something relating to a ship; whence,

NAVAL Architecture. See Ship-Building.

NAVAL Camp, in antiquity, a fortification, consisting of a ditch and parapet on the land side, or a wall built in the form of a semicircle, and extended from one point of the sea to another. This was sometimes defended with towers, and beautified with gates, through which they issued forth to attack their enemies. Homer hath left us a remarkable description of the Grecian fortifications of this sort, in the Trojan war, beginning at v. 436. Iliad.

Then, to secure the camp and naval powers, They rais'd embattled walls with lofty tow'rs: From space to space were ample gates around, For passing chariots; and a trench profound, Of large extent; and deep in earth below Strong piles infix'd stood adverse to the foe.

Pope's Transl.

Towards the sea, or within it, they fixed great pales of wood, like those in their artificial harbours; before these the vessels of burden were placed in such order, as that they might be instead of a wall, and give protection to those within; in which manner Nicias is reported by Thucydides to have encamped himself; but this seems only to have been practised when the enemy was thought superior in strength, and raised great apprehensions of danger in them. When their fortifications were thought strong enough to defend them from the assaults of enemies, it was frequent to drag their ships to shore, which the Greeks called ἐπιβατεῖν, the Romans subducere. Around the ships the soldiers disposed their tents, as appears everywhere in Homer; but this seems only to have been practised in winter, when their enemy's fleet was laid up and could not assault them; or in long sieges, and when they lay in no danger from their enemies by seas. as in the Trojan war, where the defenders of Troy never once attempted to encounter the Grecians in a fight.

The adjacent places were usually filled with inns and stews, well stocked with females, that prostituted themselves to the mariners, merchants, and officers of all sorts, who flocked thither in great numbers; this, however, appears to have happened only in times of peace.

**Naval Crown**, among the ancient Romans, a crown adorned with figures of prows of ships, conferred on persons who in sea-engagements first boarded the enemy's vessel. See **Crown**.

**Naval Engagement.** See **Tactics (Naval)**.

**Naval Stores,** comprehend all those particulars made use of, not only in the royal navy, but in every other kind of navigation; as timber and iron for shipping, pitch, tar, hemp, cordage, sail-cloth, gunpowder, ordnance, and fire-arms of every sort, ship-chandlery wares, &c.

**Naval Tactics,** the military operations of fleets. See **Tactics (Naval)**.

**Navan,** a borough, post, and fair town of Ireland, in the county of Meath and province of Leinster; situated about 23 miles north-west of Dublin, on the river Boyne. It consists of two chief streets, which intersect each other at right angles.—The Tholsel, or town house, is a handsome stone-building. This place was formerly in great repute, and walled in by Hugh de Lacy. An abbey for regular canons, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was erected here; but whether antecedent to the end of the 12th century is not certain; about that period, however, it was either founded or re-edified by Joce-line de Angulo or Nangle. In the burial-ground are the remains of many ancient tombs, with figures in alto relievo; and the present barrack for one troop of horse is built on the site of the abbey. Navan sends two members to parliament; patronage in the Preston family. Here are four fairs held.

**Navarre,** a province of Spain, part of the ancient kingdom of Navarre, erected soon after the invasion of the Moors; and is otherwise called **Upper Navarre,** to distinguish it from Lower Navarre belonging to the French. It is bounded on the south and east by Arragon, on the north by the Pyrenees, and on the west by Old Castile and Biscay; extending from south to north about 80 miles, and from east to west about 75. It abounds in sheep and cattle; game of all kinds, as boars, flags, and roebucks; and in wild-fowl, horses, and honey; yielding also some grain, wine, oil, and a variety of minerals, medicinal waters, and hot baths. Some of the ancient chiefs of this country were called **Sobrarborei,** from the custom, as it is supposed, which prevailed among some of those free nations of choosing and swearing their princes under some particular tree. The name of the province is supposed to be a contraction of **Nava Errea,** signifying, in the language of the Vascenes, its ancient inhabitants, "a land of valleys."—For the particulars of its history, see the article **Spain**.

**Navarre (Peter),** an officer of eminence in the 16th century, and particularly celebrated for his dexterity in the directing and springing of mines. He was a native of Biscay, and of low extraction. According to Paul Jove, who affirms that he had an account of the matter from his own mouth, he was first a sailor; but being disaffected with that employment, he fought his fortune in Italy, when poverty compelled him to become footman to the cardinal of Arragon. He afterwards enlisted himself a soldier in the Houline army; and having served there for some time, went to sea again, and distinguished himself by his courage. The reputation of his valour having reached the ears of Gonfalvo de Cordoue, this general employed him in the war against Naples, and raised him to the rank of a captain. Having contributed greatly to the taking of that city by very opportunely springing a mine, the emperor rewarded him for this signal service with the earldom of Alveto, situated in that kingdom, and gave him the title of count of Navarre. Having the command of a naval expedition against the Moors in Africa, he was at first very successful, and took possession of Oran, Tripoli, and some other places; but being afterwards shipwrecked on the island of Gerbes, the great heats and the Moorish cavalry destroyed a part of his army. Our hero was equally unfortunate in Italy: He was made prisoner at the famous battle of Ravenna, in 1512, and languished in France for the space of two years. When finding that the king of Spain, who had been prejudiced against him by his courtiers, would do nothing towards his ransom, he went into the service of Francis I, who gave him the command of twenty companies of infantry, consisting of Galcons, Biscayans, and the inhabitants of the Pyrene mountains. He distinguished himself in several successful expeditions, until the year 1522, when having been sent to the relief of the Genoese, he was taken by the Imperialists. They conducted him to Naples, where he remained a prisoner for three years in the castle of Cœuf. From this confinement he was released by the treaty of Madrid, and afterwards fought at the siege of Naples under Lauric in 1528; but being again made prisoner at the unfortunate retreat from Averfa, he was conducted a second time to the castle of Cœuf. Here the prince of Orange having, by order of the emperor, caused several persons of the Auguine faction to be beheaded, our hero would undoubtedly have suffered the same fate, if the governor, seeing his distressed situation, and feeling for the misfortunes of so great a man, had not saved him the shame of this last punishment by allowing him to die a natural death. Others pretend that he was strangled in his bed, having arrived at a very advanced age. Paul Jove and Philip Thomasini have written his life. This last informs us, that he was of a tall size, had a swarthy countenance, black eyes, beard, and hair. A duke of Soffa, in the last century, being desirous to honour his memory and that of the marshal de Lautree, caused a monument to be erected to each of them in the church of Sainte-Marie-le-Neuve at Naples, where they had been interred without any funeral honours.

**Navarre (furnamed Martin Azpilcueta),** because he was born in the kingdom which bears that name, successively professor of jurisprudence at Toulouse, Salamanca, and Coimbra, was consulted from all quarters as the oracle of law. For a part of his knowledge he was indebted to the schools of Cahors and Toulouse. in which he had studied. His friend Bartholomew Caravaca, a Dominican, and archbishop of Toledo, having been charged with heresy by the court of Inquisition at Rome, Navarre set out at the age of 80 years to defend him. Pius V appointed him assistant to cardinal Francis Alciati, vice-penitentiary. Gregory XIII never passed his gate without sending for him; and sometimes would converse with him for an hour together on the street; he even deigned to visit him, accompanied by several cardinals. These honours did not render him more haughty. His character became so eminent, that even in his own time the greatest encomium that could be paid to a man of learning was to say that he was a Navarre; this name thus included the idea of erudition, as that of Roscius formerly marked an accomplished comedian. Azpilcueta was the oracle of the city of Rome, and of the whole Christian world. For the influence which he had acquired, he was indebted not only to his knowledge, but also to his probity and virtue. Faithful to the duties which the church prescribed, his temperance and frugality preserved him a vigorous constitution; and at a very advanced age his genius was equal to the severest study. His savings enabled him to give liberal assistance to the poor. His charities, indeed, were so great, that his mule, it is said, would stop as soon as she perceived a beggar. He died at Rome in 1596, at the age of 92. His works were collected and printed in 6 vols folio at Lyons in 1597, and at Venice in 1602. They display more learning than judgment, and are now very seldom consulted. Navarre was uncle by the mother's side to St Francis of Sales.