible, or very faintly marked in the female. The parts essential to generation afford the best distinguishing mark. In most insects they are situated near the extremity of the rectum. By pressing the abdomen near to the anus they may frequently be made to protrude. But the parts of generation are not always situated near the anus. In the spiders they are situated in the feelers. In the libellula, the male organ is situated in the breast, while that of the female is placed at the anus.

Organs of Generation.

In male insects, the organs which serve for the preparation of the semen, bear some resemblance to those organs in the animals which compose the class Mammalia. All of them have four organs, two of which may be compared to the testicles, and the other two to the vesiculæ seminales. They vary very much in form in different species. During the period the male is usually employed in impregnating the female, these parts are very distinct; after that, they disappear totally. In the larger aquatic insects, (particularly in the hydrophilus) besides these four organs already mentioned, there are other two small vesicles which may be compared to the prostate gland of the superior animals. The vasa deferentia in the hydrophilus are somewhat reflected, its testicles are very large, and terminate in a very slender folded filament. In the grasshopper, these four organs are likewise found, but the vesiculæ seminales are of a compound nature; the testicles have a good deal the appearance of those of the mammalia.

They are of an oval form, and are fixed to the inside of the back, their convex surface is covered with several tubes of a bright golden colour. After these yellow tubes have been removed, the testicles are easily unfolded; like all the other secretory organs of insects, they seem to be nothing but a collection of convoluted vessels. The vesiculæ seminales, which are attached to the testicles, are formed into clusters. In the season of copulation, they increase in bulk so much as nearly to occupy three-fourths of the abdomen; they are full of a limpid fluid, which is the semen.

The vasa deferentia, which in most insects are very short, in the blatta mucronata are of a considerable length, and form several convolutions before they arrive at the penis.

The penis, in insects, is either single or double. Those which have a single penis, have it placed at the posterior extremity of the abdomen; in the libellula, however, it is placed at the anterior part: it is membranaceous externally; internally it is composed of a substance analogous to the corpus cavernosum of other animals; its form is either cylindrical or conical; it is furnished with two scales, one on each side, which form a sort of wedge; this wedge being introduced into the vagina of the female, and the scales being separated by means of particular muscles, which are situated at their base, open the vagina, and make way for the introduction of the penis.

General Observations. penis. This singular construction is perhaps owing to the want of a proper erection.

Insects which have a double penis (such as the spider) have this organ placed at the extremity of the feelers of the lower jaw; these feelers are large in the male. During copulation, they are introduced into two vaginae situated in the anterior part of the abdomen of the female. In these insects, the two small scales are likewise to be found, which serve to open the vagina of the female.

The female is furnished with two ovaria; they are long tubular canals, in which the eggs are arranged like a string of beads. The eggs which are situated next the opening into the oviduct, are largest, and they diminish gradually as they recede from it, till they disappear altogether. The tubular canals unite, and terminate in a common canal, which communicates with an oblong cavity, analogous to the uterus. It is in this cavity, that the semen of the male is deposited. Malpighi asserts, that the fluid penetrates into the oviduct, by means of a canal of communication, and that the eggs are fecundated the instant they pass the mouth of this canal, as they proceed towards the external orifice of the uterus.

In viviparous insects, such as the hippopotamus, scorpion, &c. the ovaria are different. Sometimes the little animals are arranged in clusters; at other times they compose a spiral cord, the length of which corresponds to the number and size of the fetus.

Copulation is not performed exactly in the same way by all insects. In most of the species, the male mounts on the back of the female; but the spiders, dragon-flies, and some others, have a mode of performing copulation peculiar to themselves. After copulation, they soon begin to lay their eggs. Some deposit their eggs gradually, one after another; others discharge them all at once, for example, the ephemera, the very short duration of whose existence renders this necessary. But the far greater number of insects lay them one by one. There are some which lay a considerable number at the same time. The large blue flesh-fly (musca carnaria) when it finds carrion in a proper state for the reception of its eggs, deposits a good number of them at once in the same place; but when it does not find a proper situation in which to deposit its eggs, it can refrain for some time, till it find a proper place and opportunity. There are some insects that do not lay their eggs till a very long time after copulation; bees, wasps, &c. are impregnated before winter, but do not lay their eggs till spring.

Eggs of Insects.

THE eggs of insects are of two sorts; the first membranaceous, like the eggs of the tortoise, and the other reptiles; the other covered with a shell like those of the birds; their figure varies exceedingly; some are round, some elliptical, some lenticular, some cylindrical, some pyramidal, some flat, some square, but the round and oval are the most common. The eggs of insects seldom increase in size, from the time they have been deposited by the parent till they are hatched. Those of the tenthredo, however, and of some others, are observed to increase in bulk.

At first there is nothing to be perceived in the eggs of insects but a watery fluid; after some little time an obscure point is observable in the centre; which, ac-

cording to Swammerdam, is not the insect itself, but only its head, which first acquires consistency and colour. And the same author alleges, that insects do not increase in bulk in the egg, but that their parts only acquire shape and consistency. Under the shell of the egg there is a thin and very delicate pellicle, in which the insect is enveloped, which may be compared to the chorion and amnion which surround the fetus in quadrupeds. The little insect remains in the egg till the fluids are dissipated, and till its limbs have acquired strength to break the egg, and make its escape. The different species of insects remain inclosed in the egg for very different periods. Some continue enclosed only a few days, others remain for several months. The eggs of many insects remain without being hatched during the whole winter; and the young insects do not come forth from them till the season at which the leaves of the vegetables on which they feed begin to expand. When the insects are ready to break their prison, they commonly attempt to pierce the shell with their teeth, and form a circular hole, through which they put forth first one leg, and then another, till they extricate themselves entirely.

Number of Insects.

INSECTS are by far the most numerous class of animals. About eleven thousand species have been described by Gmelin in the last edition of the System of Nature. A great many more have been described by other naturalists since the publication of that work, and a very considerable number are to be met with in the cabinets of the curious, which have not as yet been described by any author.

In those parts of the world which we are best acquainted with, we may easily suppose that many species of insects exist which have hitherto escaped notice. The minuteness of some insects makes them easily overlooked; the agility of others renders the catching of them difficult. The retired situations which many of them haunt favour their concealment. In the unexplored parts of America, Africa, and Asia, many hundred species must exist utterly unknown to naturalists. All these circumstances render it very probable that not one half of the insects which exist in the world have hitherto been described.

Utility of Insects.

INSECTS afford nourishment to a great number of the superior animals; many of the fishes, reptiles, and birds, draw the principal part of their sustenance from that source. The immense swarms of different species of crab which abound in every sea, directly or indirectly form the principal part of the food of the cod, haddock, herring, and a great variety of fishes. The snake, lizard, frog, and many other reptiles, feed both on land and aquatic insects. Gallinaceous fowls, and many of the small birds, &c. feed on insects. Swallows, indeed, feed entirely on winged insects. They afford food likewise to many of the mammalia, viz. to many species of the bat, to the ant-eater, &c. and even to man himself. Many species of crab, viz. lobster, common crab, shrimp, prawn, landcrab, &c. are reckoned delicacies. The larvae of some coleopterous insects and locusts form part of the food of man.

Insects likewise, by consuming decayed animal and vegetable

vegetable matter, which if left to undergo the putrefactive process, on the surface of the ground, might taint the atmosphere with pestilential vapours, preserve the air pure for the respiration of man and other animals.

Preservation of Insects in Cabinets.

In collecting insects, both male and female ought if possible to be procured; and the time of the year when they are taken ought to be noted. Specimens with injured wings or antennæ must be rejected.

For collecting insects in their perfect state, a sort of forceps are made use of, which have their extremities covered with gauze. Besides these the entomologist, in his walks, should be furnished with a pincushion, stored with pins of various sizes, and a tin box lined with cork, of a convenient size for the pocket, in which the insects when caught are to be placed; the lepidopterous insects being first carefully killed by squeezing their thorax, lest their fluttering should injure their wings. Coleopterous insects are most expeditiously killed by being immersed in boiling water; and those who prefer this method may carry them home without injury in common pillboxes. Most insects are killed with a few drops of spirit of turpentine; the lepidoptera and hymenoptera may easily be killed by being stuck through with a pin dipped in aqua fortis. When the insects are killed they are to be transfixed with pins, their wings, antennæ, and feet spread out and kept displayed. In some of the lepidoptera, two specimens should be preserved; the wings in the one displayed, and in the other placed as much as possible in their natural position.

Insects may likewise be collected by breeding them from their larvæ; and this, when it is convenient, is by

far the best method for procuring fine specimens; it is chiefly practised with the lepidopterous kinds. When the caterpillars are taken, they are to be fed on the leaves of the plant or tree on which they were found, and kept in a box with some moist earth at the bottom; they will afterwards turn into a chrysalis, either by going into the earth, by spinning a web and enclosing themselves in it, or by changing into a pupa obsculta, according to their kinds. Having continued in this state their appointed time, the perfect insect will come forth, and must then be killed before it has injured its wings by flying.

Lepidopterous insects are likewise to be collected in their pupa state, by seeking for them under the projections of garden walls, pales, and out-houses, summer-houses, &c. or by digging for them in the winter months under the trees they feed on. When thus dug up, they are to be put into a box with moist earth, and kept till they come out.

When the insects are prepared in this manner, they are to be placed in the cabinet, which may consist of boxes or drawers deep enough to hold a long pin, and lined on the bottom with cork, or with wax; the insects of each order in drawers by themselves; and the different genera close together. The generic and trivial name of each insect is to be written on a piece of paper, fixed to the bottom by the same pin which supports the insect. The drawers must be made to shut very close, so as to exclude the dust and minute insects; some cover them with glass. A little camphor in each drawer is likewise useful.

Insects of the aptera order, such as spiders, scolopendra, juli, &c. are best preserved in some kind of spirits. The onisci and cancri may be preserved like beetles.

HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY.

THOUGH the attention of man must have been attracted by the vegetables and animals with which he found himself surrounded, and by the earth and minerals on which he trod, even at the very earliest periods of human society, yet a very considerable time must have elapsed before any attempts were made at arrangement or classification. Aristotle was the first (as far as we know) who deserved the name of natural historian; his arrangement of animals was the only one followed for many centuries. He divided all animals into viviparous and oviparous; the first contained quadrupeds, the second birds, fishes, and insects. Under insects were comprehended all small animals whose bodies were divided into segments. This definition of insects was followed by all natural historians down to the time of Linnaeus.

Theophrastus, the disciple of Aristotle, the only other person among the ancient Greeks who deserves the name of natural historian, bestowed the most of his attention on vegetables and minerals. Pliny has given us an account of all that was known in natural history down to his own times. Though he has mentioned many insects, owing to his want of method little is to be learnt from him respecting entomology. Dioscorides, who was nearly cotemporary with Pliny, has confined him-

self chiefly to natural history connected with medicine. He has given an enumeration of all the natural bodies which entered into the materia medica. On the revival of learning in Europe, writers on natural history seemed to have confined themselves to writing commentaries on the ancients; and nothing was done in entomology till the times of Gesner, who was the greatest naturalist the world had seen from the time of Aristotle, and who was the first who made a collection of the objects of natural history, and formed a museum. He was born in Zurich in 1516, and died in 1565. Aldrovandus lived nearly about the same time with Gesner, and, like him, formed a museum which served for the foundation of the public museum at Bologna, where many specimens may be still seen marked with the venerable hand of the first collector. Gesner formed his zoology on the principles of Aristotle: his history of animals is very voluminous. Aldrovandus made a collection of all that had been written on natural history before his own time, without discriminating truth from fiction. He has given a methodical arrangement of insects in the seventh book of his large work published in 1602. He followed nearly the same arrangement with Gesner. Gesner, in conjunction with some other natural historians, wrote a treatise on insects, which was published by Mousset,

History. Mouffet, an English physician. About this time our countryman, the illustrious Harvey, ventured to controvert Aristotle's erroneous opinion with respect to equivocal generation. Though his aphorism, omnia ex ovo, at first met with great opposition, it was at last established by his own experiments and those of Rhedi and Malpighi. From this period the writers on entomology have been numerous; we shall content ourselves here with giving little more than an enumeration of the principal works on the subject.

Agricola, in a work entitled de Animantibus Subterraneis, published in 1549, has given a methodical arrangement of insects: he divides them into, 1. Creeping insects; 2. Flying insects; and 3. Swimming insects. After giving this arrangement, he proceeds to give an account of each species.

A work entitled Theatrum Insectorum Thomæ Mouffeti opera concinnatum, Lond. 1634, the joint labour of several of the most eminent natural historians who lived about the middle of the sixteenth century, though not published till 1734, about 30 years after the death of Mouffet, by whose care the work had been abridged, and prepared to meet the public eye, is the next worthy of notice. It is divided into two books; the first treats of winged insects; the second of insects without wings: these two grand divisions are subdivided into several families characterized by the number and position of the legs. There is but little method displayed in the arrangement of the insects which compose the different families.

Aldrovandus divides insects into terrestria et aquatica (land insects, and aquatic insects). The different orders and subdivisions of these two classes, are for the most part determined by the number, nature, and position of their wings and legs. He calls his first order Favifica, (those which form combs). As to the rest, according to his own declaration, he follows Aristotle.

Wolfgang Frenzius, in his Historia Animalium sacra, published in 1612, has divided insects into three classes, viz. 1. Aeria, (such as fly); 2. Aquatica, (such as inhabit the water); 3. Terrea et Reptentia, (such as creep about, or are lodged in the earth). His descriptions are much more accurate than those of any of the authors who preceded him.

John Johnston has borrowed freely from his predecessors, in his Historia Naturalis Insectorum, published in 1653. He divides insects into terrestria and aquatica, (into land and aquatic insects): the land insects he divides into three orders; 1. Such as have wings and legs; 2. Such as have legs without wings; and 3. Such as have neither wings nor legs. These three orders occupy his three first books; his fourth contains aquatic insects.

Walter Charlton follows the system of Aldrovandus in his Onomasticon Zoicon, published in 1668.

Jo. Goodart published Metamorphosis et Historia Naturalis de Insectis, 8vo. Mediol. 1667.

Likewise in 1675, a work of his appeared, de Insectis in Methodum reducitur, opera Mart. Lyster. Ebor. In this work insects are divided into ten families: the 1st includes butterflies with erect wings; 2d, Butterflies with horizontal wings; 3d, Butterflies with deflected wings; 4th, Libellulæ, (dragon-flies); 5th, Apes, (bees); 6th, Coleopterous insects; 7th, Locusts, and grasshoppers; 8th, Flies corresponding to the order

diptera of Linnaeus; 9th, Millepedes; and 10th, Spiders. This work is full of typographical errors and mistakes in natural history.

The discovery of the microscope in 1618, tended greatly to the advancement of entomology, as by means of it the most minute parts of insects could be viewed, and their organization examined. Naturalists were much engaged in making microscopic discoveries, particularly Borel, Rhedi, Swammerdam, Bonanni, Bonomo, Leeuwenhoek and Joblot.

John Swammerdam, in his Biblia Naturæ, published in 1669, has divided insects into four classes.

John Ray published his Historia Insectorum. Lond. 1710. This work was properly the joint production of J. Ray and Francis Willoughby. These illustrious friends laboured together with uncommon ardour in the study of nature. Death carried off Willoughby in the prime of life, before he had properly digested what the industry of his early years had collected; and his labours would have been lost to the world, and his name might have sunk in oblivion, but for the friendship of Ray. So close was the intercourse between these two naturalists, and so intimately were their labours blended together, that it is not easy to assign each his due share of merit. Indeed Ray has been so partial to the fame of his departed friend, and has cherished his memory with such affectionate care, that we are in danger of attributing too much to Mr Willoughby, and too little to himself. Though what Dr Derham asserts be not correct, that Mr Willoughby had taken the animal kingdom for his task, and Mr Ray the vegetable one, yet it is generally agreed, that the Historia Insectorum is principally to be ascribed to Willoughby. In that work insects are divided into Transmutabilia et Intransmutabilia, (those which undergo a metamorphosis, and those which undergo none). These two grand divisions are subdivided into several orders, which are ascertained by the number of their legs, or total want of legs; by the places which they inhabit; by their size; by the configuration of the various parts of the body; by the smell which they diffuse, &c. The transmutabilia are divided into four orders. 1. Vaginipennes, (those which have their wings covered with a sheath). 2. Papiliones, (lepidopterous insects). 3. Quadripennes, (those which have four wings); and 4. Bipennes, (those which have two). The papiliones, quadripennes, and bipennes are again subdivided into families, the characters of which are taken, either from the appearance and conformation of their larvæ, or from the form, colour and different properties of the perfect insect.

Eleazar Albin published a natural history of English insects in 1720. He likewise published the Natural History of Spiders in 1736.

Antony Valisnieri, in his work entitled Esperienze e Osservazioni intorno agli Insetti, published in 1730, has divided insects into four orders, according to the situation in which they pass their lives.

Mary Sybelle Merian, published in 1730, Histoire d'Insectes d'Europe et de Surinam. She likewise published in 1705, Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium ad vivum picta et descripta; and in 1717, Erucarum Ortus.

George Bernard Rhump published in 1705, and again in 1741, a work entitled Amboinische Ravitaukament.

Hans Sloane, in the years 1707 and 1725, published a Voyage to the Islands of Madeira, Barbadoes, Nevis, Saint Christophers and Jamaica.

Henry Ruifch in 1710 and 1718 published Theatrum Universale omnium Animalium.

J. Petiver published in 1715 his Icones et Nomina Aquatilium Animalium Ambonae.

Richard Bradley published in 1721 his Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature.

Linnaeus, the most celebrated natural historian the world ever produced, in his first edition of the Systema Naturae, published in 1735, divided insects into four orders, from the number and different appearances of their wings; 1. Coleoptera; 2. Angioptera; 3. Hemiptera; and 4. Aptera. This was but an imperfect sketch, a first essay. In the subsequent editions of the Systema Naturae which he published, to the number of twelve, he completed the arrangement of insects, of which we need say nothing here, as we have followed it in preference to all others; and most authors who have written on the subject for more than half a century past have either followed it closely, or with very slight alterations. His extensive genius embraced all the three kingdoms of nature. In botany and entomology in particular he far excels all who went before him, and as yet remains unrivalled. Writers on entomology became so numerous after Linnaeus had published his Systema Naturae, and established entomology on a solid foundation, that a mere enumeration of their names and titles of their books would occupy more room than we can afford to bestow on this article; we shall therefore only notice a few of the most remarkable.

Charles Degeer, in his Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes, in 1752, has arranged insects into fourteen orders, distinguished by the different appearances of the various parts which compose their bodies, particularly the elytra, wings, and most remarkable parts of the head. He published again in 1778.

M. de Reaumur published his Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes at Paris in 1737. No one has paid so much attention to the habits of insects, and to every thing that concerns them, as Reaumur. He ought to be read by every student of entomology.

John Retzius, has simplified the arrangement of Degeer, in a small work entitled Genera et Species Insectorum. But although in this arrangement he has followed the method of Degeer, the terms he has made use of are principally those of Linnaeus. His 14 orders are, 1. Lepidoptera. 2. Alingua. 3. Neuroptera. 4. Hymenoptera. 5. Siphonata. 6. Dermaptera. 7. Hemiptera. 8. Coleoptera. 9. Histerata. 10. Proboscidea. 11. Suctoria. 12. Auchenata. 13. Atractelia. 14. Crustacea.

M. Geoffroy, in his Histoire Abrégée des Insectes, published at Paris in 1762, has divided insects into six orders; Coleopteres, Hemipteres, Tetrapteres ailes farineuses, Tetrapteres ailes nues, Dipteres, and Apteres. He determined his families by the number of the articulations of the feet, and his genera by characters drawn from all the parts of the body. He has formed a great number of new genera.

John Antony Scopoli, in his Entomologia Carniolica, published in 1763, has followed the arrangement of Linnaeus, and only changes the names of some of the orders; e. g. Proboscidea, instead of Hemiptera; Acu-

leata, instead of Hymenoptera; Halterata, instead of Diptera; and Pedestria, instead of Aptera.

J. C. Schæffer published in 1766, Elementa Entomologica, 135 tabulae ære excussæ; he follows in many points the method of Linnaeus. He divides insects into seven classes. 1. Coleoptero-macroptera. 2. Coleoptero-microptera. 3. Hemiptera. 4. Hymeno-lepidoptera. 5. Hymeno-gymnoptera. 6. Diptera; and 7. Aptera. His first and second classes correspond with the Coleoptera of Linnaeus; the fourth with the Lepidoptera, and the fifth with the Hymenoptera.

John C. Fabricius is the founder of a new system of Entomology, which he published in his Systema Naturae 1775. He discriminates his orders and genera, by the parts of the mouth, (instrumenta cibaria). He afterwards published Species Insectorum, Entomologia Systematica, and Mantissa Insectorum.

The arrangement of Fabricius has acquired great reputation, especially on the continent. It may not therefore be amiss to give a slight view of it. He divides insects into eight classes.

• Class I. ELEUTHERATA. Mouth armed with jaws, and four or six feelers. The jaws naked and free.
• Class II. ULANATA. The jaws covered with an obtuse helmet.
• Class III. SYNISTATA. The jaws united with the lip.
• Class IV. AGONATA. The under jaw wanting.
• Class V. UNOGATA. Mouth armed with jaws and two feelers; the under jaw generally furnished with a small unguis or nail.
• Class VI. GLOSSATA. Mouth furnished with feelers, and a spiral tongue.
• Class VII. RHYNGOTA. Mouth furnished with a snout, and an articulated sheath.
• Class VIII. ANTHIATA. Mouth furnished with a haustellum and a sheath not articulated.

In a supplement to his Entomologia Systematica, he has divided insects into thirteen orders. 1. Eleutherata. 2. Ulanata. 3. Synistata. 4. Piczata. 5. Odorata. 6. Mitofata. 7. Unogata. 8. Polygonata. 9. Klei-stagnatha. 10. Exochmata. 11. Glossata. 12. Rhyn-gota. 13. Anthiata. He has lately published a work entitled Systema Eleutheratorum, no more than two volumes of which have as yet made their appearance.

Moses Harris published an Exposition of English Insects, &c. with coloured plates, 1776.

Jo. Christ. published Philosophia Entomologica systema scientia fundamenta, &c. Hamb. 1778, 8vo.

Archiv. der Insekten-geschichte herausgege. von Joh. Casp. Fuesly. Zurich, 1781.

Fr. Paulla, v. Schrank; Enumeratio Insectorum Austrie indigenorum. Aug. Vindel. 1781.

P. Sim. Pallas; Icones Insectorum. Hamb. 1781.

A. W. Knock; Beytraege zur Insekten-geschichte, 1781.

James Barbut published the Genera Insectorum of Linnaeus, exemplified by various specimens of English insects drawn from nature. Lond. 1781.

John Nepomuk de Laichartig, has divided insects into ten orders, characterized by the configuration of various parts of the body. He adheres pretty closely to the

ENTOMOLOGY.

Fig. 8. PLATE CCIII.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Order I. Coleoptera.

Fig. 16. Scarabaeus Hercules.
Hercules Beetle.

Fig. 17. Pinus Tatidicus.
Magnified.

Fig. 18. Buprestis Guttata.
Spotted Cow-burner.

Fig. 19. Carabus Vulgaris.
Common Carabus.

Fig. 19. Carabus Coriaceus.
Shagreen Carabus.

Fig. 17. Pinus Tatidicus.
Death-watch.

Krebskold sculp.

PL. 14. 14. 14.

PL. 14. 14. 14.

PL. 14. 14. 14.

ENTOMOLOGY.

Order II. Hemiptera.

Fig. 20. Mantis Bispinosa.

PLATE CCIV.
Fig. 26. Mantis Sicofolia.
the Walking Leaf.

Fig. 21. Tuljera Lanternaria.
Great Fire Fly.

Fig. 22. Notonecta Boat Fly.

Fig. 23. Cimex Bug.

Fig. 24. Aphis.
Plant Louse.

Fig. 25. Coccus.

W. Ashcroft, engr.

Species of the Genus Phalaena of the Family of the Phalaenidae

Phalaena

Phalaena

Phalaena

Phalaena

Phalaena

Phalaena

Phalaena

Phalaena

ENTOMOLOGY.
Order III. Lepidoptera.

PLATE CCV.

Fig. 26. Papilio.

Fig. 27. Sphinx.

Fig. 28. Phalaena.

Order IV. Neuroptera.

Fig. 30. Hemerobius.

Fig. 30.

Fig. 29. Libellula.
Dragon Fly.

Fig. 31. Panorpa.

PLATE XXII

PLATE XXIII

PLATE XXIV

ENTOMOLOGY.
Order V. Hymenoptera.
Fig. 33. Ichneumon.

Fig. 32. Tenthredo.

PLATE CCVI.

Fig. 34.
Chrysis.

Fig. 35.
Formica.

Order VI. Diptera.

Fig. 36. Cestrus.

Fig. 37. Tipula.

Fig. 38. Asilus.

Fig. 39. Lepisma.

Order VII. Aptera.

Fig. 40. Aranea Spider.

Fig. 42. Cancer.

Fig. 41.
Scorpio.

Fig. 43. Scolopendra.

History. the method of Linnæus. His orders are, 1. Scarabæoïdes. 2. Grylloïdes. 3. Cimicioides. 4. Papilionoides. 5. Libelluloïdes. 6. Vespoides. 7. Muscoïdes. 8. Cancrioïdes. 9. Aranoïdes. and 10. Oniscoides.

Olivier, in 1780, published Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, in 3 vols. 4to. Paris. In 1790, in the Dictionnaire des Insectes, forming a part of the Encyclopédie Methodique, he has given an arrangement of insects little different from that of Linnæus. He has added one order which he calls Orthopteres, distinguished by the mode of folding the lower wings, and a part on the head, which he terms galea. He has likewise subdivided the order Aptera, into Arachnides and Crustaceans. Latreille in 1795, in a work entitled Précis du Caractère des Genres, divides insects into two grand divisions, viz. insectes ailés, et insectes aptères (winged insects, and insects without wings). These two grand divisions he subdivides into 14 orders. 1. Coleopteres. 2. Orthopteres. 3. Hemipteres. 4. Neuropteres. 5. Lepidopteres. 6. Succurs. 7. Thyfanoures. 8. Parasites. 9. Acephalés. 10. Entomostraces. 11. Crustaceans. 12. Myriapodes. Since that he has published a more detailed account of this method in a work entitled les Genres et les Familles des Insectes.

Clairville in 1795, in the introduction to his Entomologie Helvetique, has given an arrangement of insects,

in which he differs from Linnæus almost in nothing, except in the names of his orders, viz. Elytropteres, Dictyopteres, Thlebopteres, Halitpteres, Lepidopteres, Heminopteres, Rophoteires, and Pododuneres.

Link, in his Magasin sur Thiergeschichte, has divided insects into eleven orders; he follows de Laicharting almost in every thing, even in the names of his orders; he has indeed added an order which he calls Pediculoides.

Cuvier and Dumeril, in their Comparative Anatomy, have very nearly followed the method of Linnæus; they have however divided the order Aptera into two, viz. Gnathoptera and Aptera; they have likewise altered the arrangement of the orders, and have placed those first which contain insects furnished with jaws, viz. Gnathoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera; and have thrown those last which are destitute of jaws, viz. Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Aptera.

We shall refrain from noticing those authors who have written partial treatises; though there are several works of that kind which the entomologist might peruse with advantage, such as the Fauna Suecica, published in 1761 by Linnæus, at Stockholm. Fauna Germanica, by Panzer. La Faune Parisienne de Walknair. Kirby's Monographia apum Anglice. Latreille's treatise on Ants.

Fig. 1. ANTENNÆ PECTINATÆ, or feathered; as in the phalæna, moths.

2. ——— PERFOLIATÆ, or perfoliated; as in the dermestes and dytiscus.

3. ——— FISSILES, or fissile, divided into laminae at the extremity, as in the scarabæi, beetles.

4. ——— CLAVATÆ, or club-shaped, as in the popilio, butterfly.

5. ——— MONILIFORMES, like a necklace of beads; as in the chrysomela.

6. ——— SETACEÆ, setaceous, or bristle-shaped; as in many of the phalæna.

7. ——— ARISTATÆ, furnished with a lateral hair, as in the fly.

8. 9. a, Caput, the head.
b, Palpi, or feelers
c, Antennæ, or horns.
d, Oculi, the eyes.
e, Thorax.
f, Scutellum, or escutcheon.
g, Pectus, or breast.
h, Sternum, or breast-bone.
i, Abdomen, and its segments.
k, Anus.
l, Elytra, or shells.
m, Membranous wings.
n, Pedes, or feet, which are natatorii.

10. o, Femur, or thigh.
p, Tibia, or leg.
q, Tarsus, or foot.
r, Unguis, or claw.

11. a, The anterior part of the wing.
b, The posterior part.
c, The exterior part.
d, The interior part.
e, The margin.
f, The disk, or middle.
g, Oculus, or eye.

12, 13, 14, 15. Represent the insect in its egg, caterpillar, pupa, and perfect state.

Order I. COLEOPTERA. Fig. 16. Scarabæus. Fig. 17. Ptinus. Fig. 18. Buprestis. Fig. 19. Carabus.

Order II. Fig. 20. Mantis. Fig. 21. Fulgora. Fig. 22. Notonecla. Fig. 23. Cimex. Fig. 24. Aphis. Fig. 25. Coccus.

Order III. Fig. 26. Papilio. Fig. 27. Sphinx. Fig. 28. Phalæna.

Order IV. Fig. 29. Libellula. Fig. 30. Hemerobius. Fig. 31. Panorpa.

Order V. Fig. 32. Tenthredo. Fig. 33. Ichnemon. Fig. 34. Chrysis. Fig. 35. Formica.

Order VI. Fig. 36. Oestrus. Fig. 37. Tipula. Fig. 38. Aphus.

Order VII. Fig. 39. Lepisma. Fig. 40. Araanea. Fig. 41. Scorpio. Fig. 42. Cancer. Fig. 43. Scolopendra.