Markham, Ontario (1861 census)
Markham was a census subdivision in York County, Ontario, recorded in the 1861 Census of Canada with a population of 8,658. The administrative centroid was at approximately 43.888°N, 79.316°W.
Population
In 1861, Markham had a population of 8,658: 4,440 male and 4,218 female residents. Population density was 75.1 people per square mile.
Population trajectory across census years
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1851 | 7,752 |
| 1861 | 8,658 |
| 1871 | 8,152 |
| 1881 | 6,375 |
| 1891 | 5,681 |
| 1901 | 5,378 |
| 1911 | 5,328 |
| 1921 | 5,267 |
Cross-year identity established by spatial polygon overlap (SAME_AS chains across the Canadian Census Subdivision boundary files).
Neighbouring Census Subdivisions in 1861
In the 1861 census, Markham shared boundaries with:
Full census record, 1861
The 1861 census recorded 400 measurements for this Census Subdivision across 7 categories. Tables below are collapsible.
Population & families (27 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Female members of the family who are present | 3,800 |
| Females present who are not members of the family | 418 |
| Male members of the family who are present | 3,940 |
| Males present who are not members of the family | 500 |
| Number of adult females unable to read or write | 98 |
| Number of adult males unable to read or write | 86 |
| Number of deaf and dumb females | 2 |
| Number of deaf and dumb males | 1 |
| Number of female births in the past year | 182 |
| Number of females | 4,218 |
| Number of females attending school | 810 |
| Number of lunatic females | 4 |
| Number of lunatic males | 9 |
| Number of male births in the past year | 188 |
| Number of males | 4,440 |
| Number of males attending school | 808 |
| Number of married females | 1,264 |
| Number of married males | 1,264 |
| Number of single females | 2,877 |
| Number of single males | 3,127 |
| Number of widowed females | 77 |
| Number of widowed males | 49 |
| POP FX N.1 | 4,218 |
| POP MX N.1 | 4,440 |
| POP TOT | 8,658 |
| POP XX N.1 | 8,658 |
| Total population | 8,658 |
Age structure (59 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of females age 3 to 4 | 161 |
| Number of females aged 1 to 2 | 172 |
| Number of females aged 2 to 3 | 172 |
| Number of females aged 4 to 5 | 160 |
| Number of females aged 5 to 10 | 508 |
| Number of females of unknown age | 9 |
| Number of males aged 1 to 2 | 170 |
| Number of males aged 2 to 3 | 175 |
| Number of males aged 3 to 4 | 170 |
| Number of males aged 4 to 5 | 168 |
| Number of males aged 5 to 10 | 520 |
| Number of males of unknown age | 15 |
| Number of married females aged 15 to 20 | 8 |
| Number of married females aged 20 to 30 | 270 |
| Number of married females aged 30 to 40 | 420 |
| Number of married females aged 40 to 50 | 360 |
| Number of married females aged 50 to 60 | 120 |
| Number of married females aged 60 to 70 | 65 |
| Number of married females aged 70 to 80 | 19 |
| Number of married females aged 90 to 100 | 1 |
| Number of married males aged 15 to 20 | 3 |
| Number of married males aged 20 to 30 | 170 |
| Number of married males aged 30 to 40 | 415 |
| Number of married males aged 40 to 50 | 395 |
| Number of married males aged 50 to 60 | 169 |
| Number of married males aged 60 to 70 | 89 |
| Number of married males aged 70 to 80 | 19 |
| Number of married males aged 80 to 90 | 1 |
| Number of married males aged 90 to 100 | 1 |
| Number of single females aged 10 to 15 | 500 |
| Number of single females aged 15 to 20 | 484 |
| Number of single females aged 20 to 30 | 290 |
| Number of single females aged 30 to 40 | 156 |
| Number of single females aged 40 to 50 | 59 |
| Number of single females aged 50 to 60 | 13 |
| Number of single females aged 60 to 70 | 7 |
| Number of single females aged 70 to 80 | 3 |
| Number of single males aged 10 to 15 | 510 |
| Number of single males aged 15 to 20 | 474 |
| Number of single males aged 20 to 30 | 474 |
| Number of single males aged 30 to 40 | 170 |
| Number of single males aged 40 to 50 | 70 |
| Number of single males aged 50 to 60 | 12 |
| Number of single males aged 60 to 70 | 5 |
| Number of single males aged 70 to 80 | 3 |
| Number of single males aged 80 to 90 | 1 |
| Number of widowed females aged 20 to 30 | 4 |
| Number of widowed females aged 30 to 40 | 12 |
| Number of widowed females aged 40 to 50 | 14 |
| Number of widowed females aged 50 to 60 | 19 |
| Number of widowed females aged 60 to 70 | 11 |
| Number of widowed females aged 70 to 80 | 12 |
| Number of widowed males aged 20 to 30 | 4 |
| Number of widowed males aged 30 to 40 | 8 |
| Number of widowed males aged 40 to 50 | 9 |
| Number of widowed males aged 50 to 60 | 10 |
| Number of widowed males aged 60 to 70 | 11 |
| Number of widowed males aged 70 to 80 | 5 |
| Number of widowed males aged 80 to 90 | 5 |
Ethnic origin (22 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of female negroes or coloured persons | 4 |
| Number of French Canadians | 49 |
| Number of male negroes or coloured persons | 4 |
| Number of negroes or coloured persons | 8 |
| Number of persons native to Canada, not of French origin | 5,621 |
| Number of persons originating in all other places | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in England or Wales | 1,372 |
| Number of persons originating in France | 3 |
| Number of persons originating in Germany or Holland | 73 |
| Number of persons originating in Guernsey, Jersey, or other British islands | 4 |
| Number of persons originating in Ireland | 708 |
| Number of persons originating in New Brunswick | 25 |
| Number of persons originating in Newfoundland | 5 |
| Number of persons originating in Nova Scotia or Prince Edward Island | 13 |
| Number of persons originating in Russia or Poland | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in Scotland | 469 |
| Number of persons originating in Sweden or Norway | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in Switzerland | 17 |
| Number of persons originating in the East Indies | 1 |
| Number of persons originating in the United States | 288 |
| Number of persons originating in the West Indies | 1 |
| Number of persons whose origin is unknown | 6 |
Agriculture (81 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Acres of barley | 1,810 |
| Acres of buckwheat | 61 |
| Acres of corn | 103 |
| Acres of farmland held by townspeople who are not farmers | 1,260 |
| Acres of farmland in gardens | 978 |
| Acres of farmland in pasture | 8,535 |
| Acres of farmland in woodland or forest | 15,314 |
| Acres of farmland under crops | 40,054 |
| Acres of farmland under cultivation | 49,567 |
| Acres of land in farms | 64,881 |
| Acres of mangel wurtzel | 109 |
| Acres of oats | 6,761 |
| Acres of peas | 4,932 |
| Acres of potatoes | 851 |
| Acres of rye | 11 |
| Acres of spring wheat | 5,082 |
| Acres of turnips | 491 |
| Acres of winter wheat | 7,227 |
| Barrels of beef produced in the past year | 584 |
| Barrels of pork produced in the past year | 3,396 |
| Bushels of barley produced in the past year | 57,264 |
| Bushels of beans produced in the past year | 52 |
| Bushels of buckwheat produced in the past year | 1,698 |
| Bushels of carrots produced in the past year | 61,240 |
| Bushels of clover, timothy, or other grass seed produced in the past year | 115 |
| Bushels of corn produced in the past year | 3,043 |
| Bushels of mangel wurtzel produced in the past year | 31,563 |
| Bushels of oats produced in the past year | 294,966 |
| Bushels of peas produced in the past year | 132,540 |
| Bushels of potatoes produced in the past year | 95,713 |
| Bushels of rye produced in the past year | 190 |
| Bushels of spring wheat produced in the past year | 89,123 |
| Bushels of turnips produced in the past year | 145,473 |
| Bushels of winter wheat produced in the past year | 129,531 |
| C18 WHT FALL AC | 7,227 |
| C19 WHT FALL BU | 129,531 |
| C20 WHT SP AC | 5,082 |
| C21 WHT SP BU | 89,123 |
| C22 BAR AC | 1,810 |
| C23 BAR BU | 57,264 |
| C24 RYE AC | 11 |
| C25 RYE BU | 190 |
| C26 PEA AC | 4,932 |
| C27 PEA BU | 132,540 |
| C28 OAT AC | 6,761 |
| C29 OAT BU | 294,966 |
| C30 BWT AC | 61 |
| C31 BWT BU | 1,698 |
| C34 POT AC | 851 |
| C35 POT BU | 95,713 |
| C43 HAY TONS | 4,069 |
| C47 WOOL LBS | 29,682 |
| C63 BEEF BAR | 584 |
| C64 PORK BAR | 3,396 |
| Gallons of cider produced in the past year | 44,950 |
| HRS ov03 V | 185,561 |
| Number of bulls, oxen, or steers | 216 |
| Number of calves and heifers | 2,096 |
| Number of horses aged 3 years and under | 749 |
| Number of horses aged over 3 years | 2,544 |
| Number of milk cows | 3,011 |
| Number of occupants of farms | 705 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 10 and 20 acres | 13 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 100 and 200 acres | 156 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 20 and 50 acres | 160 |
| Number of persons living on farms between 50 and 100 acres | 333 |
| Number of persons living on farms over 200 acres | 18 |
| Number of persons living on farms under 10 acres | 25 |
| Number of sheep | 8,877 |
| Number of swine | 7,304 |
| Pounds of cheese produced on farms in the past year | 23,458 |
| Pounds of flax or hemp produced in the past year | 5,737 |
| Pounds of homemade butter | 179,947 |
| Pounds of hops produced in the past year | 140 |
| Pounds of maple sugar produced in the past year | 43,673 |
| Pounds of wool produced on farms in the past year | 29,682 |
| Tons of hay produced in the past year | 4,069 |
| Value of all livestock | 378,053 |
| Value of farm implements in dollars | 138,998 |
| Value of farms (dollars) | 4,357,035 |
| Value of garden and orchard crops produced in the past year | 17,077 |
Manufacturing & industry (7 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of carriages for hire | 15 |
| Number of carriages for pleasure | 830 |
| Value of carriages for hire (dollars) | 1,275 |
| Value of carriages for pleasure (dollars) | 55,319 |
| Yards of flannel produced in the past year | 8,625 |
| Yards of fulled cloth produced in the past year | 2,991 |
| Yards of linen produced in the past year | 132 |
Deaths & mortality (24 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 1 to 2 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 15 to 20 | 3 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 3 to 4 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 30 to 40 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 40 to 50 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 60 to 70 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 70 to 80 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females aged 80 to 90 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among females of all ages | 19 |
| Deaths in the past year among females of unknown age | 5 |
| Deaths in the past year among females under age 1 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males age 3 to 4 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 1 to 2 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 15 to 20 | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 2 to 3 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 30 to 40 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 4 to 5 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 40 to 50 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 5 to 10 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males aged 60 to 70 | 1 |
| Deaths in the past year among males of all ages | 20 |
| Deaths in the past year among males of unknown age | 2 |
| Deaths in the past year among males under age 1 | 8 |
| Total number of deaths in the past year | 39 |
Other recorded variables (180 variables)
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| All other Places | 1 |
| C01 TOTAL | 705 |
| C02 OCC UNDR 10 | 25 |
| C03 OCC 10 TO 20 | 13 |
| C04 OCC 20 TO 50 | 160 |
| C05 OCC 50 TO 100 | 333 |
| C06 OCC 100 TO 200 | 156 |
| C07 OCC OVR 200 | 18 |
| C08 HELD | 64,881 |
| C09 UNDR CULT | 49,567 |
| C1 Males | 4,440 |
| C10 Deaths under 1 year M | 8 |
| C10 UNDR CROP | 40,054 |
| C100 Between 90 and 100 years Married M | 1 |
| C103 Between 90 and 100 years Married F | 1 |
| C11 Deaths under 1 year F | 1 |
| C11 UNDR PAST | 8,535 |
| C116 Ages not given M | 15 |
| C117 Ages not given F | 9 |
| C118 Ages not given Deaths M | 2 |
| C119 Ages not given Deaths F | 5 |
| C12 GARDENS | 978 |
| C12 Under 2 Years M | 170 |
| C120 Married M | 1,264 |
| C121 Single M | 3,127 |
| C122 Widowed M | 49 |
| C123 Total M | 4,440 |
| C124 Married F | 1,264 |
| C125 Single F | 2,877 |
| C126 Widows F | 77 |
| C127 Total F | 4,218 |
| C128 Grand Total | 8,658 |
| C129 Deaths M | 20 |
| C13 Under 2 Years F | 172 |
| C13 WOOD WILD | 15,314 |
| C130 Deaths F | 19 |
| C131 Deaths Total | 39 |
| C134 Negroes M | 4 |
| C135 Negreos F | 4 |
| C136 Attending School M | 808 |
| C137 Attending School F | 810 |
| C138 Adults unable to read or write M | 86 |
| C139 Adults unable to read or write F | 98 |
| C14 CASH FARM | 4,357,035 |
| C14 Deaths under 2 years M | 1 |
| C140 Deaf and Dumb M | 1 |
| C141 Deaf and Dumb F | 2 |
| C144 Lunatics M | 9 |
| C145 Lunatics F | 4 |
| C15 CASH IMP | 138,998 |
| C15 Deaths under 2 years F | 1 |
| C16 GARDN VALUE | 17,077 |
| C16 Under 3 years M | 175 |
| C17 LAND HELD | 1,260 |
| C17 Under 3 years F | 172 |
| C18 Deaths under 3 years M | 1 |
| C2 Females | 4,218 |
| C20 Under 4 years M | 170 |
| C21 Under 4 years F | 161 |
| C22 Deaths under 4 years M | 1 |
| C23 Deaths under 4 years F | 1 |
| C24 Under 5 years M | 168 |
| C25 Under 5 years F | 160 |
| C26 Deaths under 5 years M | 1 |
| C28 Between 5 and 10 Years M | 520 |
| C29 Between 5 and 10 years F | 508 |
| C3 Total | 8,658 |
| C30 Deaths between 5 and 10 years M | 1 |
| C32 INDN CRN AC | 103 |
| C33 Between 10 and 15 years Single M | 510 |
| C33 INDN CRN BU | 3,043 |
| C35 Between 10 and 15 years Single F | 500 |
| C36 TUR AC | 491 |
| C37 TUR BU | 145,473 |
| C38 Between 15 and 20 years Married M | 3 |
| C38 CAR BU | 61,240 |
| C39 Between 15 and 20 years Single M | 474 |
| C39 MAN WURT AC | 109 |
| C4 Members of Family M | 3,940 |
| C40 Between 15 and 20 years Married F | 8 |
| C40 MAN WURT BU | 31,563 |
| C41 BEN BU | 52 |
| C41 Between 15 and 20 years Single F | 484 |
| C42 Between 15 and 20 years Deaths M | 2 |
| C42 CLV TIM GRA | 115 |
| C43 Between 15 and 20 years Deaths F | 3 |
| C44 Between 20 and 30 years Married M | 170 |
| C44 HOP LBS | 140 |
| C45 Between 20 and 30 years Single M | 474 |
| C45 MPL SGR LBS | 43,673 |
| C46 Between 20 and 30 years Widowers M | 4 |
| C46 CID GAL | 44,950 |
| C47 Between 20 and 30 years Married F | 270 |
| C48 Between 20 and 30 years Single F | 290 |
| C48 FLLD CLOTH YRDS | 2,991 |
| C49 Between 20 and 30 years Widows F | 4 |
| C49 FLAN YRDS | 8,625 |
| C5 Members of Family F | 3,800 |
| C50 FLX HEM LBS | 5,737 |
| C51 LIN YRDS | 132 |
| C52 Between 30 and 40 years Married M | 415 |
| C52 BULLS OX STEERS | 216 |
| C53 Between 30 and 40 years Single M | 170 |
| C53 MILK COWS | 3,011 |
| C54 Between 30 and 40 years Widowers M | 8 |
| C54 CALVES HEIFERS | 2,096 |
| C55 Between 30 and 40 years Married F | 420 |
| C55 HORSES | 2,544 |
| C56 Between 30 and 40 years Single F | 156 |
| C56 HORSES VAL | 185,561 |
| C57 Between 30 and 40 years Widows F | 12 |
| C57 COLTS FILLIES | 749 |
| C58 Between 30 and 40 years Deaths M | 1 |
| C58 SHEEP | 8,877 |
| C59 Between 30 and 40 years Deaths F | 2 |
| C59 SWINE | 7,304 |
| C6 Not Members of Family M | 500 |
| C60 Between 40 and 50 years Married M | 395 |
| C60 TOT VALUE | 378,053 |
| C61 Between 40 and 50 years Single M | 70 |
| C61 BUTTER LB | 179,947 |
| C62 Between 40 and 50 years Widowers M | 9 |
| C62 CHEESE LB | 23,458 |
| C63 Between 40 and 50 years Married F | 360 |
| C64 Between 40 and 50 years Single F | 59 |
| C65 Between 40 and 50 years Widows F | 14 |
| C66 Between 40 and 50 years Deaths M | 1 |
| C67 Between 40 and 50 years Deaths F | 2 |
| C68 Between 50 and 60 years Married M | 169 |
| C68 CAR PLEASURE | 830 |
| C69 Between 50 and 60 years Single M | 12 |
| C69 VALUE DOL P | 55,319 |
| C7 Not Members of Family F | 418 |
| C70 Between 50 and 60 years Widowers M | 10 |
| C70 CAR HIRE | 15 |
| C71 Between 50 and 60 years Married F | 120 |
| C71 VALUE DOL H | 1,275 |
| C72 Between 50 and 60 years Single F | 13 |
| C73 Between 50 and 60 years Widows F | 19 |
| C76 Between 60 and 70 years Married M | 89 |
| C77 Between 60 and 70 years Single M | 5 |
| C78 Between 60 and 70 years Widowers M | 11 |
| C79 Between 60 and 70 years Married F | 65 |
| C8 Births in 1860 M | 188 |
| C80 Between 60 and 70 years Single F | 7 |
| C81 Between 60 and 70 years Widows F | 11 |
| C82 Between 60 and 70 years Deaths M | 1 |
| C83 Between 60 and 70 years Deaths F | 2 |
| C84 Between 70 and 80 years Married M | 19 |
| C85 Between 70 and 80 years Single M | 3 |
| C86 Between 70 and 80 years Widowers M | 5 |
| C87 Between 70 and 80 years Married F | 19 |
| C88 Between 70 and 80 years Single F | 3 |
| C89 Between 70 and 80 years Widows F | 12 |
| C9 Births in 1860 F | 182 |
| C91 Between 70 and 80 years Deaths F | 1 |
| C92 Between 80 and 90 years Married M | 1 |
| C93 Between 80 and 90 years Single M | 1 |
| C94 Between 80 and 90 years Widowers M | 5 |
| C99 Between 80 and 90 years Deaths F | 1 |
| CD NAME | York |
| Colored Persons | 8 |
| East Indies | 1 |
| England and Wales | 1,372 |
| France | 3 |
| Guernsey Jersey and other British Islands | 4 |
| Ireland | 708 |
| Natives of Canada French Origin | 49 |
| Natives of Canada Not of French Origin | 5,621 |
| New Brunswick | 25 |
| Newfoundland | 5 |
| Not Known | 6 |
| Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island | 13 |
| Prussia German States and Holland | 73 |
| Russia and Poland | 1 |
| Scotland | 469 |
| Swedan and Norway | 1 |
| Switzerland | 17 |
| United States | 288 |
| West Indies | 1 |
Identifiers
- TCP UID:
ON105007— year-scoped identifier from the Canadian Census Subdivision boundary file - Persistent place ID:
PLACE_ON154006— computed from spatial-overlap chains across census years - Wikidata: not yet grounded. This page covers a place whose persistent identity has not yet been linked to a Wikidata entity. Identification is via TCP UID and spatial polygon only.
Sources
Census tabulations from the 1861 Census of Canada, transcribed and georeferenced by the Canadian Peoples / TCP project, hosted at the HGIS Lab, University of Saskatchewan. Persistent place identity computed from spatial-overlap chains across all available census years (1851–1921). Identity grounding to Wikidata performed via the HGIS Canada Knowledge Graph project's MCP-assisted disambiguation pipeline. See the About / Methodology page for the full data pipeline.
Cite this page
Clifford, J. (2026). "Markham, Ontario (1861 census)" in HGIS Canada Knowledge Graph. Retrieved from https://jimclifford.ca/hgiscanada/places/on/markham-on105007-1861/.