Cumberland, Ontario (1861 census)
Cumberland was a census subdivision in Russell County, Ontario, recorded in the 1861 Census of Canada with a population of 2,609. The community is grounded to Wikidata Q4210774. The administrative centroid was at approximately 45.425°N, 75.385°W.
Population
In 1861, Cumberland had a population of 2,609: 1,455 male and 1,154 female residents. Population density was 20.6 people per square mile.
Population trajectory across census years
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1851 | 1,659 |
| 1861 | 2,609 |
| 1871 | 2,922 |
| 1881 | 3,535 |
| 1891 | 4,014 |
| 1901 | 4,198 |
| 1911 | 4,033 |
| 1921 | 4,163 |
Cross-year identity established by spatial polygon overlap (SAME_AS chains across the Canadian Census Subdivision boundary files).
Neighbouring Census Subdivisions in 1861
In the 1861 census, Cumberland shared boundaries with:
Full census record, 1861
The 1861 census recorded 326 measurements for this Census Subdivision across 7 categories. Tables below are collapsible.
Population & families (25 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Female members of the family who are present | 1,045 |
| Females present who are not members of the family | 109 |
| Male members of the family who are present | 1,273 |
| Males present who are not members of the family | 182 |
| Number of adult females unable to read or write | 72 |
| Number of adult males unable to read or write | 121 |
| Number of deaf and dumb males | 1 |
| Number of female births in the past year | 52 |
| Number of females | 1,154 |
| Number of females attending school | 156 |
| Number of lunatic males | 1 |
| Number of male births in the past year | 46 |
| Number of males | 1,455 |
| Number of males attending school | 169 |
| Number of married females | 241 |
| Number of married males | 376 |
| Number of single females | 880 |
| Number of single males | 1,054 |
| Number of widowed females | 33 |
| Number of widowed males | 25 |
| POP FX N.1 | 1,154 |
| POP MX N.1 | 1,455 |
| POP TOT | 2,609 |
| POP XX N.1 | 2,609 |
| Total population | 2,609 |
Age structure (53 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of females age 3 to 4 | 45 |
| Number of females aged 1 to 2 | 47 |
| Number of females aged 2 to 3 | 47 |
| Number of females aged 4 to 5 | 37 |
| Number of females aged 5 to 10 | 148 |
| Number of males aged 1 to 2 | 55 |
| Number of males aged 2 to 3 | 49 |
| Number of males aged 3 to 4 | 57 |
| Number of males aged 4 to 5 | 41 |
| Number of males aged 5 to 10 | 146 |
| Number of married females aged 15 to 20 | 4 |
| Number of married females aged 20 to 30 | 84 |
| Number of married females aged 30 to 40 | 71 |
| Number of married females aged 40 to 50 | 46 |
| Number of married females aged 50 to 60 | 24 |
| Number of married females aged 60 to 70 | 9 |
| Number of married females aged 70 to 80 | 3 |
| Number of married males aged 20 to 30 | 83 |
| Number of married males aged 30 to 40 | 121 |
| Number of married males aged 40 to 50 | 83 |
| Number of married males aged 50 to 60 | 48 |
| Number of married males aged 60 to 70 | 28 |
| Number of married males aged 70 to 80 | 10 |
| Number of married males aged 80 to 90 | 2 |
| Number of married males aged 90 to 100 | 1 |
| Number of single females aged 10 to 15 | 172 |
| Number of single females aged 15 to 20 | 127 |
| Number of single females aged 20 to 30 | 113 |
| Number of single females aged 30 to 40 | 43 |
| Number of single females aged 40 to 50 | 23 |
| Number of single females aged 50 to 60 | 10 |
| Number of single females aged 60 to 70 | 12 |
| Number of single females aged 70 to 80 | 4 |
| Number of single males aged 10 to 15 | 176 |
| Number of single males aged 15 to 20 | 135 |
| Number of single males aged 20 to 30 | 249 |
| Number of single males aged 30 to 40 | 58 |
| Number of single males aged 40 to 50 | 21 |
| Number of single males aged 50 to 60 | 10 |
| Number of single males aged 60 to 70 | 7 |
| Number of single males aged 70 to 80 | 4 |
| Number of widowed females aged 20 to 30 | 4 |
| Number of widowed females aged 30 to 40 | 2 |
| Number of widowed females aged 40 to 50 | 4 |
| Number of widowed females aged 50 to 60 | 10 |
| Number of widowed females aged 60 to 70 | 10 |
| Number of widowed females aged 70 to 80 | 3 |
| Number of widowed males aged 20 to 30 | 2 |
| Number of widowed males aged 30 to 40 | 7 |
| Number of widowed males aged 40 to 50 | 3 |
| Number of widowed males aged 50 to 60 | 5 |
| Number of widowed males aged 60 to 70 | 4 |
| Number of widowed males aged 70 to 80 | 4 |
Ethnic origin (10 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of French Canadians | 691 |
| Number of persons native to Canada, not of French origin | 1,296 |
| Number of persons originating in England or Wales | 42 |
| Number of persons originating in France | 2 |
| Number of persons originating in Guernsey, Jersey, or other British islands | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in Ireland | 478 |
| Number of persons originating in Nova Scotia or Prince Edward Island | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in Scotland | 82 |
| Number of persons originating in Switzerland | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in the United States | 15 |
Agriculture (76 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Acres of barley | 28 |
| Acres of buckwheat | 47 |
| Acres of corn | 78 |
| Acres of farmland held by townspeople who are not farmers | 13 |
| Acres of farmland in gardens | 48 |
| Acres of farmland in pasture | 3,537 |
| Acres of farmland in woodland or forest | 17,490 |
| Acres of farmland under crops | 4,945 |
| Acres of farmland under cultivation | 8,530 |
| Acres of land in farms | 26,020 |
| Acres of oats | 1,436 |
| Acres of peas | 391 |
| Acres of potatoes | 264 |
| Acres of rye | 3 |
| Acres of spring wheat | 754 |
| Acres of turnips | 76 |
| Acres of winter wheat | 182 |
| Barrels of beef produced in the past year | 213 |
| Barrels of pork produced in the past year | 420 |
| Bushels of barley produced in the past year | 545 |
| Bushels of beans produced in the past year | 2 |
| Bushels of buckwheat produced in the past year | 1,035 |
| Bushels of carrots produced in the past year | 535 |
| Bushels of clover, timothy, or other grass seed produced in the past year | 35 |
| Bushels of corn produced in the past year | 1,684 |
| Bushels of oats produced in the past year | 42,847 |
| Bushels of peas produced in the past year | 7,591 |
| Bushels of potatoes produced in the past year | 33,344 |
| Bushels of rye produced in the past year | 55 |
| Bushels of spring wheat produced in the past year | 14,253 |
| Bushels of turnips produced in the past year | 11,335 |
| Bushels of winter wheat produced in the past year | 3,225 |
| C18 WHT FALL AC | 182 |
| C19 WHT FALL BU | 3,225 |
| C20 WHT SP AC | 754 |
| C21 WHT SP BU | 14,253 |
| C22 BAR AC | 28 |
| C23 BAR BU | 545 |
| C24 RYE AC | 3 |
| C25 RYE BU | 55 |
| C26 PEA AC | 391 |
| C27 PEA BU | 7,591 |
| C28 OAT AC | 1,436 |
| C29 OAT BU | 42,847 |
| C30 BWT AC | 47 |
| C31 BWT BU | 1,035 |
| C34 POT AC | 264 |
| C35 POT BU | 33,344 |
| C43 HAY TONS | 2,308 |
| C47 WOOL LBS | 1,882 |
| C63 BEEF BAR | 213 |
| C64 PORK BAR | 420 |
| HRS ov03 V | 30,644 |
| Number of bulls, oxen, or steers | 135 |
| Number of calves and heifers | 582 |
| Number of horses aged 3 years and under | 174 |
| Number of horses aged over 3 years | 423 |
| Number of milk cows | 604 |
| Number of occupants of farms | 221 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 100 and 200 acres | 44 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 20 and 50 acres | 31 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 50 and 100 acres | 137 |
| Number of persons living on farms over 200 acres | 8 |
| Number of persons living on farms under 10 acres | 1 |
| Number of sheep | 875 |
| Number of swine | 636 |
| Pounds of cheese produced on farms in the past year | 1,306 |
| Pounds of homemade butter | 60,060 |
| Pounds of hops produced in the past year | 77 |
| Pounds of maple sugar produced in the past year | 1,890 |
| Pounds of wool produced on farms in the past year | 1,882 |
| Tons of hay produced in the past year | 2,308 |
| Value of all livestock | 72,292 |
| Value of farm implements in dollars | 15,345 |
| Value of farms (dollars) | 385,270 |
| Value of garden and orchard crops produced in the past year | 955 |
Manufacturing & industry (7 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of carriages for hire | 24 |
| Number of carriages for pleasure | 131 |
| Value of carriages for hire (dollars) | 1,200 |
| Value of carriages for pleasure (dollars) | 5,532 |
| Yards of flannel produced in the past year | 1,859 |
| Yards of fulled cloth produced in the past year | 550 |
| Yards of linen produced in the past year | 72 |
Deaths & mortality (12 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 2 to 3 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 20 to 30 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 30 to 40 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 60 to 70 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females of all ages | 10 |
| Deaths in the past year among females under age 1 | 5 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 1 to 2 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 4 to 5 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 70 to 80 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among males of all ages | 5 |
| Deaths in the past year among males under age 1 | 1 |
| Total number of deaths in the past year | 15 |
Other recorded variables (143 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| C01 TOTAL | 221 |
| C02 OCC UNDR 10 | 1 |
| C04 OCC 20 TO 50 | 31 |
| C05 OCC 50 TO 100 | 137 |
| C06 OCC 100 TO 200 | 44 |
| C07 OCC OVR 200 | 8 |
| C08 HELD | 26,020 |
| C09 UNDR CULT | 8,530 |
| C1 Males | 1,455 |
| C10 Deaths under 1 year M | 1 |
| C10 UNDR CROP | 4,945 |
| C100 Between 90 and 100 years Married M | 1 |
| C11 Deaths under 1 year F | 5 |
| C11 UNDR PAST | 3,537 |
| C12 GARDENS | 48 |
| C12 Under 2 Years M | 55 |
| C120 Married M | 376 |
| C121 Single M | 1,054 |
| C122 Widowed M | 25 |
| C123 Total M | 1,455 |
| C124 Married F | 241 |
| C125 Single F | 880 |
| C126 Widows F | 33 |
| C127 Total F | 1,154 |
| C128 Grand Total | 2,609 |
| C129 Deaths M | 5 |
| C13 Under 2 Years F | 47 |
| C13 WOOD WILD | 17,490 |
| C130 Deaths F | 10 |
| C131 Deaths Total | 15 |
| C136 Attending School M | 169 |
| C137 Attending School F | 156 |
| C138 Adults unable to read or write M | 121 |
| C139 Adults unable to read or write F | 72 |
| C14 CASH FARM | 385,270 |
| C14 Deaths under 2 years M | 1 |
| C140 Deaf and Dumb M | 1 |
| C144 Lunatics M | 1 |
| C15 CASH IMP | 15,345 |
| C16 GARDN VALUE | 955 |
| C16 Under 3 years M | 49 |
| C17 LAND HELD | 13 |
| C17 Under 3 years F | 47 |
| C19 Deaths under 3 years F | 1 |
| C2 Females | 1,154 |
| C20 Under 4 years M | 57 |
| C21 Under 4 years F | 45 |
| C24 Under 5 years M | 41 |
| C25 Under 5 years F | 37 |
| C26 Deaths under 5 years M | 1 |
| C28 Between 5 and 10 Years M | 146 |
| C29 Between 5 and 10 years F | 148 |
| C3 Total | 2,609 |
| C32 INDN CRN AC | 78 |
| C33 Between 10 and 15 years Single M | 176 |
| C33 INDN CRN BU | 1,684 |
| C35 Between 10 and 15 years Single F | 172 |
| C36 TUR AC | 76 |
| C37 TUR BU | 11,335 |
| C38 CAR BU | 535 |
| C39 Between 15 and 20 years Single M | 135 |
| C4 Members of Family M | 1,273 |
| C40 Between 15 and 20 years Married F | 4 |
| C41 BEN BU | 2 |
| C41 Between 15 and 20 years Single F | 127 |
| C42 CLV TIM GRA | 35 |
| C44 Between 20 and 30 years Married M | 83 |
| C44 HOP LBS | 77 |
| C45 Between 20 and 30 years Single M | 249 |
| C45 MPL SGR LBS | 1,890 |
| C46 Between 20 and 30 years Widowers M | 2 |
| C47 Between 20 and 30 years Married F | 84 |
| C48 Between 20 and 30 years Single F | 113 |
| C48 FLLD CLOTH YRDS | 550 |
| C49 Between 20 and 30 years Widows F | 4 |
| C49 FLAN YRDS | 1,859 |
| C5 Members of Family F | 1,045 |
| C51 Between 20 and 30 years Deaths F | 2 |
| C51 LIN YRDS | 72 |
| C52 Between 30 and 40 years Married M | 121 |
| C52 BULLS OX STEERS | 135 |
| C53 Between 30 and 40 years Single M | 58 |
| C53 MILK COWS | 604 |
| C54 Between 30 and 40 years Widowers M | 7 |
| C54 CALVES HEIFERS | 582 |
| C55 Between 30 and 40 years Married F | 71 |
| C55 HORSES | 423 |
| C56 Between 30 and 40 years Single F | 43 |
| C56 HORSES VAL | 30,644 |
| C57 Between 30 and 40 years Widows F | 2 |
| C57 COLTS FILLIES | 174 |
| C58 SHEEP | 875 |
| C59 Between 30 and 40 years Deaths F | 1 |
| C59 SWINE | 636 |
| C6 Not Members of Family M | 182 |
| C60 Between 40 and 50 years Married M | 83 |
| C60 TOT VALUE | 72,292 |
| C61 Between 40 and 50 years Single M | 21 |
| C61 BUTTER LB | 60,060 |
| C62 Between 40 and 50 years Widowers M | 3 |
| C62 CHEESE LB | 1,306 |
| C63 Between 40 and 50 years Married F | 46 |
| C64 Between 40 and 50 years Single F | 23 |
| C65 Between 40 and 50 years Widows F | 4 |
| C68 Between 50 and 60 years Married M | 48 |
| C68 CAR PLEASURE | 131 |
| C69 Between 50 and 60 years Single M | 10 |
| C69 VALUE DOL P | 5,532 |
| C7 Not Members of Family F | 109 |
| C70 Between 50 and 60 years Widowers M | 5 |
| C70 CAR HIRE | 24 |
| C71 Between 50 and 60 years Married F | 24 |
| C71 VALUE DOL H | 1,200 |
| C72 Between 50 and 60 years Single F | 10 |
| C73 Between 50 and 60 years Widows F | 10 |
| C76 Between 60 and 70 years Married M | 28 |
| C77 Between 60 and 70 years Single M | 7 |
| C78 Between 60 and 70 years Widowers M | 4 |
| C79 Between 60 and 70 years Married F | 9 |
| C8 Births in 1860 M | 46 |
| C80 Between 60 and 70 years Single F | 12 |
| C81 Between 60 and 70 years Widows F | 10 |
| C83 Between 60 and 70 years Deaths F | 1 |
| C84 Between 70 and 80 years Married M | 10 |
| C85 Between 70 and 80 years Single M | 4 |
| C86 Between 70 and 80 years Widowers M | 4 |
| C87 Between 70 and 80 years Married F | 3 |
| C88 Between 70 and 80 years Single F | 4 |
| C89 Between 70 and 80 years Widows F | 3 |
| C9 Births in 1860 F | 52 |
| C90 Between 70 and 80 years Deaths M | 2 |
| C92 Between 80 and 90 years Married M | 2 |
| CD NAME | Russell |
| England and Wales | 42 |
| France | 2 |
| Guernsey Jersey and other British Islands | 1 |
| Ireland | 478 |
| Natives of Canada French Origin | 691 |
| Natives of Canada Not of French Origin | 1,296 |
| Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island | 1 |
| Scotland | 82 |
| Switzerland | 1 |
| United States | 15 |
Identifiers
- TCP UID:
ON097003— year-scoped identifier from the Canadian Census Subdivision boundary file - Persistent place ID:
PLACE_ON143003— computed from spatial-overlap chains across census years - Wikidata: Q4210774
- Wikipedia (EN): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Ontario
Sources
Census tabulations from the 1861 Census of Canada, transcribed and georeferenced by the Canadian Peoples / TCP project, hosted at the HGIS Lab, University of Saskatchewan. Persistent place identity computed from spatial-overlap chains across all available census years (1851–1921). Identity grounding to Wikidata performed via the HGIS Canada Knowledge Graph project's MCP-assisted disambiguation pipeline. See the About / Methodology page for the full data pipeline.
Cite this page
Clifford, J. (2026). "Cumberland, Ontario (1861 census)" in HGIS Canada Knowledge Graph. Retrieved from https://jimclifford.ca/hgiscanada/places/on/cumberland-on097003-1861/.