ARCHITECTURE.

Die Tempel und Museen Etruskens, etc. etc.
Sechtes und siebte.

Tempel der Juno Lacinia.

Tempel der Juno.

Published by A. C. Black, Edinburgh.

ARCHITECTURE.

The Temple of Minerva Parthenon at Athens.
(North-west view.)

In its present state.

Restored.

Published by A & C Black, Edinburgh

This plate contains 18 figures illustrating various Egyptian architectural elements:

• Fig. 1: A single, tall, narrow column.
• Fig. 2: A single, wider column with a fluted shaft.
• Fig. 3: A doorway or opening between two columns.
• Fig. 4: A doorway or opening between three columns.
• Fig. 5: A doorway or opening between four columns.
• Fig. 6: A doorway or opening between three columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 7: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 8: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 9: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 10: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 11: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 12: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 13: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 14: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 15: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 16: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 17: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.
• Fig. 18: A doorway or opening between two columns, with the leftmost column featuring a seated figure (likely a sphinx) at its base.

This plate contains 16 detailed architectural drawings of Egyptian structures, arranged in four rows. The drawings are labeled as follows:

• Fig. 1: A single, tall, narrow stone block.
• Fig. 2: A single, tall, narrow stone block, similar to Fig. 1 but with a slightly different profile.
• Fig. 3: Two tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 4: Three tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 5: Four tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 6: Four tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a seated female figure (a lotus flower), supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 7: Two tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 8: Two tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 9: Two tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 10: Four tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 11: Four tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 12: Three tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 13: Two tall, narrow stone blocks standing side-by-side, each topped with a lotus flower, supporting a horizontal lintel.
• Fig. 14: A large, trapezoidal structure made of many small, irregular stones, resembling a pyramid or a large wall.
• Fig. 15: A large, trapezoidal structure made of many small, irregular stones, similar to Fig. 14 but with a different arrangement.
• Fig. 16: A large, trapezoidal structure made of many small, rectangular stones, resembling a pyramid or a large wall.

ARCHITECTURE.

Plan, Section and Elevation of the Temple of Aphrodite Neith in Upper Egypt.

Fig. 1.

Elevation of Temple.

Part of Elevation of Temple with internal wall.

Architectural Masonry of Temple at an internal wall.

Fig. 2.

Elevation of Temple (Taken on the North Side of Plan.)

Cremaster's Panel

Profile of central Column

Fig. 3.

Elevation taken on the South Side of Plan.

Apse

Inner Sanctuary

Temple of Isis and Osiris

Propylaea

Published by S. & O. Black, Edinburgh.

ARCHITECTURE.

Plan, Section and Elevations of the Temple of Apollinopolis Magna, in Upper Egypt.

Fig. 1.

Elevation of Propylaea.

Fig. 5.

Part of Elevation of Pronaos at an enlarged scale.

Fig. 6.

Angle turns & lotus ornament to Propylaea at an enlarged scale.

Fig. 2.

Elevation of Pronaos.
(Section on the line E, B. of Plan.)

Fig. 7.

Cornice of Pronaos

Profile of enlarged lotus

Fig. 3.

Longitudinal Section on the line A.A. of Plan.

Fig. 4.

Plan.

Published by A & C Black, Edinburgh

Plank I. Sectional Elevation of a Greek Doric Propædæa & Hypostyle Temple.
(Section on Mediated View of Plan Plate.)

Sectional Elevation of the Porch of a Greek Doric Propædæa Temple.
Fig. 2.

Plan of a Greek Doric Propædæa & Hypostyle Temple.
Published by A. & C. Black, Edinburgh.

Plank & Sectional Elevation of a Greek Doric Peripteral & Hyposthral Temple.
(Section on the dotted lines of Plan below)

Sectional Elevation of the Pronaos of a Greek Doric Octastyle Temple.
Fig. 2.

Plan of a Greek Octastyle Peripteral & Hyposthral Temple.

Published by A & C Black, Edinburgh.

Fig. 1.

Front Elevation of a Greek Ionic Hexapylonal Temple.

Fig. 2.

Internal Elevation of the Entrance of a Hexapylonal Temple.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Plan of a Greek Hexapylonal Hexastyle Temple.

ARCHITECTURE.

Fig. 1.

Front Elevation of a Greek Doric Hexastyle-peripteral Temple.

Fig. 2.

Sectional Elevation of the Porch of a Hexastyle-peripteral Temple.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 14.

Plan of a Greek Hexastyle-peripteral & Colossal Temple.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Elevation of a Greek Ionic temple pediment.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

18.20.20

Fig. 6

Elevation of a Greek Ionic temple.

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Elevation of a Greek Ionic temple.

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6.

Fig. 1.
Elevation of a Greek Ionic Hexa-prostyle

Fig. 2.
Elevation of a Greek Ionic attached Tetra-style in Antae

Fig. 3.
Plan of a Greek Ionic Prostyle Temple

Fig. 4.

Plan of a Greek Ionic Prostyle Temple

Published by A & C Black, Edinburgh

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8. Fig. 9.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 16.

ARCHITECTURE.

PLATE LV.

Various Monuments and Columns.

This section contains several architectural details on the left side of the plate. At the top is a frieze with a repeating pattern of acanthus leaves. Below it is a large, ornate Corinthian capital with intricate scrollwork. Further down is a smaller, simpler capital. At the bottom left is a detailed drawing of a column base, showing its multi-tiered structure and fluted shaft.

Fig. 1: Front elevation of the Monument of George. It depicts a tall, rectangular monument with a tiered base and a central shaft. The shaft is topped by a decorative capital and a spire. The monument is shown in a shaded, three-quarter view.

Monument of George.

Fig. 2: Plan of the Monument of George. This is a circular plan view showing the arrangement of the monument's base and the surrounding ground level. It features a central circular area surrounded by a ring of smaller circles.

Plan of the Monument.

Fig. 3: Front elevation of the Column of Crispianus. It shows a large, square column with a prominent base and a tiered capital. The capital features a central figure and is flanked by smaller figures. The column is shown in a shaded, three-quarter view.

Column of Crispianus.

This section contains several architectural details on the right side of the plate. At the top is a frieze with a repeating pattern of acanthus leaves. Below it is a large, ornate Corinthian capital with a central figure. Further down is a smaller, simpler capital. At the bottom right is a detailed drawing of a column base, showing its multi-tiered structure and fluted shaft.

Fig. 4.

ARCHITECTURE.

PLATE LIII.

Grecoian.

MOLDINGS.

Baroque.

Bille

Orna recta

Orna pinnata

Ornato

Ornato

Ornato

Ornato

Ornato

ORNAMENTS.

Baroque.

Ornament.

Ornament.

ARCHITECTURE.

PLATE LXXII.

Grecian.

MOULDINGS

Roman.

Fillet

Ursa recta

Ursa reversa

Cavetto

Ovale

Bead

Scatol

Torus

ORNAMENT

Grecian.

Roman.

OF THE COUNTY OF

IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1700

BY

THE REVEREND

THE REV. JOHN

OF THE PARISH OF

IN THE COUNTY OF

THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1700

BY

THE REVEREND

THE REV. JOHN

OF THE PARISH OF

IN THE COUNTY OF

THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1700

BY

THE REVEREND

THE REV. JOHN

OF THE PARISH OF

IN THE COUNTY OF

THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1700

BY

THE REVEREND

THE REV. JOHN

OF THE PARISH OF

IN THE COUNTY OF

THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1700

BY

THE REVEREND

THE REV. JOHN

OF THE PARISH OF

IN THE COUNTY OF

THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1700

BY

THE REVEREND

THE REV. JOHN

OF THE PARISH OF

IN THE COUNTY OF

This architectural plate displays eight distinct examples of the Roman Corinthian column order, arranged in two columns. The central figures are full-length columns, while the surrounding figures show detailed views of the capitals, bases, and entablatures.

• Fig. 1 (Left): Shows a capital with a central acanthus leaf and scrolls, a base, and a section of an entablature with a frieze.
• Fig. 2 (Left): Shows a capital with a central acanthus leaf and scrolls, a base, and a section of an entablature with a frieze.
• Fig. 3 (Left): Shows a capital with a central acanthus leaf and scrolls, a base, and a section of an entablature with a frieze.
• Fig. 4 (Left): Shows a capital with a central acanthus leaf and scrolls, a base, and a section of an entablature with a frieze.
• Fig. 5 (Center): A full-length Corinthian column with a capital, shaft, and base.
• Fig. 6 (Center): A full-length Corinthian column with a capital, shaft, and base.
• Fig. 7 (Right): Shows a capital with a central acanthus leaf and scrolls, a base, and a section of an entablature with a frieze.
• Fig. 8 (Right): Shows a capital with a central acanthus leaf and scrolls, a base, and a section of an entablature with a frieze.

ARCHITECTURE.

PLATE LVIII.

Examples of the Roman Corinthian.

Ex. 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Ex. 2.

Fig. 1.

Ex. 3.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Ex. 4.

Fig. 1.

This architectural plate displays five distinct examples of Roman columns and their capitals, arranged in three vertical sections. The central section features two tall, fluted columns with Corinthian capitals, labeled Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The left section shows a column with a Corinthian capital and a base, labeled Fig. 1, and a column with a base and a capital featuring a relief of a figure, labeled Fig. 4. The right section shows a column with a Corinthian capital and a base, labeled Fig. 5, and a column with a base and a capital featuring a relief of a figure, labeled Fig. 3. Each column is topped with a detailed entablature. The plate is labeled with figures from 1 to 5, corresponding to the specific architectural elements shown.

This architectural plate illustrates various Roman orders and their details, organized into three vertical columns. The central column features two tall, fluted columns with Corinthian capitals, labeled 'Fig. 2.' and 'Ex. 2.' at the top. The left column shows a Corinthian capital with a detailed acanthus leaf carving, labeled 'Fig. 1.' and 'Ex. 1.'; below it is a column with a relief of a figure holding a laurel branch, labeled 'Fig. 1.' and 'Ex. 3.'; and at the bottom is a column with a volute capital, labeled 'Fig. 1.' and 'Ex. 3.' The right column shows a Corinthian capital with a different acanthus leaf design, labeled 'Fig. 1.' and 'Ex. 2.'; below it is a column with vertical fluting, labeled 'Fig. 1.' and 'Ex. 4.'; and at the bottom is a simple rectangular base, labeled 'Fig. 1.' and 'Ex. 4.' The plate includes detailed drawings of capitals, columns, and bases, with labels indicating the specific figures and examples.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
BY JOHN R. LOWELL, M.A.
VOLUME I.
NEW YORK: PRINTED BY J. H. COOPER, 1834.

Plan of a Roman House, with the house, side of street, and garden, in the town of
Trent, (Piemont).

Fig. 4.

View of the Entrance to the House (Fig. 1, 2, 3) from the garden.

Fig. 3.

Section of the wall of the house, in the style of Rome in Pompeii.

Plan of a Roman House in a private street.
(Trent, Piemont).

Fig. 2.

View of the above House (Fig. 1) from the town s.p.

Fig. 1.

Section of the above House (Fig. 1)
from the town s.p.

Fig. 5.

Section of the above House (Fig. 1)

Fig. 8.

Section of the above House (Fig. 1)

Scale of 10 feet = 1 inch

Plan of a Roman Mansion, with the house, shops & streets, surrounding it.
from Pompeii.

Sketch of the Entrance to the Mansion (Fig. 1, 2 & 3) in its present state.

Specimen of the mode of ornamenting the sides of rooms in Pompeii.

Plan of a Roman Mansion in a private street.
from Pompeii.

Section of the above Mansion (Fig. 1) on the line a.a.

Section of the above Mansion (Fig. 6)
on the line b.b.

Entrance Elevation to the street of the above Mansion (Fig. 1)

Elevation to the street of the above Mansion (Fig. 6)

Scale of 10 to 100 feet

This diagram illustrates the components of an Ionic column. On the left, a vertical list of labels identifies the parts: 'An Order' (pointing to the entire column), 'Column' (pointing to the shaft), 'Shaft' (pointing to the fluted section), 'Capital' (pointing to the ornate top), 'Entablature' (pointing to the top structure), 'Architrave' (pointing to the first band), 'Frustum' (pointing to the second band), 'Cornice' (pointing to the top molding), and 'Modillions' (pointing to the decorative brackets). On the right, a large drawing of the column is shown with labels: 'Plinth' (pointing to the base), 'Apophysis' (pointing to the base molding), and 'Fig. 1' (pointing to the column itself). At the bottom left, the text '180. 180.' is visible.

A drawing of a column with a 10-foot diameter. The label '10 Diameters' is positioned below the column. The column has a fluted shaft and a decorative capital.

A drawing of a column with a 12-foot diameter. The label '12 Diameters' is positioned below the column. The column has a fluted shaft and a decorative capital.

A drawing of a column with a 14-foot diameter. The label '14 Diameters' is positioned below the column. The column has a fluted shaft and a decorative capital.

A drawing of a column with a 16-foot diameter. The label '16 Diameters' is positioned below the column. The column has a fluted shaft and a decorative capital.

A drawing of a column with an 18-foot diameter. The label '18 Diameters' is positioned below the column. The column has a fluted shaft and a decorative capital.

This diagram illustrates the components of a column. On the left, a vertical scale bar is labeled with the following parts from top to bottom: Entablature (which includes Corona, Medullions, and Dentils), Abacus, Volute, or Cuspidal, Capital, Helmet, Hypotrachelium, Shaft, Apophyse, and Plinth. The main column is labeled Fig. 1. The base of the column is labeled Stylebate.

This section shows four columns of varying diameters, labeled Fig. 2., Fig. 3., Fig. 4., and Fig. 5. The diameters are indicated at the bottom of each column: Fig. 2. is $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ diameters, Fig. 3. is $1\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ diameters, Fig. 4. is $1\backslash frac\{2\}\{3\}$ diameters, and Fig. 5. is 10 diameters. The text The Italo-Vitruvian Orders. is written vertically to the left of these columns.

ST. PETER'S
(Rome, Central View.)

ST. PETER'S
(Rome, Central View.)

ST PAUL'S
(South Front Elevation.)

ST PETER'S
(North Front Elevation.)

SCALE

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000

This is a detailed architectural elevation of the Pantheon in Rome. The central feature is a large, tiered dome topped with a small cupola. Below the dome is a portico with a series of columns. The building is flanked by smaller wings with arched openings. The drawing is rendered in a light, shaded style. A vertical line, likely a fold in the original paper, runs through the center of the image.

PANTEON
in Roma.

This is a detailed architectural elevation of the Palazzo di Spagna (now the Palazzo Montecitorio) in Rome. The building is a symmetrical, two-story structure with a flat roof. It features a series of windows on both floors, separated by decorative horizontal bands. The facade is rendered in a light, shaded style. A vertical line, likely a fold in the original paper, runs through the center of the image.

This is a detailed architectural elevation of the Palazzo di Spagna in Rome, similar to the one above but with more detail. It shows a symmetrical, multi-story building with a flat roof. The facade is characterized by a series of windows on multiple floors, separated by decorative horizontal bands. The drawing is rendered in a light, shaded style. A vertical line, likely a fold in the original paper, runs through the center of the image.

PALAZZO DI SPAGNA
in Roma.

Published by J. & C. Black, Edinburgh.

VILLA CAPRA
near Vicenza.

VILLA GIULIA
near Rome.

Fig. 1.

FARNESE PALACE—ROME
Front elevation.

Part from the Front of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Part from the Church of St. Michael's, Holy Cross.

Arch from the Nave of St. Alban's Abbey Church.

Arches from a Chapel in the White Tower, London.

Arches from the Conventual Church, Ely.

Arches from Waltham Abbey Church, Hertford.

Window from Staining Church, Sussex.

Window from Staining Church, Sussex.

Doorway from Illey Church, Oxfordshire.

Doorway from Illey Church, Oxfordshire.

Window from Pythagoras's School, Cambridge.

Windows from Barritton Church, Kent.

Arches from Romney Church, Hampshire.

Window from Chichester Cathedral.

Arches from the Nave of Shersham Church, Sussex.

Arches from the Nave of Salisbury Cathedral.

This architectural plate, labeled 'PLATE LXXX.' and 'ARCHITECTURE.', presents a detailed study of a Gothic cathedral. The central figure is a full elevation of the building, featuring a large rose window at the top, a triforium with three pointed windows, and a base with a central arched entrance. Flanking this central elevation are two vertical sections of towers, labeled 'Fig. 1' on the left and 'Fig. 2' on the right, showing intricate stonework and pinnacles. Below the main elevation are three horizontal frieze designs, labeled 'Fig. 4', 'Fig. 5', and 'Fig. 6', each featuring a different arrangement of decorative motifs. At the bottom of the plate are five individual window tracery designs, labeled 'Fig. 7' through 'Fig. 11', showing various patterns of pointed arches and tracery.

This architectural plate, labeled 'PLATE LVIII.' and 'ARCHITECTURE.', presents a comprehensive set of drawings for a Gothic cathedral. The central figure is a detailed elevation of the cathedral's front facade. It features a large rose window at the top, flanked by two tall, slender pinnacles. Below the rose window is a three-bay arcade of pointed arches. The lower section of the facade includes a central entrance with a pointed arch and two smaller side openings, each with a pointed arch and a circular window above it. The facade is supported by a series of columns and piers. Flanking the main facade are two tall, narrow towers, each topped with a pinnacle and a decorative finial. To the left of the main facade is a tall, narrow window with a pointed arch and a decorative tracery above it. To the right is a similar window with a pointed arch and a decorative tracery above it. Below the main facade are three detailed drawings of the base of the building, showing the arrangement of the piers and the decorative elements. To the left of the main facade is a tall, narrow drawing of a window with a pointed arch and a decorative tracery above it, labeled 'Fig. 2.' To the right of the main facade is a tall, narrow drawing of a window with a pointed arch and a decorative tracery above it, labeled 'Fig. 3.' Below the main facade are three detailed drawings of the base of the building, showing the arrangement of the piers and the decorative elements. To the left of the main facade are five detailed drawings of windows, each with a pointed arch and a decorative tracery above it, labeled 'Fig. 4.', 'Fig. 5.', 'Fig. 6.', 'Fig. 7.', and 'Fig. 8.' respectively. The windows vary in their tracery and the arrangement of the columns. The entire plate is rendered in a detailed, line-art style, showing the intricate details of the Gothic architecture.

General compartment of the Choir of Lincoln cathedral.

General compartment of the Choir of Lincoln cathedral.

This architectural drawing depicts the exterior of St. Mary's Church in London. The central feature is a large, ornate rose window set within a pointed arch. To the left and right of the central section are two tall, square towers, each topped with a spire. The facade is highly detailed, showing various levels of masonry, windows, and decorative carvings. The drawing is rendered in a fine-line style, typical of 19th-century architectural publications.

ST. MARY'S, LONDON.
(From Photo.)

This architectural drawing shows the interior of St. Mary's Church. The view is looking down the nave towards the choir. The nave is characterized by a series of pointed arches and tall, narrow windows. The choir at the far end features a large, bulbous dome. The floor is marked with a series of lines, possibly representing the floor plan or the perspective of the floor. The drawing captures the verticality and geometric complexity of the Gothic architecture.

ST. MARY'S, LONDON.
(From Photo.)

This is a detailed architectural drawing of the front elevation of York Cathedral. The facade is highly ornate, featuring a central entrance with a large pointed arch and a complex tracery pattern. Above the entrance is a large, pointed window. The facade is divided into three main sections by vertical lines. The left and right sections have smaller pointed windows and are topped with decorative pinnacles. The central section is the most prominent, with a large, pointed window and a complex tracery pattern. The drawing is signed 'TH. RUSSELL' in the bottom left corner.

This is a detailed architectural drawing of the front elevation of Pisa Cathedral. The facade is characterized by its Romanesque style, featuring a series of pointed arches and a large, prominent dome. The facade is divided into three main sections by vertical lines. The left and right sections have smaller pointed arches and are topped with decorative pinnacles. The central section is the most prominent, with a large, pointed arch and a complex tracery pattern. The drawing is signed 'J. P. RUSSELL' in the bottom right corner.

This architectural plate, labeled 'PLATE LVII.' and 'ARCHITECTURE.', presents a comprehensive set of drawings for a Gothic structure. The central feature is a detailed elevation of a building's facade, characterized by a large pointed window with intricate tracery, a central pointed entrance, and crenellated towers on either side. Surrounding this central image are several smaller, detailed drawings:

• Fig. 1: A large, detailed drawing of a pointed archway, showing the internal structure and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 2: A smaller drawing of a pointed archway, similar in style to Fig. 1.
• Fig. 3: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, featuring a central figure and ornate foliage.
• Fig. 4: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 5: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 6: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 7: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 8: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 9: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 10: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 11: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 12: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 13: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 14: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 15: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 16: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 17: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 18: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 19: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 20: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 21: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 22: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 23: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 24: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 25: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 26: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 27: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 28: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 29: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 30: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 31: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 32: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 33: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 34: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 35: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 36: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 37: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 38: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 39: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 40: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 41: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 42: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 43: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 44: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 45: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 46: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 47: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 48: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 49: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 50: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 51: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 52: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 53: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 54: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 55: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 56: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 57: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 58: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 59: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 60: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 61: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 62: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 63: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 64: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 65: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 66: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 67: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 68: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 69: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 70: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 71: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 72: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 73: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 74: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 75: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 76: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 77: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 78: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 79: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 80: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 81: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 82: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 83: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 84: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 85: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 86: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 87: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 88: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 89: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 90: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 91: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 92: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 93: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 94: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 95: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 96: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 97: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 98: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 99: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.
• Fig. 100: A drawing of a decorative capital or column head, similar to Fig. 3.

This architectural plate, labeled 'PLATE LXVI' and 'ARCHITECTURE.', presents a comprehensive set of drawings for a Gothic structure. The central feature is a detailed elevation (Fig. 1) of a building with a prominent central entrance, a large pointed window with intricate tracery, and two symmetrical towers on either side. The towers feature crenellated parapets and small arched windows. Below the main entrance is a porch with a series of pointed arches supported by piers. A scale bar at the bottom of the elevation indicates measurements in feet, with markings for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 feet.

Surrounding the main elevation are several detailed views and sections:

• Fig. 2: A floor plan showing the layout of the building, including the central nave, aisles, and the arrangement of the towers and entrance porch.
• Fig. 3: A perspective view of a large pointed archway, showing its structural supports and the decorative carvings on the piers.
• Fig. 4: A close-up detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, featuring a circular motif with intricate patterns.
• Fig. 5: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 6: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 7: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a shield-shaped motif surrounded by intricate carvings.
• Fig. 8: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 9: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 10: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 11: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 12: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.
• Fig. 13: A detail of a decorative element, possibly a carved stone or a metal ornament, showing a series of pointed arches and decorative carvings.

The plate is signed 'Engr. by A. C. Black, Edinb.' at the bottom right.

ROMAN NUMERALS
First Form

CHINESE NUMERALS

ROMAN NUMERALS
Second Form

22 FORMS OF FIGURES

THE INDIAN NUMERALS

ARABIC NUMERALS

CHINESE NUMERALS

ROMAN MANUAL NUMERALS

MECCAGXCVIII LCCXXVIII GII

ROMAN ABACUS
First Form.

CHINESE SWAN-PAN

ROMAN ABACUS
Second Form.

ALLEGORICAL NUMERALS OF

CHINESE NUMERALS

THE ANCIENT CHINESE

MEXICAN NUMERALS

YEAR 1816.

RED-AX MANUAL NOTATION

GREEK

NUMERALS

ROMAN NUMERALS

LAPIDARY

NUMERALS

SAXON

NUMERALS

Mixture of Saxon & Arabic Numerals

PROGRESS of EUROPEAN NUMERALS

VARIATIONS of EUROPEAN NUMERALS

ASIA.

English Miles.

100 200 300 400 500 600 800

This is a detailed historical map of Asia, titled 'ASIA.' in a large, double-bordered box at the top left. The map includes a scale bar at the top left indicating distances in English miles (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800). The map is overlaid with a grid of latitude and longitude lines. Latitude lines are labeled on the left side (40, 30, 20, 10, 0) and the right side (90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0). Longitude lines are labeled at the bottom (40, 50, 60, 70, 80) and the top (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90). The map shows the following major geographical features and regions:

• Arctic Circle: A curved line across the top of the map.
• Major Bodies of Water: Arctic Ocean (top), Mediterranean Sea (left), Black Sea (center-left), Caspian Sea (center), Persian Gulf (center-right), Arabian Sea (bottom center), and Bay of Bengal (bottom right).
• Major Regions and Countries: Russia (top right), Turkey (top left), Persia (center), India (bottom right), China (center-right), and various smaller regions like Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and Tibet.
• Major Cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Constantinople, London, Bombay, Calcutta, Peking, and others are labeled.
• Major Rivers: The Volga, Ural, Dnieper, Danube, Tigris, Euphrat, Ganges, and Indus are prominent.
• Other Features: The Equator is marked at the bottom. The map also shows the Straits of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, and the Strait of Singapore.

Longitude East 60 from Greenwich

This historical map, titled 'PLATE LXIII.', provides a comprehensive view of the Pacific region. It includes the following key elements:

• Continents and Major Landmasses:
  • Siberia: Shows the Yenisei, Lena, and Irkutsk regions.
  • Mongolia: Labeled with 'NE Desert (Gobi or Shansi)'.
  • Japan: Includes the islands of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku.
  • Philippines: Shows the main islands and surrounding archipelagos.
  • New Guinea: Located in the bottom right corner.
  • India and Southeast Asia: Shows the Bay of Bengal, Sumatra, and the Malay Archipelago.
• Water Bodies:
  • Pacific Ocean: The central feature of the map.
  • Bering Strait: Separates Asia and North America.
  • Sea of Japan: Between Japan and Korea.
  • Yellow Sea: Between Korea and China.
  • Celebes Sea: Between the Philippines and Australia.
  • Indian Ocean: To the south of the Indian subcontinent.
• Islands:
  • Aleutian Islands: A chain of islands extending from Kamtschatka.
  • Kurile Islands: A chain of islands between Japan and the Kamchatka Peninsula.
  • Ladrones Islands: A group of islands in the western Pacific.
  • Various smaller islands: Numerous smaller islands are labeled throughout the map, including the 'Low Ocean Islands' and 'Ladrone Islands'.
• Geographical Features:
  • Mountains: Several mountain ranges are indicated, such as the 'Siberian Mountains' and the 'Japanese Islands'.
  • Coastlines: Detailed coastlines are shown for all major landmasses.
• Grid and Labels:
  • Latitude and Longitude: A grid of lines is overlaid on the map, with labels for degrees of latitude and longitude.
  • Place Names: Numerous place names are written in both English and other languages, reflecting the historical context of the map.

ASSAYING.

PLATE LXVI

Fig. 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

Fig. 16

Fig. 17

Fig. 18

Fig. 19

Fig. 20

Fig. 21

Fig. 22

Fig. 23

Fig. 24

Fig. 25

Fig. 26

Fig. 27

ASSAYING.

PLATE LXXIV.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 21.

Fig. 20.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 22.

24 25 26 27

Fig. 28.

Fig. 29.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 31.

Fig. 30.

Fig. 16.

ASSAYING.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

Fig. 16

Fig. 17

Fig. 18

Fig. 19

See Fig. 1 and 2 for explanation of symbols used in this plate.

Scale: $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ of an inch to a foot, except those with * which are $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ in. to foot.

[Edinburgh, November 1, 1853.

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ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA,

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IN every country where Science and Literature have been long and successfully cultivated, and books extensively multiplied, attempts more or less skilful have been made to reduce the mass of information to a compendious and regulated form, and to furnish a ready access to its varied details by means of Encyclopædias. Of the importance and advantages of such publications, there can scarcely be two opinions. Executed on a plan sufficiently comprehensive, they ought to embrace all the departments of human learning, rendering the Alphabet a ready key, not only to the Arts and Sciences, but to the multiplied details of History, Biography, Geography, and Miscellaneous Literature. A work thus constructed is not only valuable to the Scholar and the man of Science as a Dictionary of Universal Reference, but the subjects being treated in a form consistent with Systematic Exposition, as well as with Alphabetical Arrangement, the book becomes an inestimable treasure to those who, although they cannot afford leisure for very laborious research or profound investigation, are yet desirous to possess that general information on all subjects which constitutes an intelligent and well-informed man.

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ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA,
EIGHTH EDITION.

GREATLY IMPROVED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME.

EDITED BY

THOMAS STEWART TRAILL, M.D., F.R.S.E.,

Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the University of Edinburgh;

ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS CONTRIBUTORS, WHOSE INITIALS ARE ATTACHED
TO THEIR RESPECTIVE ARTICLES.

The ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA forms an Alphabetical Repertory of every branch of Human Knowledge, and renders the Alphabet a ready key not only to the Arts and Sciences, but to the multiplied details of History, Philosophy, Biography, Geography, Commerce, Manufactures, Statistics, and Miscellaneous Literature.

The Publishers are fully aware that in a comprehensive work of reference, as this is, it is desirable to obtain Completeness and Accuracy of Detail in all the Articles, of whatever length or consequence they may be. Accordingly, while arrangements have been made to secure the co-operation of some of the most eminent living authors for the more important contributions, the greatest regard will in every respect be paid to those of the smallest size.

LIST OF SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.

RE. HON. THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, M.P.
RICHARD WHATELY, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.
R. DICKSON HAMPDEN, D.D., Bishop of Hereford.
WILLIAM WHEWELL, D.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy,
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Baron JUSTUS VON LIBERIG.
Dr. W.M. GREGORY, Professor of Chemistry in the University of
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JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, M.D., Regius Professor of Botany,
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JAMES D. FORBES, F.R.S.E., &c. &c., Professor of Natural
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EMERIC SZABAD, late Secretary under the Hungarian National
Government of 1849.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin, WITH ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY ILLUSTRATIONS.

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Life of Sir Walter Scott, BY J. G. LOCKHART, ESQ.

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Tales of a Grandfather (History of Scotland), BY SIR WALTER SCOTT.

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Tales of a Grandfather (History of France), BY SIR WALTER SCOTT.

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Readings for the Young, FROM THE WORKS OF SIR WALTER SCOTT.

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